The .22 rimfire is the world’s most popular cartridge. It is economical to shoot and is generally easily to suppress due to its reduced muzzle blast. Most connoisseurs of suppressor technology eventually get around to owning a quiet 22LR pistol sooner or later. Fortunately for the buyer, there are a lot of integrally suppressed pistols on the Class III market. With the reporting of Al Paulson and others, some of the past articles in Small Arms Review have helped provide base-line comparison of sound reductions between the various manufacturers. I was curious as to what level of practical accuracy one could expect with one of these suppressed pistols, and wanted to know if it would be possible to have a quiet pistol compete with some of the rifles on the market as far as accuracy is concerned. Although I have heard that a rifle is said to be approximately 15-times more accurate than a pistol due to the way it is held and sighted, the smaller handgun package has some advantages. Reduced size and weight are the most noted conveniences. I decided to do some testing to see how one of the popular, integrally suppressed pistol units performed with a variety of ammunition. Having a few extra boxes of ammo laying around, I headed out to the range to generate some data. As usual, one thing led to another, and it turned into a fairly extensive ammo evaluation as well.

For those not familiar with suppressor technology, an integrally suppressed pistol is quite different from a muzzle can. A muzzle can is a sound-muffling device, which is usually detachable from the host weapon, and generally produces higher velocities than those produced by the ported barrel of an integral suppressor. My experience has shown that a muzzle can does not reduce muzzle velocity. The barrel porting in integral units serves to slow down most high velocity ammunition to subsonic velocities. Subsonic velocities are required to avoid the ballistic crack produced when the bullet surpasses the speed of sound. Which is better? It depends upon what the shooter wants and needs. I’ve used both over the years, and have found that both types have their own unique advantages. I prefer to keep a detachable muzzle-can dedicated to my 10/22 rifle for discreet target practice and shooting without the need for hearing protection. The unit may be easily removed from the rifle and used on other weapons if required. The integral unit, on the other hand, allows some extra latitude in ammunition selection, as just about any high velocity fodder can be used to enjoy quiet shooting activities. Most .22LR ammunition is subsonic out of a pistol barrel, in any event. The muzzle can on a rifle usually works best with subsonic ammunition, which in some cases, costs a little more than other types. With the integral unit, your standard Wal-Mart variety high velocity ammo will be bled down below the subsonic range, hence producing a quiet report while maintaining reliable functioning in a semi-auto. Whenever possible, a velocity of 1,000 fps is optimal.

For the target shooter or plinker, the use of either suppressor design can help in allowing one to safely and economically fire thousands of rounds a year. It allows one to practice often, without traveling to distant ranges or hunting grounds. Whether used for target shooting, pest elimination, hunting (where allowed by law), or general skill improvement, the suppressor and an accurate .22 pistol is a versatile tool. The low discharge sound and negligible recoil makes shooting a flinch-free endeavor. All sports require frequent practice, and the suppressed firearm can be used to teach the elements of marksmanship, which carry over to almost all firearm shooting. The rigors of special licensing, fingerprinting, background checks, and a one-time $200 tax payment is enough trouble to keep many folks from obtaining a suppressor, but it is worth it for those who persevere. The use of a suppressor for hunting is not permitted in most states; however, they are usually legal for varmint and/or pest elimination. With less and less area available for shooting these days, a quieter gun allows one to shoot in areas that would otherwise be unavailable. I shoot in my back yard year round; sometimes firing up the Massey-Fergeson tractor in the winter months to generate a little background noise so the neighbors don’t hear the mild report of the weapon. The summertime brings out the leaves on the trees and lots of grass and undergrowth to absorb the noise even better.

One of my favorite pastimes at the range is shooting clay birds placed along the backstop at 100-yards. I routinely set out 40 or 50 spread across the backstop. The clays are 4 inches in diameter, and make great targets. A solid hit usually provides the shooter with immediate visual feedback. After ones’ rifle accuracy improves to the point where hitting the clays is easy, it’s time to challenge your skill at the same distance with a pistol. I started migrating to the use of a 22 pistol for busting clays about a year ago. I had purchased one of Sound Technology’s integrally suppressed Ruger MkII’s, and quickly discovered that even with iron sights, the bull-barreled pistol was capable of hitting the 4-inch disks with some reasonable success on occasions depending upon ammo selection. The selection of ammo seemed to be a major factor in the hit ratio, so it was obvious that a little testing would pay off in determining which brands produced the best groups. For high volume shooters who buy ammo by the brick or case, the payback dividends of up-front tests are well worth the initial effort.

The Sound Technology’s MkII Pistol

Over two million of the Ruger autoloader pistols have been produced since 1949. Its rugged design has been extremely successful, since it is ideal for any shooting activity suited to full-sized .22 rimfire pistol use. It is also a perfect platform for modification into a suppressed firearm, and continues to be the industry standard. For the Ruger pistol, Mark White of Sound Technology usually recommends that the individual send him the host weapon in the 51/2-inch bull barrel configuration. There is an advantage in sending him a previously tested weapon. It allows the owner to ensure proper functioning and accuracy prior to being modified. Mark will then permanently install a 1 x 8, or 1 x 10 inch blued or stainless steel integral suppressor unit or a Millennium muzzle can depending upon the users needs. According to Mark, the longer integral tube provides up to 46-dB sound reduction, with an average sound level of 115 dB with high velocity ammunition. One can expect as little as 112 dB with subsonic ammunition. Mark’s muzzle can is not quite as effective, but burns cleaner and promotes more positive functioning with an unported 5.5-inch barrel. At 50 yards, the action noise can scarcely be heard.

Like many integral units on the market, the suppressor unit itself resembles a factory bull barrel, and most curious observers can’t tell the difference. The original barrel is cut to about 4.4 inches in length, and is ported around 2.8 inches from the breech. The ports and drilled, reamed, and a 45 degree bevel is machined where the ports intersect the bore. The porting is done in such a way that the expansion chambers all drain towards the muzzle, so there are no areas to catch crud from the firing process. The suppressor is designed such that the unit may be cleaned and drained by immersion in solvent. Mark TIG welds the muzzle cap, then carefully grinds and polishes the surface to make it look like a factory finished unit. Mark tells me that many of the units he does end up being more accurate after he suppresses the weapon. This, he explains, is due to the fact that the reduced muzzle blast has less impact on the base of the bullet as it travels down the barrel. The Sound Technology integral suppressor is a utilitarian design, and the dominant sound heard from 30 yards away is the noise of the action cycling.

Sights/Optics:

When using iron sights, 1 or 2 clays hit out of 10 at 100-yards was the norm. Sometimes, if luck was on my side, I could hit 3 or 4. Deciding that a good quality scope would be needed to extract maximum accuracy for the tests, I installed B-Square’s MkII Dovetail mount as the base platform. The mount positions the centerline of the scope about 2-1/8 inches above the pistol’s bore. It also allows the shooter to see through the unit and to use iron sights if required, which I found a handy feature to have. I then installed a Pentax 2.5-7 pistol scope for accuracy testing. The Pentax would provide the higher power magnification needed for long range shooting, and would be set to 7 power for 50-yard testing. The addition of the scope turned the pistol into a true 100-yard competitor. With the selection of the right ammunition, one can typically hit 8 out of 10 clays at the same distance. Optical clarity and resolution was excellent out to the ranges that I was shooting the pistol. Optimum eye relief was about 12 inches.

The Pentax scope does not have a bullet drop compensator (BDC), or target knobs for the longer ranges. Typically this feature would not be a requirement for the average pistol shooter who shoots out to 50-yards. However, when using an integrally suppressed pistol, muzzle velocities can be bled down to between 750 and 850fps, so there is a fairly large bullet drop out past this range. With an unported, 5-inch pistol barrel, expect velocities to range between 870 and 1120 fps. When zeroed at 50-yards, a 10 to 12 inch drop at 100 was the norm. Although a bullet drop compensator would be a great option, the Pentax does incorporate a zero-setting adjustment. Once the windage and elevation adjustments are set, all you have to do is know the bullet drop for the particular ammo you’re using, and perform the necessary “come-ups” to compensate. One other trick is to use the top of the bottom post in a duplex crosshair as a long-range sight. I found the pistol accurate out to 50-yards, and elected to maintain the 50-yard zero for simplicity. At this setting, 25-yard impacts were about 1/2 to 3/4 inches high. At 100 yards, the transition in the bottom post is about right.

Ammo Considerations/Test Data:

My search for accurate and quiet ammunition started with the economically priced Russian Jr. Brass and CCI Standard. It soon escalated up the price range to the Federal Ultra Match and Eley Bench Rest Gold. There are those who pay for this kind of performance, so some of these more expensive rounds are included in my evaluation. I performed baseline testing with 26 different loads. All tests were done with the scope set at 7 power, and were fired from a solid bench rest with sandbags. Muzzle velocities were measured with the ProChrono-Plus chronograph. Groups were measured center-to-center with digital calipers. I averaged five, 5-shot groups and came up with the following charts depicting the baseline accuracy performance of the firearm. Good quality rimfire ammo has a wax or wax/moly coating on the bullet that aids accuracy. It sometimes takes 10 or more shots to lay a good coating of it down in the barrel. I tried to shoot 5 practice rounds of each brand prior to the measured groups to allow some stabilization and settling down. I believe that if 50 or 100 rounds were fired initially with a particular brand, the subsequent groups would have been even tighter. As one would expect, the more expensive match grade ammo usually performed the best, but there were a few surprises in the less expensive varieties. The extreme spread (lowest velocity subtracted from the highest) must be consistent for maximum accuracy at longer distances as it will affect bullet drop and trajectory. This is a function that relies heavily on ammunition quality, and is probably one of the most important factors for repeatable accuracy. There were really no losers in the ammo tests. All of the brands performed acceptably. These test results are recorded in table 1.

Outside air temperature was about 65F during my initial tests. All of the ammo tested remained subsonic, with the exception of one round of CCI’s Mini-Mag +V. This particular round produced a muzzle velocity of 1083 fps, and the familiar sound of the ballistic crack was heard. The +V averaged 1049 fps, and were the loudest of all brands tested. At 65F, the speed of sound is around 1123 fps. My shooting observations over the years have noted that as long as muzzle velocities are less than 97% of the speed of sound (Vs), the ballistic crack will not be heard. The one round at 1083 fps was very close to this 97% level, about 96.4-96.5% to be exact. Assuming my temperature and MV readings were correct, this is what should be expected. Another 10-degree F rise in temperature and all the +V would most certainly be subsonic. To put some perspective on velocity, 1083 fps equates to about 330.1 meters/second, 738.41 miles/hour, or 0.21 miles/second. For estimates of the speed of sound at various temperatures, I use the following approximations:

Overall, the pistol averaged 1.24-inch groups with all 26 brands of ammo at 50 yards. Best groups were obtained with RWS Target, Eley Bench Rest Gold, Winchester T22 Target, Federal Ultra Match, and Geco 22LR Rifle. The RWS Target and Winchester T22 were a surprise in that they are reasonably priced and yet produced excellent groups. Virtually all of the ammo produced vertical strings, hence validating the importance of extreme spread between fastest and slowest rounds. I then took the top five group producers, and fired 10-rounds each at 100-yards. The 100-yard groups overall averaged 3.84 inches, with Eley Bench Rest Gold producing the best group measuring just under 3 inches. Being produced by a suppressed pistol with a 4.4-inch barrel, I considered this excellent performance. I then mounted the excellent Baush & Lomb Elite 4000 36X scope on the pistol to retest at 100-yards. The Elite 4000 is a high performance optic, and usually accompanies me on prairie dog hunts out west. It is obviously designed for rifle target shooting, but I wanted to see what kind of groups I could produce with the pistol. I had a hard time shooting offhand with the Pentax, and usually resorted to iron sights when using the gun in the field. When not shooting from the bench, the B&L was virtually impossible to hold steady. The B-Square mount definitely is a plus in these cases since iron sights can be used for offhand shooting conditions. Taking the top ten ammunition performers from the previous test, I produced the 100-yard groups indicated in table 2.

Eventually, the optics chosen for daily tasks was a 1X Tasco Pro-Point red dot sight. This unit provides very fast target acquisition and also allows the gun to produce good accuracy out to 50 yards. It’s a little easier to carry in a holster than with a full-length pistol scope, and is much easier to hold steady while shooting offhand. Beyond 50 yards, practical accuracy is still better than iron sights, but is not quite up there with the higher-powered scopes.

Ammo Performance Observations

Typically, a 20% reduction in muzzle velocity over advertised rifle velocities was noted while testing the pistol. As expected, the pistol generally produced the best accuracy with the more expensive target grade ammunition. Over the long run, target grade ammo would probably provide the best performance for those who demand the best. I personally preferred the clean, moderately priced CCI and Winchester ammunition for general shooting activities due to the price/performance ratio. These two brands do not have the heavy wax coating on the cartridge typically used by some manufacturers. RWS Subsonic HP has always been one of my favorites due to its accuracy and quiet performance, but their wax coating is a little messy and probably necessitates additional maintenance. The same goes for RWS Target, although it came out on top for the 50-yard tests. RWS is also importing the new Geco 22LR Rifle and Pistol, which seems to have less wax coating than the Subsonic HP and Target loads. CCI and Winchester ammo is very clean on the outside and also burns cleanly, which equates to less maintenance and more shooting without downtime. My sources at CCI tell me that the +V round is going to be discontinued due to lack of sales. Their subsonic HP is still an export-only item that is unfortunately not readily available here in the states. CCI Green Tag and Standard are good solid performers as well. In the hollow point design, the Winchester Power Point was an excellent performer with a large cavity for rapid expansion. This round should be ideal for quiet pest elimination needs around the farm. T22 was moderately priced and very accurate. These two Winchester loads, along with CCI Standard, produced the best groups at 100 yards.

Maintenance of Sealed Suppressor Units:

I use Aerokroil or Du-Lite’s Kwikseal Firearms Lubricant for almost all maintenance on the integral unit. Being somewhat lazy (just ask my wife), I generally don’t clean my guns unless they are not working reliably or become excessively dirty. My normal procedure consists of blasting the chamber and internals with oil, and allowing the residue to drain down to the muzzle. Firing a few shots blows out and disperses the oils, and keeps things working well for a long time. Once a year, I plug the end of the barrel, place muzzle down, and fill the entire suppressor unit full of Aerokroil. I let the gun sit for 2 weeks or so and occasionally shake it to dislodge some of the internal gunk. After soaking, I remove the plug, drain the unit, and blow it out with compressed air. The drained cleaning fluids are usually not overly dirty, indicating that the internals are remaining fairly clean. The next task is test firing several magazines to disperse the oils.

When firing the gun after a thorough cleaning, the heat energy generated will also cook off whatever oils are left internally and produce a fair amount of smoke for the first box of ammo. It also helps make the gun quieter for a period of time until all the oils are evaporated out of the unit. Accuracy will usually be degraded until the bullets “lay down” enough coating in the bore. This can sometimes take several boxes of ammo. Obviously there are those who will disagree with my philosophy on cleaning. Many would recommend a thorough cleaning after every shooting session. This is the maintenance path I have chosen, and it seems to work well for me. Mark told me that he has taken his firearms apart which have been cleaned by immersion insolvent every 1000 rounds, and the insides were very clean. He is confident that the pistols he suppresses will remain functional indefinitely, as long as they are soaked and blown out as scheduled. His extra effort in cleaning up the porting holes in the barrel probably attribute to this.

When using AeroKroil, care should be taken when used indoors. Some family members may not agree with some of us who think that solvents don’t smell so bad, and AeroKroil is definitely not aromatically pleasant. The smell does not bother me, but most people would want to use it outdoors or in well-ventilated areas. Someone in my workplace recently used some in an office area. Two people in the office panicked and called the Safety Department thinking they were under some kind of chemical attack. This situation escalated up the chain of command and ultimately resulted in OSHA getting involved and doing an investigation! The work space area was actually closed for several months while all this was going on. All that unnecessary commotion was the result of a few sprays of AeroKroil.

Carry Options:

Once the scope was mounted on the pistol it became quite a bit bulkier, and a holster/carry system was then needed. The folks at Uncle Mike’s can provide a good holster option for this unit. Their size 13 Sidekick bandoleer-hunting holster fits the gun perfectly. This model is designed to fit the scoped 14-inch barrel Thompson Center Contender. It can be used to carry the weapon across the chest or across the back. I used the holster while hiking in the north Georgia mountains for a 2-day trip, and it worked out fine. It is definitely not a quick-draw rig, but I was able to carry the gun on my back with reasonable comfort. It also protects the gun reasonably well when not carrying in a hard case.

Conclusions/Observations:

A suppressor design must be carefully thought out depending upon the user requirements. The modifications to the firearm produce a lot of changes in the muzzle blast energy as it travels around and through the barrel ports, baffles, and other components. Since shot placement is a critical requirement for the serious target shooter, the modifications to the firearm must be done in a way which does not affect accuracy. On this particular pistol, reliability proved to be greatest with the hotter rounds. The cleanliness of the gun is probably a big factor here, as rimfire ammunition is quite dirty, and easily fouls up the chamber area just ahead of the bolt. Integral systems are notorious for fouling actions. All the high velocity ammo cycled the action with 100% reliability. Some of the subsonic brands did not cycle the action with the same success, but they did produce less noise as a trade-off. It has been discussed among gun writers over the years that the temporary bond between the bolt and receiver can make the first round to go 2-3 inches high at 50-yards. The high first round syndrome was not a problem with this gun, although it may be with others. I sprayed some lubricant on the bolt face between some of the tests, and noted no such phenomenon. Overall, I was pleased (and somewhat surprised) with the accuracy results. The gun was more accurate than I initially thought it was. Although not as accurate and repeatable as a target-grade 22 rifle, the Sound Technology MkII definitely outperformed many 22 rifles I’ve owned over the years.

During one of my test sessions at the range, I met a gentleman who was quite proud of his rifle skills, and was not shy about bragging about it. After listening to him talk for a while, I challenged him to a little friendly competition, pitting his rifle against my pistol. He scoffed when I displayed the MkII, but was soon amazed when he heard how quiet the Winchester T22s were. He thought it was an air pistol, and I spent the next 15 minutes explaining the legality of suppressed firearms since he had no experience or knowledge about them. We then proceeded with the shootoff. I allowed him the first shot at each clay placed on the backstop 100-yards away. Each of his misses was followed by the quiet report of the pistol, and (usually) a broken clay. After shooting about 50 birds, I suppose the competition was essentially a draw, with the pistol seeing a slight advantage in number of hits. The gentleman was truly amazed (and somewhat disgusted) that the pistol was as about as accurate as his 22 rifle at the same distance. He was however, very impressed with the quietness of the pistol, and went away with the knowledge that suppressors are a legal and fun category of the shooting sports. The fact that it can make things happen at a distance quietly just adds icing on the cake.

Sources:

Sound Technology
Mark White
PO Box 391
Pelham, AL 35124
205-664-5860

Pentax Corporation
35 Inverness Drive East
PO Box 6509
Englewood, CO 80155-6509
303-799-8000

Bushnell Sports Optics Worldwide
9200 Cody Street
Overland Park, KS 66214
1-800-423-3537

B-Square
PO Box 11281
Fort Worth, TX 76110-0281
1-800-433-2909

Michaels of Oregon Co.
Uncle Mike’s
PO Box 13010
Portland, OR 97213
503-255-6890

Kano Products
AeroKroil
1027-R Thompson Lane
Nashville, Tennessee 37211-2627
615-833-4101

Du-Lite’s / Kwikseal
The Du-Lite Corporation
171 River Road
Middletown, CT 06457
203-347-2505

Tasco
7600 NW 26th Street
Miami, FL 33122-1494
305-591-3670

As far as pistols are concerned, the Ruger Mark II is obviously the industry standard these days for the Class II suppressor manufacturer. Integral units are either permanently sealed, or allow some type of access for removal and periodic cleaning of the internals. Eventually, if you shoot enough, the pistol is going to require extensive cleaning/maintenance to ensure that it is functioning correctly. Rimfire ammo is dirty, and it builds up and accumulates quite a bit of gunk inside the pistol that will eventually keep it from working at 100% reliability. Obviously the suppressor must be kept clean, but the rest of the pistol must also be maintained if you want it to work reliably. The suppressor itself usually encourages extra dirt to accumulate within the frame of the gun, which is often neglected. The Ruger manual discusses the gun breakdown and cleaning procedure, but the owner of the suppressed Mark II must take a few extra steps to maintain the gun. The Ruger manual is also a little difficult to read and interpret since the IPB identifies each part with a number, which has to be cross-checked with the nomenclature on the previous pages in the manual. The IPB illustration in this article identifies the guns main components with labeled nomenclature for clarity.

Once the standard Mark II is suppressed, the Ruger warranty is basically thrown out the window. I had one quit working for me a while back, and I called the Ruger repair center to see if they would rebuild the lower assembly without the barrel assembly being shipped with the unit. Ruger’s official response was “We cannot service the Mark II grip frame without the barreled receiver, and we cannot fit a barrel receiver to a grip frame, since this would create a new firearm (per BATF)”. So therefore, the owner who has a suppressed Mark II is basically on his own, as you would never want to ship a modified one to Ruger. There are probably as many different cleaning procedures as there are Mark II’s, so the following is my personal preference and can obviously be modified to each person’s needs. I hate to clean my guns, and usually never do until they stop working. Trust me on this, if you shoot a Mark II long enough, it will stop working. It may be as little as 2000 rounds, but when it does, it will probably not work properly unless it is broken down and cleaned in what I call “depot level maintenance”. The entire process takes a day or two, but is relatively easy if you take the time to do it properly.

On the subject gun, the trigger pull had started feeling strange and was taking longer pulls to get the hammer to drop. Finally, the hammer failed to fall no matter how hard I pulled on the trigger. Spraying the internals with Breakfree did not loosen things up, and the hammer still refused to fall. To disassemble this gun, the mainspring housing must first be removed. Before the mainspring housing can be removed, the hammer must be in the forward (or fired) position. Well, because the hammer refused to drop no matter what I tried, I had to get the gun apart to see what was going on. Even with the hammer in the cocked position, the bottom third of the mainspring housing will pop out of the frame exposing the housing latch pivot pin. This pin was removed to allow the mainspring, mainspring plunger, and detent ball to be removed. Once the spring pressure was removed from the hammer strut, the hammer released and fell forward, allowing the mainspring housing to be removed. The rest of the disassembly went normally. Careful inspection inside concluded that the sear was not releasing the hammer. Apparently, the disconnector and sear were not operating properly due to lead shavings and other crud, which had deposited itself along the sear surfaces. This area of the gun is extremely hard to get to, and a thorough soaking and blasting with carburetor cleaner would be part of the process to clean it out.

I do not have a parts bin cleaner, but it would certainly be a handy item to have for the following procedure. Some of these cleaning units are fairly expensive, so I chose the poor man’s route. If you are like me and do not have one, a soaking container can be cheaply made which will allow you to soak the barrel and frame assembly. I made a PVC soaking container for the barrel assembly unit, and used an old plastic jug for the frame assembly. The subject pistol was a sealed integral type, and the same procedure should apply to units that can be disassembled. The following summarizes my process of depot level maintenance of the suppressed Ruger Mark II pistol. I recommend the following list of items to have on hand before starting:

List of tools/other items:

*Cleaning brushes
*22 caliber chamber brush
*Screwdriver set (for removal of frame grips and, if required, front/rear sights)
*PVC tubing (“soak tube” container for the barrel assembly)
*Kroil Lubricant/Penetrant
*Floway Degreaser (spray aerosol and liquid solution)
*Carburetor cleaner (spray aerosol)
*Breakfree Lubricant

Disassembly (refer to IPB and Disassembly illustrations):

1. Remove the magazine and clear the chamber. With the safety off on an empty chamber, pull the trigger to let the hammer fall.
2. Swing the mainspring-housing latch open (I carefully use a small screwdriver to pry it open), then swing the housing outward and pull downward removing it from the gun. One may have to use a nylon mallet and tap the top of the bolt stop pin to remove it.
3. Pull the bolt assembly out the back of the barrel receiver. I do not take the bolt assembly apart normally as part of the cleaning procedure.
4. To remove the barrel receiver from the frame, it is usually necessary to use a plastic or rubber hammer. While holding the frame, strike the rear portion of the receiver to dislodge it from the lower assembly.
5. If so desired, remove the setscrew from the rear sight, and tap the rear sight to the right to remove it from the barrel.
6. If so desired, remove the setscrew from the front sight to remove it from the barrel.
7. Keep all parts in a box or bin to ensure that none are lost.
8. Remove the 4 screws attaching the grips to the frame.

Cleaning procedure:

(Warning: many older suppressors on the Ruger pistols and rifles were packed with fiberglass- as in that pink building insulation. The soaking procedures described here will not work well with these units. If you have one of these whose performance has been degrading, you should contact a Class 2 manufacturer to find someone to rebuild the unit with a more modern technology)

1. Soak the complete frame, bolt, and suppressed barrel assembly overnight in the containers with a mixture of 1/2 Kroil and 1/2 Floway (available from Kano Products).
2. The next morning, take the units out of the containers, and scrub off excess crud with a nylon brush.
3. Blast all internal areas with aerosol carburetor cleaner and Floway.
4. Re-soak units overnight in containers.
5. Remove units and blast with spray carburetor cleaner. Allow the barrel assembly to drain muzzle downward for an hour, or blow out with compressed air.
6. Clean the barrel chamber while the gun is apart using standard cleaning procedures.

Lubrication:

1. Use a small amount of Breakfree on the moving parts of the bolt assembly and trigger group, sear, etc.
2. If removed, place a small amount of removable Locktite on front and rear sight set screws prior to installing them to the barrel assembly.
3. When ready for final reassembly, I mix up a small amount of two-part epoxy, and place 1 drop in the frame lug recess in the barrel assembly. My particular Ruger has some slop at this interface, so the epoxy fills the recess to ensure that there is no side-to-side movement between the barrel and the frame after assembly. The area must be free of any oils or solvents prior to applying epoxy.

Reassembly (refer to IPB and Reassembly illustration):

1. With an empty chamber, place the hammer in the horizontal position.
2. Place the barrel on top of the frame, pressing it backward and downward so the frame lug engages the recess in the barrel.
3. Usually, some persuasion with a plastic or wood hammer is required to ensure that the barrel assembly is fully seated into the lower frame.
4. Pointing the muzzle upward, pull the trigger to be sure the hammer is in the cocked position and the hammer strut is hanging free.
5. With the muzzle pointing still upwards, slide the bolt into the receiver.
6. Point the muzzle towards the ground and pull the trigger so the hammer falls.
7. Now comes the fun part…. install the mainspring housing up and through the holes in the receiver. As the bolt stop pin is pushed up through the receiver, it also passes through the bolt. As you swing the mainspring towards the frame, be sure that the hammer strut is positioned so it comes to rest on top of the mainspring plunger as the housing is closed.
8. Once the proper alignment between the hammer strut and mainspring plunger is attained, press the mainspring housing into the frame and close the housing latch.
9. Reinstall the grips.

The final touches…

The only item left to check is the magazine. With the follower depressed, I use a brush to scrub the wax and lead buildup along the insides, with emphasis on the front side. The skinny GI brushes for the M16 work perfectly to reach down into the magazine. This small task is often overlooked, but is necessary to ensure reliable upward feeding of rounds.

Testing…

Test fire the gun to ensure that it is functioning properly. Readjust sights as required. After a thorough cleaning, the gun is quieter than it was before due to the internal oils that remain to vaporize and help quiet things down. Maybe mine will go another 20,000 rounds before it needs any depot level maintenance – time will tell. Cleaning the suppressed Mark II pistol is not overly complicated, but when it needs it, it really needs it. Once a year or whenever required, the proper maintenance should ensure your investment in a quiet shooter will last a long, long time.

Sources:

Sturm, Ruger & Co. Inc.
200 Ruger Road
Prescott, AZ 86301-6181

Kano Laboratories
1027-R Thompson Lane
Nashville, TN 37211-2627

Occasionally, the summers get hot down here in Georgia. Today, it’s about 97 degrees. My shooting buddies want to head out to our favorite “after work” shooting area to burn-up some ammo and relax from the day’s stress. The news on the radio says that the heat index is 105 to 110 due to the 90% + humidity. In my book, that is not what I call “relaxing” conditions for shooting. Our range is in the middle of a wide open area which has no shade, and outside temperatures can feel about as hot as your M16 barrel does from a 30-round burst. Blame it on El Nino, Al Gore, or cigarette tobacco smoke, the fact remains it cuts into our shooting time.

Class III machine gun enthusiasts in the Southeast now have a full-auto indoor range option when contemplating their next shooting excursion, and it’s air conditioned. The Firing Lane in Athens, Georgia has a full-auto approved range for any caliber running up to 4000 fps. The owner, Dudley Calfee, is a Class III dealer and manufacturer as well. He provides on-site rentals of full-auto firearms to those who don’t own their own, or for those who would like to try out a different weapon system. With fewer areas available for full-auto shooting these days, an indoor range is a convenient and viable option to enjoy testing out different guns or various ammunition in a particular firearm.

The Firing Lane is open to the general public, and is located in Athens, Georgia. It’s about a 50-60 minute drive from Atlanta. They offer a variety of safety and firearms classes, as well as league shooting. The range is open 7 days a week, with hours of 12-9 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and 1-6 p.m. on Sunday. A retail shop is also located on the premises.

I visited the Firing Lane during their grand opening celebration weekend. It was a hot Sunday afternoon in late July, and it was reported that 300+ people had visited the facility the day before. My main complaint about using indoor ranges has always been poor ventilation, so I wanted to try out theirs first-hand to see how well it handled the smoke from full auto firearms. The last time I used an indoor range was a few years ago when I was sent to the Glock Firearms Instructors course in Smyrna, Georgia. It was a three day event, and I burned about 1500 9mm rounds prior to completion of the course. Dudley’s range is very similar to the Glock range, only bigger. The ventilation was more than adequate, and no one complained about that aspect.

I fired about 200 rounds through an M16 carbine to get a feel of the range and its layout. The targets are retrievable, and allow one to practice short and long bursts as well as dumping a fully loaded magazine if one so desire. Due to the relative confinement of the room, muzzle blast concussions are obviously magnified somewhat, but are not uncomfortable. This range provides an excellent environment to experience the spectacle of full auto firepower, sight, and sound.

While I was there, Dudley’s staff provided a firepower demonstration with an M3 aircraft 50 BMG shooting blanks. This particular gun was used in the movie “Tora, Tora, Tora” and was definitely a showstopper. Range staffers Chris Neufeld and Will Frisch were on the gun. Dudley dimmed the range lights, and I positioned myself just behind the gun during firing. The muzzle flash and sound was definitely an experience I will not soon forget. On the opposite side of the range, a father was teaching his daughter the art of full auto shooting with the AK-47. He told me that she had fired his MAK-90 many times, and was there to let her experience the thrill of shooting a full auto. After firing her first magazine, the smile on her face told the whole story.

If requested, Dudley will have one of his friendly and knowledgeable employees stay with a shooter to ensure the proper safety and weapon operating procedures are observed. Once a shooter has demonstrated the proper weapons handling, they are then allowed to shoot at their leisure. Safety is the main concern, and obviously should be. People new to full auto shooting are welcome as his staff is willing to provide the proper instructional help related to all aspects of the sport. The range has a family-type atmosphere, and all types of shooters would feel welcome.

Certain nights are dedicated to different shooters. Classifications include an auto-loaders combat league, personal defense classes, a subgun league, a bowling pin league, a PPC league, and a ladies night (which includes free handgun and machine gun rental). The personal defense classes are taught two times per month, and are presented by the Chief Firearms Instructor at the Northeast Georgia Law Enforcement Academy.

It was refreshing to see a place dedicated to Class III shooting which is geared towards the new shooter, as well as the seasoned veteran. The Firing Lane provides everything needed to enjoy the thrill of shooting in a safe and fun atmosphere. Visit their web site for more information. Dudley and his crew want your visit to be an enjoyable one and they are there to help make that happen. See you on the range…

The Firing Lane

Address: 115 Mill Center Blvd., Bogart (Athens), GA
Phone #: 706-546-6111
Web Site: www.firinglane.com/
Number of Lanes: 2 rifle/10 pistol
Range Length: 25 yards
Target Types: Retrievable overhead
Hours of Operation: 12-9pm Mon.-Sat, 1-6pm Sun
ID requirements/age: Drivers license. Must be 18 or older to shoot unsupervised. 17 and younger must be accompanied by an adult.
Range Time (members)$3/30-minutes (non-members)$8/30 minutes
Regular Membership Rate Range Time $100/yr
Membership (Unlimited Range Time) $200/yr
Handgun Rental (Unlimited Range Time) $5
Machine Gun Rental $10/per weapon
Suppressed Weapons Rental – 22 Cal. $5/per weapon, Other Cal. $10/per weapon
Ammunition (Price depends on Caliber) $8.88-14.88/per 50 rds., Range Safe Tracer Ammunition $20/50 rd. box
(On site MG renters must buy ammo from the range)
Eye Protection $0.50
Hearing Protection $0.50
Self-Defense Class (Gun/Ammo provided) $35
Gun Cleaning $10/weapon
Scoped Rifle Sight In $10/weapon

Class III rental guns includes the following:
HK MP5, HK MP5SD, HK33, Swedish K, M3A1 Grease Gun, MP40, 1928 Thompson, M1A1 Thompson, Glock 18, M16, Uzi, MAC 11, Suppressed Ruger MkII & 10-22, American 180, M60 Belt-fed, MG42, H&R Reising, 1919 A4 Belt-fed, Bren Gun, BAR, AK-47
Owners of their own Class III firearms are welcome

Maybe I expect too much from my .22’s – all I ask for is 1/2 MOA accuracy and quiet suppressed operation for discrete target shooting. The quest for this performance started several years ago when I purchased one of JR Customs “Navy” suppressors for my Ruger Mk II pistol and an old Glenfield .22 rifle. My decision to go with the Navy was based on its versatility and performance ratings. I wanted a suppressor that could be moved from both pistol and rifle for quiet target shooting in the woods behind my property. At the time of purchase, the Navy was highly rated for quiet operation. An excellent and very thorough Al Paulson article (MGN – June 1992) sold me on its design aspects and sound reduction capabilities. I called Jim Ryan, and he guided me through the paperwork and legal details since it was my first Class III purchase. This conversation put me at ease since all this was new to me at the time. Although many of us who read this magazine have gone through the NFA paperwork process many times, there are probably just as many who are “sitting on the fence.” Some people do have reservations for taking the plunge into the NFA world, but those who do are usually happy they did.

After acquiring the Navy, it was initially put into service with the Mk II pistol, and usually shot “wet” by spraying some oil into the can before use. This greatly enhanced the degree of suppression over shooting in the “dry” mode. One would think that this would help while in service with the rifle, but the Navy seemed to perform equally well with the rifle in either the wet or dry modes. To me, the main hindrance of this system was that optimum suppression required a recharge of oil for every magazine fired through the pistol. This required that I carry a can of oil on my person while out on shooting expeditions. Although this might not be a big deal to some, it was beginning to be a hassle to me.

Navy to Vortex-2 Conversion:

Several years went by, and it was decided to upgrade the old Glenfield rifle to a Ruger 10/22 with a match bull barrel for the enhanced accuracy I desired. A call went out to Jim Ryan to discuss threading the 10/22 rifle barrel to accept the Navy can. I mentioned to Jim that in the past I had a few problems with bullets tumbling after moving the can from rifle to pistol on occasions, and he offered to let me Form 5 the can back to him for checkout. He also offered to upgrade the Navy to his latest design. When Jim Ryan and Dr. Philip Dater joined forces, their design ideas apparently meshed, and ultimately resulted in the Navy being reconfigured into a smaller and lighter package. Gemtech’s upgraded Navy suppressor is now called the Vortex-2.

The Vortex-2 reduced the Navy’s overall length from seven to five inches, and also utilizes new internal baffle configurations. Tube diameter remained 1 inch, but overall weight decreased to a light 6.7 ounces. The original Navy weighed a hefty 12.3 ounces. According to Jim, the new design offers a sound reduction in excess of 35 dB while shot dry on a pistol when using the right ammunition. Per Al Paulson’s previous MGN article on the original Navy can, the net sound reduction with a Walther pistol was 23 dB (dry) and 39 dB (wet) using Hansen Standard Velocity ammunition. In yet another previously published article, Al retested the Vortex-2, and produced a net sound reduction of 33 dB. I consulted with Al concerning the differences between his and Jim’s data of 33 versus 35 dB. He explained that the difference is due to several variables: (a) they both used different pistols as the base weapon, and different barrel lengths and chamber dimensions can affect a suppressed weapon’s sound signature by several decibels; (b) they used different ammunition which would account for a decibel or two difference; and (c) they tested under different atmospheric conditions, which can easily affect the sound signature by a decibel. Considering all these variables, Al concluded that his and Ryan’s data agreed pretty well. Whatever the sound reduction, it is a very quiet unit when utilizing quality subsonic ammunition.

Apparently, the meshing of their designs and ideas has resulted in optimizing suppressor performance in the smallest possible package. Not only is the new unit 2 inches shorter, it provides excellent sound suppression without the need for carrying around a can of oil for quiet shooting. The Vortex-2 end caps are constructed of 300 series stainless steel. Five 6061-T6 aluminum baffles replaced the original seven 300 series stainless baffles in the Navy can. Aluminum has thermal conductivity characteristics that provide some advantages over stainless steel. Heat will transfer through aluminum faster than steel, hence helping to cool the heat spike from the muzzle blast. The new unit is designed to meet the requirements for a compact, highly corrosion resistant muzzle suppressor. The Vortex-2 is engineered so that there is no necessity for disassembly for maintenance. This unit interfaces well with virtually any .22 Rimfire weapon, both rifles and pistols. The suppressor can be quickly removed, returning the firearm to its original appearance and use in non-suppressed shooting requirements.

Rifle Modifications:

Before sending the Navy can and 10/22 barrel to Gemtech for modification, a few test sessions were in order to ensure the rifle was performing adequately. The deluxe Ruger wood stock was routed to accept the new barrel. I simply used a short section of broom handle with sandpaper wrapped around it to open up the barrel channel. A Tasco 3-9×40 TR scope was mounted to the receiver with Millet rings. I thoroughly tested the rifle to ensure that the new Wilson Match bull barrel performed as advertised. Using match grade ammunition, the rifle produced groups hovering around 1/2 inch at 50 yards. CCI Standard and RWS Subsonic Hollow Point loads easily produced sub-1 inch groups at the same distance.

After satisfying my requirement for minimum group sizes at 50 yards, I filed the ATF Form 5 to get the Navy can modified. While waiting for all of the paperwork to clear, I also took the opportunity to fine-tune the 10/22 itself. First, the trigger pack was sent to Mark White (Sound Technology) to have him work over the trigger. Mark reworked the trigger to be incredibly smooth with a release of about 2 pounds. A smooth, light trigger is probably one of the best things one can do to enhance accuracy potential of any firearm. Mark has considerable experience with 10/22 triggers, and I highly recommend his work. I also installed an extended magazine release button, and a bolt hold-open device from Brownell’s in Iowa (515-623-5401) as finishing touches.

Shooting Impressions:

After the ATF Form 5 was approved, the Navy was sent to Gemtech along with the 10/22’s bull barrel for threading. When the new unit finally made it back, I was off to the range to test out the new system. I had Jim cut the barrel back to 16.25 inches, to provide a total “barrel” length of about 21 inches with the muzzle can attached. I compared the new Vortex-2 with a friends integrally suppressed .22 rifle. It was very difficult to “hear” which gun was quietest while in the field. The efficiency of both suppressors was remarkably similar under typical field conditions. Eighteen different brands of ammunition were fired though both rifles. With high velocity ammunition, the integral rifle obviously had the edge over the Vortex-2 since muzzle velocities were being bled down to subsonic speeds. Most integral suppressors are optimized to drop high velocity ammunition to subsonic levels in order the avoid the ballistic crack. A barrel fitted with a muzzle can will produce higher velocities than are produced by the ported barrel of the integral suppressor. With subsonic ammunition, there was the perception that both units were equally quiet. Without sound measuring instruments, this is very tough to differentiate when they are that close.

As we have learned over time, subsonic ammunition will provide the quietest sound signature for target shooting and pest elimination needs. One must experiment with different brands of ammunition depending upon the firearm and the intended purpose. Outside air temperature is also a factor, as the speed of sound is more easily surpassed as temperature drops. A projectile that surpasses the speed of sound will literally wake the dead as compared to its subsonic cousin. At 32oF, the speed of sound is 1086 fps. At 82oF, the speed of sound increases to 1142 fps. My measurements of more than 500 subsonic test rounds produced an overall average velocity of 1047 fps out of the 10/22 rifle. This is an ideal velocity as it produces both an accurate, hard hitting projectile that is subsonic down to, and below the freezing mark. It will not be subsonic if fired in temperatures which approach 20oF, or colder.

Some suppressors work best with loads which produce combustion gases of a particular velocity. I have found 2 or three loads/brands which produce the best performance combination of velocity, accuracy, and quietness for my needs. Al Paulson’s previous test of this unit showed that the Vortex-2 produced better sound reductions when mounted on a pistol as opposed to a rifle. Having used the Navy for two years, and then converting, the perceived sound reduction appeared to be about the same with the rifle. When used on the pistol, it is definitely quieter. From a shooter’s subjective standpoint, the Vortex-2 shot dry is almost as quiet as the Navy shot wet, and the Vortex-2 shot dry is vastly quieter than the old Navy shot dry.

Some of the subsonic brands of ammunition that performed the best were CCI Standard, CCI Green Tag, RWS Subsonic, Lapua Scoremax, Fiocchi 300, Federal Ultra Match, and Eley Tenex. For normal plinking and target shooting, I found that CCI Standard and RWS Subsonic are tough to beat. They both provide excellent accuracy and are economical to shoot. For hunting (where allowed by law), the Lapua Scoremax is my pick due to its heavier 48 grain bullet. Federal Ultra Match should be selected for those who are serious about accuracy requirements, as they are expensive. Despite cutting the barrel back to 16.25 inches, no degradation in accuracy was encountered with the addition of the suppressor. At 50 yards, the rifle easily produces groups at, or under 1-inch with the lower priced ammunition. The high-priced ammo produces groups around 1/2 to 3/4 inches at the same distance as fired from the bench.

Although I don’t normally recommend swapping muzzle cans around on different firearms, my personal limit is two guns for one suppressor. This will ensure thread life is prolonged, as there is less of a chance that the threads will be damaged. The amount of torque applied while attaching the suppressor should remain the same each time. Also, the orientation of internal components of the suppressor should be the same every time the can is reinstalled. Although the new suppressor performed flawlessly while on the pistol, I keep the Vortex-2 dedicated to the rifle. The option for use on the pistol still remains, as I may use it in due time.

Maintenance Recommendations:

After each shooting excursion, I always spray a small amount of oil into the suppressor from the breech end of the gun, and fire a shot or two to disburse the oil throughout the can. This helps keep the unit from accumulating excessive powder residues, and will also help reduce or eliminate any corrosion concerns. I hate to clean my guns, and usually never do unless they don’t work, or if accuracy drops off dramatically. A few shots of oil at the end of a shooting session are my personal preference, but to each his own. As recommended by Mark White, a suppressed weapon should be stored with the muzzle pointing down and with the action open to allow venting so internal moisture can evaporate. I wholeheartedly second Mark’s recommendations.

External finish on the Vortex-2 as delivered was smooth and polished. I cleaned the exterior and applied two coats of spray-grit paint. This paint is an epoxy-based spray, with grit particles suspended within the solution. It is available from Brownells. This finish system has held up for two years now with no required touch-ups. It makes for a unique exterior coating, and gives just a little extra grip surface for checking that the can is secured to the barrel. I’ve even used it on a rifle scope that was scratched up beyond all recognition. The grit particles have no sharp edges so they can’t cut or abrade your hands.

Summary:

Many people get into the NFA world by purchasing a suppressed .22 firearm. A suppressed .22 pistol or rifle can provide a lot of shooting fun. The low noise and low cost of ammunition are the main benefits. The .22 can be safely and quietly fired on my 5 acres without disturbing the neighbors. I’ve set up a shooting bench behind the back yard and have backstops at 25, 50, 75, and 100 yards. If it is an unusually quiet day around my neighborhood (no wind or road noises), I just fire up the Massey-Fergeson diesel tractor and let it idle while I shoot. The tractor provides excellent background noise which completely masks any noise coming from the gun or the bullets striking the backstop. With the right ammunition, the bullet hitting the target is usually louder than the report of the rifle. Neighbors just 60 yards away never near a thing. The quiet 10/22 has been one of my favorites during shooting excursions over the last two years. It allows me to make things happen quietly at a distance.

Gemtech’s Vortex-2 is a compact and quiet performer, and is easily moved from either a rifle or pistol for those who prefer this option. When used on the Mk II pistol, its overall length comes out to around the same as a factory 10-inch bull barrel. Holsters are readily available to accommodate this barrel length. The 10/22 rifle with the match barrel is now both accurate and quiet. Although the Vortex-2 can be made to shoot even quieter on the pistol by adding a small amount of oil and shooting in the wet mode, I found the unit is quiet enough to pass on this extra task. As before the modification, this was not necessary with the rifle since it makes no perceived improvement on sound signatures.

It’s nice to find companies and individuals that stand behind their products and strive for design excellence. The Gemtech folks get my thumbs-up. If you are looking for versatility in a 22-muzzle can, and a company that backs their products 100%, the Vortex-2 might be just what you’re looking for. It provides excellent sound reducing performance in a very small package. Add an accurate rifle to the equation and the end result is one happy camper.

Sources:

Gemtech
Gemini Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 3538
Boise, ID 83703-0538
Phone: 208-939-7222

Sound Technology
Mark White
P.O. Box 391
Pelham, AL 35124
Phone: 205-664-5860

Brownell’s
200 South Front Street
Montezuma, IA 50171-1000
Phone: 515-623-5401

Tasco
2889 Commerce Parkway
Miramar, FL 33025
Phone: 305-591-3670

The author was recently invited to evaluate a unique tactical carbine system under consideration for law enforcement deployment. The “system” consisted of a standard M4 version of the M-16 carbine equipped with iron sights, along with an additional scoped, suppressed flattop for mid-range precision work. We tested the gun over a period of several weeks with help from tactical team members at our local Sheriff’s Office…

The reality of some of the major criminal events in the last couple of years has changed the way law enforcement looks at the rifle – again. The infamous North Hollywood bank robbery and shootout could have ended much quicker if a rifle or carbine had been utilized to end the fray with a single body or head shot. The brave men and women who responded to this monumental event displayed a remarkable devotion to duty. I remember the scenes from the newscast showing officers running into a gun shop to obtain rifles and ammunition. They obviously knew they needed a better tool for their predicament. One item learned from this event was that patrol officers should have small caliber rifle capability. With the proper training and equipment, agencies should be allowed to respond to such emergencies with the proper tools. If an officer is asked by duty to engage criminal elements willing to fight to the death, the use of deadly force to stop the fight is certainly justified.

Previously outfitted with handguns and sometimes shotguns, the trend is well underway to outfit many law enforcement (LE) units with some type of shoulder fired rifle or carbine. Several types of long arms are being deployed. Due to the advantages of having ammunition commonality, many LE units are using carbines chambered in 9mm, 40 S&W, and 45ACP. This combination increases the effective range of common pistol caliber ammunition out to 100 yards. Although the pistol calibers are better suited for the urban environment, some reports of finicky functioning and inaccuracy have questioned the reliability of such carbines. The “tactical” carbine, usually an AR-15 or M-16 seems to be dominating this arena.

There is no argument that the overwhelming majority of SWAT teams have adopted the .308 as their precision rifle caliber. When deployed in the counter-sniper role, the .308 wins over the .223 hands down. Among its many advantages, a 168-grain .308 can punch through heavy glass with a much better probability of success than any .223 loading. Selected marksmen which are deployed with .308 bolt guns might not always be available for backing up the patrol officer, and as was demonstrated in the Hollywood shootout, there are situations where the carbine would obviously help fill the gap. Not meant to take away from the traditional sniper role, the use of the carbine can help fill the niche between the engagement ranges of the pistol, shotgun, and precision rifle. Last time I checked, the national average for LE sniper shots was around 75 yards.

The tactical carbine can be defined as a short-range weapon that exhibits both short and long-range accuracy potential. Its 5.56x45mm cartridge delivers excellent hit probability from muzzle to around 300 yards. With the selection of the correct ammunition, over-penetration issues that have arisen in past thinking are subsiding. Modern .223 hollowpoint ammunition can demonstrate a remarkable amount of expansion that will keep the high velocity projectile from traveling very far after impact with both soft and hard objects. This is something varmint hunters, particularly prairie dog hunters have known and demonstrated for years. Interestingly, this is not a new concept. The carbine or rifle has had its roots planted in rural American law enforcement for a long time. The riot-type shotgun replaced its popularity over the years, but the liability issues related to controlling the launching of several projectiles, over a single one, have changed the thinking of administrators. The concern over the probability of an innocent bystander being injured or killed by an errant projectile, as well as the fear of liability has pushed this decision.

Carbine System Considerations:

Many configurations of the tactical carbine exist. Typically, a single carbine is deployed with a tactical light as an added modification. When equipped with various optics, usually some type of emergency iron sights should be available for backup in case optics fail. The folks at Quality Parts Corporation, better known as Bushmaster Firearms, Inc manufactured the heart of the dual-use system we evaluated. The concept revolves around having two available options depending upon the tactical scenario. The standard, or “primary” upper is equipped with iron sights, and the “secondary” upper utilizes specialized optics and suppressor.

We evaluated both units to determine accuracy potential for tactical LE uses. The suppressed and shorter barreled concept provides an interesting platform to support the carbine equipped rifleman role in law enforcement. The scoped upper can be zeroed in, and removed from the weapon’s lower, as the standard upper would normally be the carry configuration. This dual-use concept provides no loss of zero, and the weapons flexibility is twice enhanced. For example, if called in to assist in a drug raid, the officer can arrive on the scene with the weapon in primary configuration for entry use or perimeter defense. If things don’t go down as planned, and a hostage situation or some other change necessitates it, the officer can fall back and effectively become a stand-off marksman by simply changing out the upper assembly – time permitting. Change out can be accomplished in less than one minute assuming both uppers are equipped with bolt and charging handle. One of the biggest advantages of this dual system concept is the elimination of trigger pull unfamiliarity which would occur if switching to a completely separate firearm. Since the users of such equipment typically don’t swap rifles out between individuals, they can be sure that they will experience the same trigger with the rifle in either configuration.

Both Bushmaster M4 barrels had a twist rate of one turn in nine inches. A Harris bipod was also attached to the suppressed flat top. This helps support the extra weight, and provides a stable platform when shooting from the prone position. It also allows some degree of rotation between the rifle and ground to compensate for uneven conditions. The Harris Series “S” attaches to the bottom of the hand guard via an adapter stud. The #5 adapter stud is required for all AR-15/M-16 hand guards. During our evaluation, the unit performed beautifully, and really made shooting from the prone position a piece of cake. We noted no changes in bullet impact by shooting from either the bipod or sandbags. With large field-of-view optics, the swivel bipod enhances large area scanning capability.

Suppressor Observations:

Besides reducing the muzzle blast sound levels, a suppressed carbine kicks less than an unsuppressed one. Its use in law enforcement may be of little benefit in many situations, but with the reduced recoil, it can allow the shooter to see each shot strike through the scope. Increased practical accuracy, and faster follow-up shots are an added benefit. The suppressor used in our evaluation, the Specop II, is no longer in production. Manufactured by Gemtech, one of the unique features of the design was its two-point mounting system. Besides increasing strength, the two-point mount helps provide the proper alignment between barrel and suppressor. It allows full automatic fire with the M-16 without worrying about misalignment caused by the unit unscrewing from the host weapon. The suppressor is 11.2 inches long, 1.62 inches in diameter, and weighs a hefty 2.5 pounds. Finish is dark gray phosphate, and the degree of sound reduction is rated at approximately 35dB. It is a rugged system – built to withstand the abuse of hi-velocity ammunition and full auto fire. The folks at Gemtech currently offer the M4-96D and Predator models for the tactical carbine. Their new units are shorter, smaller in diameter, weigh less, and can be provided with a quick attach/detach capability. These new configurations may be even more appropriate for deployment in the law enforcement or military role due to their lightweight.

The report of the weapon itself is more like an unsuppressed .22LR, with the major sound being the ballistic crack of the projectile surpassing the speed of sound (approximately 1126 fps @ 68oF). This allows the operator to fire the gun without hearing protection since the report is not overly uncomfortable to the ears. Those involved in the tests made the comment that the sound of the weapon is about like an unsuppressed .22 rifle firing subsonic ammunition. The tactical user can easily train without the use of hearing protection, and most found the extra weight out in front was easy to get used to. I prefer dedicating a suppressor to a particular weapon, and leaving it there. This ensures no shift in bullet impact, which usually changes due to the variables involved in mounting/dismounting.

Configuration Options:

A tactical light was installed on the “carry” upper for target identification in low light conditions. No accessory for the handgun, shotgun, or carbine is more important than a flashlight specifically designed for use with the firearm. The light should be powerful, as they are used to illuminate the target and permit target discrimination to prevent shooting a fellow officer or family member. They also back light the firearms’ sights, and allow the operator to concentrate on the front sight. Serving warrants and searching for potentially armed suspects in the dark tends to elevate ones anxiety levels. Besides a sidearm and a radio, a good quality flashlight is a police officers most important piece of equipment.

SureFire flashlights have come to dominate the field of combat lights, but the new guys on the block are giving them some competition. Diamond Products has a new 30,000-candle power (105.5 lumens) Tactically Advanced Combat Mount (TACM III) light system for the AR-15/M-16. Made of unbreakable Delrin plastic, the mount system is very tough, is not affected by recoil, nor does it interfere with the rifles usual attach points. The mount attaches through one of the lower hand guard vent holes. The TACM III is almost exactly the same size as the SureFire model 6P, which is carried on the belts of many officers. The mount correctly secures the light to the right or left side of the hand guard, as top mounting would illuminate the smoke cloud as a round is fired. The TACM III is a very bright light, and easily lights up a small room. ON/OFF activation is accomplished via a remote pressure switch mated to the firearm via Velcro. Powered by two, three-volt lithium batteries, they provide approximately one hour and 20 minutes of continuous use.

For the flat top, there are many sight options available dependent upon the departments needs. Each agency has its own set of variables and circumstances, which must be addressed, before choosing the correct optics. A compromise must be met which will allow the operator to both adequately identify and hit the target throughout a variety of distances. With the perceived use being the mid-to-long range standoff scenario, a top quality 4 power scope is a good choice. The 4-power scope will do well in both shorter urban situations, and longer rural ranges. Considering that throughout WW I, WW II, and Korea, most sniper scopes were 2-1/2 to 4 power, the 4X seems an adequate compromise for today’s LE uses. The 10 X scopes which dominate sniper rigs are great for long range precision work, but lack a wide field of view. If the majority of engagement distances are 100 yards or less, say from one side of the street to the other, the compact 4 power with a wide field of view is probably the way to go. We tested three different optics on the flat top during the evaluation.

The ACOG (Advanced Combat Optical Gunsite) by Trijicon was first selected for testing on the flat top for the secondary carry configuration. The ACOG is a combat proven optical device, which complements the tactical carbine concept very well. It provides both close-up aiming capability, along with excellent stand-off accuracy potential. The internal reticle is calibrated for bullet drop out to 800 meters. It also increases accuracy in low light conditions much better than other optics due to its illuminated reticle. During daytime use, the reticle uses fiber optics which collect ambient light, and project the reticle as black lines. At night, the reticle glows red due to the internal tritium composition. The tritium lamps are guaranteed to glow for at least seven years from the original purchase date.

At 100 yards, the ACOG field of view is 36.8 feet. This compares to about 10.7 feet with a typical 10x sniper scope. It also can be ordered with an innovative quick-aiming configuration called the Bindon Aiming Concept (BAC). When using the two-eye aiming method and moving the weapon, the image is unmagnified. This permits extremely rapid target acquisition. As soon as the weapons movement is stopped, the targeted image zooms into magnification. The ACOG has no external switches or buttons to fail at the wrong time. The unit is waterproof, and is currently in use by U.S. Special Forces. We also tested two other scopes on the flat top which are discussed below.

With the AR-15/M-16 rifle, the line of sight though the iron sights are about 2.5” above the line of the bore. Roughly speaking, sighting the rifle in at 50 yards allows the projectile to strike around 1.25” low at 25 yards, on target at 50 and 250 yards. Maximum impact will be 3” high at 100 yards. This provides the optimum setting for iron sights in the LE scenario. On our test gun, when zeroing the scope in at 50 yards, the impact was about 1 inch low at 25 yards, and about 3.5 inches high at 100. When zeroed in at 100 yards, the impact was 1 inch low at 50, and about 2 inches low at 25.

Shooting Impressions:

The purpose of our tests was to verify the weapons function, reliability, and accuracy in the hands of a trained LE officer. Precise groupings are a good indication of a rifles inherent accuracy, but are somewhat irrelevant in a combat situation when you’re being shot at. In such encounters, the adrenaline will be pumping, and all you want to do is hit the threat and neutralize it. We took the carbine out to the range with several factory loads from Black Hills, Winchester, and Georgia Arms. We elected to utilize ammunition suited to the practical, real-world scenario. No subsonic .223 rounds were tested. It was the opinion of those on hand that a subsonic .223 round has very limited capability. Although it could be suited for very specialized situations, perhaps the use of a suppressed .22LR would be better.

The weather was not great during our first test outing. Outside air temperatures were around 40 F with winds gusting toward us at 15-20 mph. Nonetheless, we persevered to get a feel as to what the carbine was capable of. The ACOG equipped flat top delivered a 5-shot group average of 1.43 inches as fired from the bench at 100 yards. The best group (.98 inches) was obtained with Black Hills 52gr HP Match loads. From 50 yards out, we fired the standard M4 upper with iron sights to determine practical accuracy from the bench. We then mounted the ACOG to the same upper and retested at 50 yards. The standard upper averaged 5-shot groups less than 2 inches with iron sights, and when the ACOG was installed, the 50 yard groups averaged 0.84 inches.

Measured muzzle velocities were essentially identical with or without the suppressor. The ACOG equipped flat top delivered essentially the same accuracy potential at 100 yards as the iron sighted unit did at 50 yards. Two inch groups at these engagement ranges are more than adequate for the carbine support role in the tactical scenario. At both 50 and 100 yards, the ACOG equipped upper is probably more accurate than the pistol caliber carbines in most cases. Shooting the suppressed flat top is like shooting a rimfire rifle due to the reduced recoil. The shooter can watch through the scope and see the bullet impact the target. Shooting from the prone position, we fired at 50 clay birds positioned on the backstop at 100 yards, hitting approximately 95% with the first shot. The carbine seemed to perform best with the Black Hills 52gr HP Match round.

With the group impressed with the flat top accuracy so far, we decided to try a couple of different optics out on the gun. Just for fun, we mounted a 36x target scope on the flat top to see what the gun was capable of. I used the excellent Bausch & Lomb Elite 4000 scope that frequents me on prairie dog hunts out west. The Elite 4000 is high performance optics on steroids. The B&L 4000 is ideal for benchrest shooting since its field of view at 100 yards is only 3 feet. This is obviously not practical for a law enforcement weapon system, but using a scope of this quality can really help define the weapons full accuracy potential. It definitely limits the tactical carbine to benchrest shooting as it is practically impossible to aim holding the weapon offhand. The suppressed M4 produced an overall five shot group average of 1.12 inches using the 36x scope. The best five shot group produced measured 0.86 inches with the Black Hills 68gr HP Match loads.

One of the Sergeants then suggested we try out a Leupold scope they had on hand which was used on one of their bolt-action sniper rifles. We mounted Leupold’s 4.5-14×50 Long Range Tactical (LRT) on the flat top and retested at 100 yards. The Leupold Tactical is very familiar to police snipers since they are employed on many LE bolt guns. It combines excellent optics and rugged construction. On low power (4.5x), the field of view at 100 yards is 18.9 feet, and on high power (14x), is 5.9 feet. This combination of magnification allows the low power setting for urban scenarios, and the high magnification for long range shooting where precise bullet placement is essential. Groups averaged 1.19 inches, with the smallest group (0.85 inches) being obtained using Black Hills 52gr HP Match Moly loads. The LRT is probably more scope than is required for this type of gun, but I think the team went away salivating with the combination. With the variable scope, they could see the guns potential for quiet and accurate performance for both long and short range scenarios.

Lessons Learned:

Even with a fair trigger, the M4 carbine produced some impressive groups. We did notice that the rifle was prone to throw the first shot slightly, and explains why some of the groups were not as consistent as one would expect. This is probably explained by headspace variance, which results from the difference in speed and force during loading the first round. Past 50 yards, this first shot variance could be disastrous if a surgical strike is required. The user must be aware of this, and compensate accordingly. Our carbine seemed to throw the first shot up and to the right slightly most, but not all of the time. The same ammunition consistently produced sub MOA groups with a Remington PSS bolt action, so I would attribute this phenomenon to the gun and not the ammunition.

The 4 power ACOG allows easy target tracking thanks to the wide field of view. The ability to see the bullets strike the target allow quick follow-up shots with ease and effectiveness. Although the ACOG can be mounted to a removable carry handle with a back up rear sight, I would have preferred mounting it closer to the centerline of the bore. This would be more comfortable to the average shooter utilizing the collapsible buttstock configuration. Obviously the B&L 4000 is too much scope for this carbine. Although it is an excellent piece of optics, it is obviously designed for, and better suited to benchrest shooting. Sight picture is very sharp and crisp, and brings small targets up close and personal. Its adjustable objective is easy to turn and surprisingly accurate for range estimation. It can practically be used for a range-finder since the scope comes into focus precisely at the marked distance on the objective ring. It allows you to determine how accurate your gun is very quickly. A wider field of view would be great to have, but this is the trade-off for clear and precise long-range magnification. The Leupold LRT definitely has its advantages for both the short and long range scenario. The Leupold seemed to have a slight advantage in optics clarity and brightness over the other two scopes. Also, the Leupold had easier focusing adjustments, and seemed to produce less eye strain on the shooters. The side focus adjustment is easy to reach and adjusts for parallax variations. Most other scopes have objective adjustments, which are on the forward part of the unit, further away from the shooter. The LRT also had the most generous eye relief of any of the others tested.

One issue learned related to the use of the suppressed upper is routine maintenance. After cleaning, any cleaning oils which remain within the can, will produce a dramatic smoke plume for several shots. The smoke can obstruct the operators? field of view for several seconds. This may be no big deal for the casual shooter, but is totally unacceptable for LE use. We introduced one short aerosol burst of oil into the chamber, and allowed the oil to drain downward into the can between shooting sessions. Six or seven shots were required to completely eliminate the smoke plume. We checked the suppressor after each series of shots to ensure it remained tightly secured in place. No loosening in the mount was noted throughout the shooting sessions. This also included several full auto bursts utilizing a 100 round Beta C-MAG.

This carbine concept also allows the option of select fire. Tactical use of full auto fire is best kept to two or three shot bursts in the LE scenario. Long bursts do serve such practical purposes as checking the stability of the weapon, and having fun. I’ve never encountered a shooter who would turn down a “go ahead” offer to cut loose with a loaded magazine on full auto. The weapon we tested behaved beautifully in full auto with either configuration, and is especially fun to shoot with a fully loaded C-MAG. With the many early military M-16’s being surplussed to LE departments, the armorer can build upon the option of select fire lowers if the department requires this option.

Maintenance, Carrying, and Storage:

As recommended by Mark White of Sound Technology, a suppressed weapon should be stored with the muzzle pointing down and with the action open to allow venting so internal moisture can evaporate. This is somewhat of a dilemma for the officer who needs to have his carbine system stored in a hard case most of the time. Internal corrosion is the enemy here, and must be addressed. With the tactical user’s main concern being the cold-bore shot, the same maintenance procedures should be established and repeated after each shooting session. This will ensure that the operator knows where the first shot will impact.

Experience has shown that using suppressors which must be disassembled for maintenance is only asking for trouble. Sealed cans are the way to go, and current trends are confirming that point. The use of ultrasonic cleaners in conjunction with solvent soaks is much safer, in that it reduces the potential of improper reassembly. The “depot” level of maintenance would include a complete solvent soak in conjunction with ultrasonic cleaning. After cleaning and reassembly, the weapon would need to have a recheck of zero and adjustments made prior to deployment. With most suppressors on the market being sealed units, the problems associated with disassembling a suppressor for cleaning have gone away. Ultrasonic cleaners and solvent are very effective at breaking up accumulated fouling, and the Specop can also be cleaned by this method.

For protection during daily duty use, a good quality carrying case should be part of the system. This allows both carry and storage of the rifle and extra upper assembly in the same container, ensuring that they are always together. There is however, a danger with a well-sealed case. If moisture is present when the case is closed, it can do severe damage to a firearm’s finish. Some common sense maintenance routines are in order here to keep corrosion at bay.

Conclusions:

Many have predicted that the close of the 20th century would be the end of the era for the rifleman. This is no surprise to me. I grew up in the southern United States, and like many living in rural areas, we routinely carried a rifle to obtain food for the home. Developing good rifle skills was a way of life, a necessity to help out the family. It wasn’t until I started my law enforcement career that I had to develop pistol skills, knowing all along the limited range of the standard sidearm as compared to a long gun. Not everyone is suited to being a rifleman. The training and deployment necessary for law enforcement personnel must be carefully thought out. Marksmanship, physical condition, intelligence, personality, and psychological makeup are factors that must be included in the selection process. Those selected for this role should be provided the necessary tools and training to fulfill this duty. Besides the equipment, the proper training will ensure the big three: marksmanship, accuracy, and consistency.

The M-4 “tactical system” provides excellent accuracy and performance within a fairly compact sized package. The suppressed flat top adds significant additional capability to the original carbine. Whether used for law enforcement applications, or for quieter long range target work, the shooter will be impressed with its capabilities. It is a good choice to match requirements for the tactical scenario. The civilian NFA collector/enthusiast will also appreciate its use for various competitions and quiet target shooting. This package certainly turned heads at the shooting range, and all were impressed with the overall concept. It provided more-than-acceptable accuracy for the LE rifleman role. Although not a consistent MOA performer, it delivered some sub-MOA groups with the optimum combination of ammunition and optics.

Sources:

Bushmaster Firearms
999 Roosevelt Trail, Bldg. #3
PO Box 1479
Windham, ME 04062
1-800-998-SWAT

Black Hills Ammo
P.O. Box 3090
Rapid City, SD 57709-3090
605-348-5150

Georgia Arms
P.O. Box 238
15 Industrial Court
Villa Rica, GA 30180
1-800-624-6861

Winchester/Olin Corporation
East Alton, IL 62024-1174
www.winchester.com

Diamond Products Mktg., Inc.
2300 Commerce Park Drive #6
Palm Bay, FL 32905
407-726-0644

Gemtech
Gemini Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 3538
Boise, ID 83703-0538
208-939-7222

Sound Technology
Mark White
P.O. Box 391
Pelham, AL 35124
205-664-5860

Trijicon, Inc.
49385 Shafer Avenue
Wixom, MI 48393-0059
248-960-7700

Harris Bipods
Barlow, Kentucky 42024
502-334-3633

B-Square Mounts
P.O. Box 11281
Fort Worth, TX 76110-0281
1-800-433-2909

Bausch & Lomb
9200 Cody
Overland Park, KS 66214
1-800-423-3537

Leupold & Stevens, Inc.
PO Box 688
Beaverton, OR 97075
503-526-5195

Sometimes the eye only sees part of a scene. This article summarizes efforts to produce thermal images of heat distributions generated by three different suppressor designs, as well as visually explores the heat generated by full-auto fire on a suppressed M-16 carbine.

The first “Predator” movie starred Arnold Schwarzenegger as a commando team leader on a special mission in a remote corner of the world. In this movie, the hunters became the hunted. Their adversary used a cloaking device to make itself invisible, and also survived one of the best firepower demonstrations I’ve ever seen in a movie. Although strictly Hollywood, the portable mini-gun was really fun to watch burning up the jungle. Several scenes in the movie showed the “predator’s eye-view” of his prey. These scenes were not just made-up Hollywood special effects. They were produced with an infrared (IR) camera, which shows the heat emitted from the objects under view. The camera settings were modified to give the appearance of a slow motion, fluid-like movement of the people being stalked.

Doug Olson’s excellent article on Qual-A-Tec Suppressors in the Vol.1, No. 2 issue of Small Arms Review discussed several technical issues related to thermal heat-flow and temperature reduction as they relate to suppressor efficiency. He stated that the more efficient suppressors will get hotter in fewer shots than less efficient ones, and this excessive heat build-up can be a problem, especially for extended full-auto fire. Material selection, baffle design, and dimensional considerations are the main issues a designer must consider. The design must provide an efficient way to absorb heat from intimate contact with the gas as it travels through the device, yet at the same time conduct the heat rapidly towards the outside and away from it.

Doug’s comments on temperature reduction really sparked my interest as my “real” job involves the use of infrared technology at a major aerospace/defense company. Could there be some way to relate temperature reduction and suppressor efficiency? What if you could measure the temperature flow through the various baffle configurations to check the efficiency of the design? Since you normally can’t “see” temperature differences with the naked eye, I set out to perform an experiment to produce thermal images of several suppressors “in real-time” during a shooting session using specialized infrared equipment. Muzzle blast noise is caused by the hot, high-pressure propellant gases in the bore escaping out of the barrel during firing. The suppressor reduces this pressure, and the result is substantially decreased noise levels. The pressure is reduced by the following, each of which contribute to the efficiency of the design:

Sequence 1: Gentech Specop II Suppressor & M-16 Carbine.

M-16 time sequence showing thermal results from firing a single shot. View 1 is prior to shot being fired. Views 2 and 3 show bullet trajectory and immediate heat buildup in suppressor. View 3 shows main muzzle blast leaving suppressor just behind the bullet. View 4 shows continuation of main blast. View 5 shows main blast dissipating, as well as secondary blast turbulence. In view 6, 5 empty casings can be seen suspended in mid air following a 5-round, full auto burst.

1. Cooling blast temperature
2. Delaying gas exit through trapping and turbulence
3. Increasing volume available for the gas to expand.

A visit to the John Browning Firearms Museum in Ogden, Utah was actually the accidental starting point of this investigation. The standard tour includes a narrated “walk-through” in the gun viewing areas, a view of Browning’s original workshop, and a film on his life as it relates to firearm design. Bert was our tour guide, and he is very knowledgeable about Browning firearms and history. He has volunteered over 8300 hours of his personal time to the museum. If you ever visit this facility, be sure to also take in Norm’s train talk. Norm also knows the Browning story very well. He has over 18,000 hours of volunteering his time at the museum. Some say he actually lives at the museum, and I believe it.

John Browning realized the blast energy coming out of the muzzle of a gun could be utilized as a useful tool. He harnessed this energy to develop self-loading mechanisms, which ultimately resulted in the development of his machine guns. I got to thinking about using this blast energy, and about a way to possibly measure the cooling effects of a suppressor.

Sound Technology MK II Pistol, Views 1, 2 & 3: Thermograms showing a series of three shots. Note progressive heat buildup just ahead of the chamber region. View 4 illustrates same, as well as 5 cartridges in mid air.

When materials get hot, they radiate energy in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and if they get hot enough, in the visible spectrum (glowing metal). For example, the blacksmith knows from the color of a heated piece of metal when it is time to quench and temper. Similarly, I’ve seen belt-fed shooters on the line at Knob Creek heat-up a barrel until it glows red. When firing a long full auto burst through a suppressor, the tube is too hot to handle with bare hands for several minutes. This heat can be defined as thermal energy that is on the move: it flows from one place to another. Infrared (IR) cameras can be used to view the thermal response of an object in the invisible part of the spectrum between what our eyes can see and radio waves. Equipment for this type of work is getting smaller and smarter, and makes field-testing much more convenient than ever before. The evolution of instruments which measure temperature has been very dramatic over the last few years, primarily stimulated by military and space applications, as well as the growing demand for faster and more versatile industrial applications.

The IR camera measures variations in heat emitted by the suppressor’s outer surface, and transfers these variations into electronic signals that can be digitally recorded and visually reviewed. By capturing a rapid series of IR images, one can track the progress of the heat generated through the firearm. Areas of high heat can be monitored, and the turbulence produced by the blast gasses can be viewed. Since a suppressor rapidly cools a lot of the heat generated by the cartridge, the thermal data may be used to help the designer determine the efficiency of the unit as it captures the explosive gases. One can monitor heat buildup by observing the thermal variations as the gun is fired. An additional application for Special Ops groups is monitoring the infrared signatures of their positions (or others) when engaged in live firing situations. A discharged firearm shows up like a spotlight in the darkness when viewed through an infrared camera. Potential applications abound within the surveillance and firearms industry. An Amber Radiance HS focal plane array infrared camera was utilized to take the images for this article. Amber Engineering was founded in 1981, and is based out of Gallate, California. The Radiance HS camera is totally self contained and weighs less than 9 pounds. Extra sensitivity is required when monitoring the fast heat transfer, which takes place when a gun is fired. The camera has a very fast frame rate, and can detect temperature changes as small as 0.02 o Fahrenheit. The Radiance HS represents state-of-the-art equipment and is not inexpensive. Two Amber technical representatives donated an afternoon of their time to help me take the data for these tests.

Real-time monitoring under actual firing conditions provided us with some interesting insights into heat distributions which progressively develop due to the mechanisms involved in the firing process. As mentioned before, our goal was to see the heat distributions around the internal baffles and chambers, but we actually saw more than that. The main heat blast and resultant turbulence coming out of the barrel were also observed. Capturing this thermal information had to be done quickly after firing, due to the rapid disbursement of the heat throughout the suppressor, or the thermal details of internal structure would be lost as the weapon warmed up from repeated firing. Some timing coordination was required between the shooter and the recorder. Most thermal data sets were recorded in 15 seconds or less, so the time between the first shot and the last shot fired had to be done quickly.

We evaluated three different designs during this test. The first was a Sound Technology integral Ruger MkII pistol. The second was a Gemtech Vortex-2 muzzle can mounted on a Ruger 10/22 rifle. The third was a Gemtech SpecOp II mounted on an M-16 carbine. Each shot generated fantastic images of the blast heat leaving the muzzle, and the hot cartridge case and burning powder flying out of the chamber area. It was amazing to see the captured images of hot propellant gases flying out of both the muzzle and chamber. Speeding up the camera frame rate, we also captured images of the bullets in flight before hitting the backstop 30 yards away. We could see the bullet’s trajectory from muzzle to target. The bullet in flight was hot enough, and the camera frame rate was fast enough, to provide a contrast against the outside air temperature. We could also observe both a primary and secondary blast coming out of the M-16 for each shot fired. The turbulence generated by the suppressor was phenomenal.

The M-16 was fired with 5 rounds on full-auto for each test. After the first shot left the muzzle, we could immediately see the warm up of the first blast chamber in the rear of the suppressor. The next 4 shots really warmed things up, and we could then see the heat flow rapidly from the rear to the muzzle end of the SpecOp. A red-colored, vertical heat wave was observed moving from rear to front of the unit. This phenomenon took place about 5 seconds after the last round left the gun. After about 10 seconds had elapsed, the entire unit showed fairly uniform heat distributions from end to end. We repeated this test five times with the same results. The infrared camera showed that the main blast coming out of the SpecOp looked like a flame-thrower.

On Mark White’s (Sound Technology) integral Mk II pistol, the first 3 inches ahead of the chamber region showed a very large heat gain immediately after firing rounds as fast as I could pull the trigger. The area ahead of this region remained remarkably cool all the way to the muzzle, even after 10 shots. This test was repeated three times with the same results. Apparently, Mark’s unit is designed such that it captures most of the heat energy just ahead of the chamber. There was less heat transfer beyond that portion of the suppressor. As far as heat flow is concerned, his design captures and disperses the heat close to the chamber area.

Ten rounds were then fired through the 10-22 rifle with the Vortex-2. As before, the first chamber showed a large heat gain immediately. With the Vortex-2, each individual chamber could then be seen since the heat flow was remarkably uniform from end to end. The other interesting observation on the Vortex-2 was that the last chamber just behind the muzzle also showed a higher temperature than the center region, probably due to the internal turbulence that is generated towards the end of the unit.

As suspected, the early chambers of each unit always showed the largest heat gains. As the area just ahead of the chamber in a gun barrel always gets hottest, we would expect that the area just ahead of the muzzle (initial blast chamber) in the suppressor would get hottest as well. Stop most of the main blast here, and there is less thermal energy to deal with down the line. Each firearm was allowed to cool to ambient temperatures between tests.

I have long felt that the material used in a suppressor has a significant impact on its efficiency. A material’s thermal conductivity can be simply defined as its ability to conduct heat. Aluminum conducts heat at a much faster rate than stainless steel. The “heat spike” which occurs when the round is fired is due to the compressing and heating of the air in the barrel. This heat spike and subsequent cooling takes place so rapidly that the fast IR camera is a reliable way to “see” what is transpiring.

The preceeding thermal images can be classified as “thermograms”. They are a way to observe the infrared energy radiating from the surface of the objects. The different color levels represent different temperature ranges. The colors range from hot to cool in the following order: white (hot), red, yellow, green, blue, and purple (cool). We were all truly amazed as we viewed the digital video playback of the guns firing. We could observe the heat generated in slow motion, as well as the hot blast gasses leaving the muzzles. After reviewing each data set, we printed a color copy of some of the most interesting observations. Although we obviously can’t reproduce every one here in the article, those that do make it to print will give an idea of what we’re talking about. Somehow though, the printed thermograms just don’t do justice for what we observed. Perhaps recording to CD would be the best way to present this type of information.

We all agreed that the next step is to obviously repeat future activities in a controlled laboratory condition, and to correlate the observed heat flow with sound measuring equipment. Our efforts were just an informal trip into the woods for an afternoon of shooting fun, and to generate some interesting images. Those interested in pursuing and exploring this technology are encouraged to contact Amber.

Special thanks go out to Mike Larson of Advanced Infrared, Inc., and Roy Malmberg of Amber for providing use of the IR camera and related test equipment. Mike’s company provides state-of-the-art infrared radiometers for commercial and industrial uses. Roy is the Regional Sales Manager at Raytheon Amber in California. They both invite those who envision applications for advanced infrared imaging in both military and commercial fields to contact them. Mike can be reached at P.O. Box 801038, Acworth, GA 30101, or phone 770-975-4737. Roy can be contacted at 5756 Thornwood Drive, Goleta, CA 93117, or phone 805-692-1395.

Although not classified as “small arms”, the author recently evaluated several functioning machine gun replicas, which are used for a variety of training and hobby purposes. They make for an interesting addition to any gun collection… These are not intended as childrens toys or for shooting at other people. All safety rules should be strictly followed.

About a year ago, I heard about a new type of gun that claimed to provide suppressed, full-auto firepower with no transfer fees or special licensing. After investigating, I found that 500-round magazines were available, along with a choice of M-16, HK51, MP5, Sig551, Aug, and other models. Discovering that an M-60 and Minigun was also manufactured, I decided it was time to get serious about these claims, and to find out what all the fuss was about. It sounded highly improbable in today’s maize of Federal paperwork and oversight into our personal lives, particularly in the Class III world. Believe it or not, these gun options are still available in the form of functioning air-gun replicas. Officially classified by the U.S. Department of Commerce as “look alike” or “imitation” firearms, any person who is at least 18 years old, and lives where there are no local or state laws that prohibit ownership, may indulge in the full auto experience. Being curious about ATF’s official position on these guns, I contacted the Technology Branch Chief to get the governments definition of their classification. His response is shown in the accompanying letter.

Also known as Airsoft or SoftAir guns, these weapons are manufactured in Japan by Tokyo Marui as actual functioning guns that fire plastic BB’s. The BB’s are propelled via a piston-driven electric motor within the gun. Advertised as some of the finest replica firearms in the industry, the guns have the same dimensions, look, feel, and heft of the real thing, usually at a fraction of the price. I just had to try some of them out to see for myself what they are like. These guns are constructed of metal alloys and high impact ABS resins (similar polymers used in Glock, H&K, and other firearms). All the gun parts are close copies of the original manufacturer, and it is very difficult to note any differences from the real thing in many cases. Rear sights are adjustable for windage and elevation. They can be adapted to an assortment of available accessories, such as tactical lights, scopes, slings, etc. Stocks retract and extend. Magazine release buttons function just like the original guns. Selector switches and safeties also work.

My reaction when I saw these units for the first time was that they could be used for tactical weapons training for law enforcement personnel. They can certainly provide a realistic operating tool for SWAT teams, which train in confined spaces and in urban areas. I wasn’t the only person who was thinking of this application. Law enforcement units in several states are currently using these guns for tactical training purposes. Some military units, and several television shows and movies have also used them. After evaluating and shooting several of these models, I’m convinced that they can provide a multitude of uses for both the professional and novice alike.

I was able to evaluate these guns with assistance from a company named 747 Imports, of Kennesaw, Georgia. 747 Imports is an authorized distributor/retailer for the Tokyo Marui Air Soft machine gun replicas. The owner, Deepak Bakshi, has been involved with these guns for about 10 years. His company offers sales, technical advice, repair, and service. Prices range from about $465 for a FA-MAS to around $1000 for an M60. Most units are priced somewhere between $500 and $600. Full color catalogs are available for $5 (refundable on first purchase) upon request. It may sound like a lot of money for a replica machine gun, but once I saw them in person, I was impressed with their appearance, durability, and overall quality. With the price of transferable machine guns climbing steadily higher and higher, usually several thousand dollars worth, those individuals who have the desire to experience full auto fun now have a viable alternative.

Operational Characteristics/Features:

The heart of each gun is a rechargeable ni-cad or lithium battery. It provides power to an electric motor, which then drives a piston providing compressed air to fire the BB’s. All of the components of the air system are fully contained within the gun itself. No air compressor lines, exposed wires/switches, or compressed air canisters to run dry at the most inopportune moments. The battery is designed to provide approximately 2500 rounds of shooting before recharging is required. Batteries recharge to full power in about two hours, and are completely contained within the gun and out of sight. All models function in both semi and full automatic modes, and are also configured with a working safety. Some models are equipped to fire in the three round burst mode as well.

The plastic BB’s are 6mm (.24 caliber) in diameter. They are offered in weights of .14, .20, and .25 grams. Lighter BB’s are good for long range shooting, but are more easily deflected by windy conditions. Overall, I found the .20 gram weight provided the best performance for both short and long-range applications. The heavier .25 gram projectiles are the most accurate at short ranges. Barrels are not rifled, so the projectiles are launched without the benefits of spinning for stabilization. As far as ammunition costs are concerned, these replicas can be fed at a much cheaper rate than the real gun. A pack of 3500 BB’s cost about $25. Special tracer BB’s cost about $25/600.

Each gun has a detachable magazine which houses the BB’s. Loading is simply accomplished by either pouring the projectiles into the mag, or using a loading tube/plunger. The high capacity magazines are the easiest to load, as all you have to do is pour them in. Filling the standard M-16 magazine took about 20 seconds. Once loaded, the magazine is “dialed-up” with a ratchet gear located on the bottom of the magazine. The dial-up provides upward spring tension to push the BB’s up into the guns chamber. Once the magazine is inserted into the gun, it is ready to fire. No other charging is required to chamber the first projectile. Magazine capacities vary from 25 to 500 rounds for most guns. The HK51 tested comes with a 60 round magazine. I used an optional 500 round magazine to do some volume shooting. I fired approximately 1500 BB’s through the HK51 before noticing the velocity starting to drop off due to battery drain. Extra magazines are available, as well as more powerful electric motors, which provide muzzle velocities of 400+ fps. High performance upgrades would include electric motors, firing springs, gearing, and compression chamber components.

A “silencer” is also available which attaches to the barrel. It does not make the gun any quieter, but it does contain an internal photocell that “flash-charges” glow-in-the-dark BB’s. As the gun is fired, and the BB travels through the unit, the photocell “ignites” the projectile, simulating tracer fire. Firing full auto, the projectiles glow like a green stream of water as you see them travel downrange. Red tracer BB’s are in the development phase and should be available in the near future. The silencer unit uses four AAA batteries, and it does not reduce muzzle velocities.

Performance Testing:

Rate of fire is 600-700 rounds/minute on full automatic mode. Based on my tests, I would say the typical “effective” range would be around 50 yards. Maximum range is approximately 100 yards, due to what’s called the “Hop Up” feature. The Hop Up system places a slight backspin on the projectile providing an uplifting force as it travels outward and away from the gun. The amount of spin is adjustable by the shooter via a rotation lever on the side of the gun. Rotating the lever increases or decreases the upward spin force on the projectile. The event is accomplished by a small interference detent, which projects down from the top of the barrel bore just in front of the chamber. The BB hits the detent as it is fired, hence providing backspin. This feature can add about 15% more distance to the maximum range than for that of a normally fired BB. I chronographed several models, and the average recorded muzzle velocity was around 230 fps with 100% Hop Up selected. Without Hop Up selected, muzzle velocities increased to about 330 fps.

While shooting offhand at some coke bottles 20 yards away, I quickly got the swing of things. Firing 10 and 20 round bursts, the BB’s were pinging off the bottles and ricocheting in all directions. My favorite test unit was the HK51 look-alike. I also fired the M16, HK MP5, Aug, and HK PDW models. Reliability was 100 percent with all of the guns tested. No “misfires” were encountered. I fired these guns along side an integrally suppressed Ruger MkII pistol to compare the sound signatures. From a subjective standpoint, the airgun was probably half as quiet as the suppressed .22LR pistol. We were shooting Winchester high-velocity .22LR ammo through the pistol, and our chronograph recorded readings of 980fps. The air guns typically averaged around 300-330fps.

The low noise of the airgun allows one to shoot in places which are not possible with a real gun. Many a backyard, basement, or even a living room could be set up as a “firing range” with these air guns. Main benefits include no smoke, no brass to pick up, and virtually no noise. Eye protection is highly recommended, due to the high volume of ammo that usually exits the barrel and the ricocheting that normally occurs. Firing point blank range into an aluminum can, we were able to easily penetrate the exterior shell. From 10 feet away, the BB’s punched through two sheets of cardboard and kept on going. I would not want to get shot with one of these guns unless I was wearing adequate protection.

Dreaming and Reality…

While shooting these guns, I realized that we might have found the closest thing to Small Arms Review editor Dan Shea’s “dream gun” as is technically possible. Dan’s dream of a .22LR Minigun with a backpack mounted, hopper-fed ammunition chute providing an unlimited ammunition supply is not a reality yet, but I think something pretty close could be constructed with one of these airguns. Unfortunately, Deepak tells me the Minigun model is no longer made, but that a few might be found on the used market. With a little creative engineering, I believe the Minigun or M60 could be modified to run off a backpack-mounted battery or a retractable extension chord on household current. This would supply the necessary power requirements for extended shooting sessions. A backpack hopper feed tray could be used for the ammo feeding. This concept would provide the shooter a virtually unlimited supply of ammunition, as long as someone could help load the hopper as it is exhausted. Yes Dan, you could have your ammo bearers following behind you, dumping thousands of rounds into the gun as you travel downrange blasting away.

The standard magazine for the M60 holds 1000 rounds and is gravity fed, so as long as long as you have gravity feed for the ammo supply, the above concept is possible. I had hoped to test out a Minigun during my evaluations, but with its discontinuance, it was not possible. The M60 version may be the best chance to test out this idea on. The weight of the M60 is about 10 pounds, and the Minigun was reported to weigh in at 20 pounds. Also, there is no need to have anybody adapt a silencer system, as these guns are quiet enough as is. Any of these guns would be unique items indeed to add to a firearm collection.

For my own personal uses, I have found a unique application for one of these units. They provide non-lethal nuisance animals control around my property. I live on 5 acres of suburban bliss, and up until a few years ago, was fairly isolated from humanity. With the influx of more people and houses nearby, there has been a dramatic increase in nuisance animals invading my property. Although there are leash laws in the county, there are many free-roaming dogs and cats that frequent my yard and livestock areas. This really drives my dogs crazy, since I keep them confined behind chain-link fencing. The BB’s have just enough velocity and impact to get the invaders attention, and also gives them something to remember when and if they decide to come around looking for trouble. The full auto air gun is an excellent tool to persuade them that they do not want to come around my place.

To conclude, these air guns are remarkable high quality replicas. They give one a realistic experience of firing an actual machine gun, providing a unique alternative to owning the real thing. The best thing they have going is that no FFL, transfer tax, or federal paperwork is required. They are top quality reproductions, and should provide years of reliable service. Deepak estimates he has about 50,000 rounds through his HK51 with no maintenance except periodic lubrication of the feeding chamber. Each motor is lifetime rated for at least 50,000 rounds before replacement would be necessary. Every model is provided with a manual outlining maintenance and disassembly instructions. If you can’t afford your Class III “dream gun” right now, a functioning airgun replica may satisfy the soul in the interim. It’s an interesting hobby to say the least.

Sources:

Marui Co., Ltd.
Tokyo, Japan

747 Imports
2615 George Busbee Pkwy
Suite 17, Dept SAR
Kennesaw, Georgia
1-888-304-3282
www.747imports.com

The author recently evaluated some 22 LR tracer ammunition for the recreational/sport shooter. Those interested in a fun addition to their small-bore shooting activities might consider the use of tracers. They are a unique accessory for the firing range…..

The .22 LR cartridge is undoubtedly the most popular cartridge in the history of the shooting sports. It has been used to put food on the table, win Olympic shooting events, train all types of shooters, and probably has saved countless lives in one way or the other. The rimfire cartridge is inexpensive, and usually quite reliable. Several machine guns have been built to take advantage of the economics of the little cartridge, and the firearms caliber-conversion market is built around its versatility. Many of us probably remember the first time we were introduced to it which, for most of us, was at a young age. Its low price and noise levels were the perfect combination to learn safety aspects of shooting without hurting the wallet too much. For the suppressor user, its subsonic varieties can provide a new and quieter aspect to target shooting and other uses. Besides being fun, the use of specialty versions of .22 tracer ammo can help in improving marksmanship skills. Tracers allow the shooter to see the projectile on its way to the target. They can also aid in firearm safety since the shooter (and bystanders) can see the effects of ricochets and other unsafe backstop conditions. Bullet strikes are also easily identified. Participants and spectators at any of the Knob Creek shoots are well aware of the use of tracers.

Another one of my favorite aspects of shooting a 22 is using subsonic ammunition and a suppressor for quiet discreet target shooting and plinking. I’ve spent many an hour launching the quiet projectile at tin cans and other plinking materials. One of the recent improvements for the cartridge has been Lapua’s Scoremax load. This cartridge uses a heavier 48gr bullet, which is quite an advancement for the hunting and sport shooting community. It is subsonic as fired from a Ruger 10/22 rifle with a muzzle can. Another interesting improvement, and the main topic of this article, is the use of .22 LR tracer ammo. Unfortunately, it has been rather hard to find good quality .22 tracer ammo since the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibited the importation of such into this country. Eley of England, and RWS of Germany currently manufacture .22 tracers, but current laws restrict them to law enforcement sales only. There are no major commercial manufacturers in the United States. Winchester produced a .22 LR tracer for the military at one time, but discontinued it when the armed forces dropped the requirements for .22 LR tracer from its inventory.

There are a few custom commercial manufacturers in the U.S. that do produce .22 tracers. Since 1987, Outland Sales and Service, Inc. (OSSI) has manufactured .22 LR tracer ammunition for the general public. The president of Outland, Buddy Singleton, is no stranger to the shooting sports. His background includes small bore competition shooting, and his machine shop background eventually led to his interest in developing reliable tracer ammunition which could be used by the average shooter. We recently tried out a batch of his tracers, and found that they are indeed fun to shoot. OSSI tracer rounds are loaded with a specially designed bullet that contains a pyrotechnic element in the base. The element is ignited by the burning cartridge powder when fired. Similar to the chemicals used in a flare, the ignited element allows the shooter to see the path of the bullet going down range. Outward identification of most tracer ammunition is usually indicated by a painted bullet tip. Instead of a painted bullet tip, OSSI identifies their high velocity tracers with a painted red cartridge base. Their subsonic rounds are also painted red on the bottom, but with a black stripe to differentiate from the HV variety. Contrary to some beliefs, they do not transfer any more heat to the barrel than normal cartridges. They burn for about one second, which allows enough time for the shooter to see the bullet flight. OSSI tracers burn very bright, even in full sunlight. They seemed to be brighter than most I remember seeing at the Knob Creek shoots. I manually lit a pulled bullet, and was really surprised at how bright and intense the element burned. It is a very violent event, one which can somewhat affect accuracy as a trade off. One of the best attributes of using tracers is allowing young and beginning shooters to see the results of ricochets. I really enjoyed shooting them out of a pistol at some tin cans placed 100 yards downrange. The bullet drop is easily compensated for thanks to seeing the bullet’s flight trajectory.

The composition used in a tracer round is usually based on components of magnesium, to provide a bright flame. Various other components, usually strontium nitrate, give the flame a bright red color. Most tracers manufactured today use non-corrosive compounds, but most surplus military tracers made prior to 1954 used chlorates, which are corrosive. Red appears to be the favorite color since it provides a good contrast against most backgrounds and doesn’t spoil one’s natural night vision. The tracer composition is pressed into the bullet cavity under considerable pressure to form a very hard-packed filling, which burns layer by layer. The hard “pressing” process makes the composition more difficult to ignite, and a layer of starter composition is usually used on the base. This is ignited by the propellent flash, and transfers ignition to the tracer composition. It also usually prolongs the onset of the trace to some distance from the gun’s muzzle. The OSSI 22 LR bullet core contains a red tracer element which also contains an igniter element at the bottom base. Several events must occur for the tracer to work. First, the gun’s firing pin ignites the cartridge rim priming which ignites the smokeless powder. Next, the main burn launches the bullet and ignites the element in its base, which in turn, ignites the tracer compound. All this takes a little time, which explains why the bullet is on its way down range before one can actually see the trace. Bullet weight starts out at 38gr, and is reduced to 36gr after burnout. Burnout range is around 150-200 yards for HV, with subsonic loads having a range reduction of about 10%.

Using both manual and automated methods, OSSI takes new .22 ammunition and carefully disassembles each round. Bullets are pulled, and then modified to introduce the tracer element in the base. The lead bullet and tracer material are swaged into bullet form under 50 tons of pressure. Their quality control checks include both static and shooting tests for each lot. Static tests are done to light the tracer element, and to ensure that the burn time is correct. This is critical to a good trace when actually fired from the firearm. Several factors must be maintained to ensure that a good quality tracer is manufactured. Humidity levels during loading and of course, chemical composition must be maintained to within certain limits to produce a quality product.

We fired OSSI tracers with a suppressed Ruger 10/22 (Gemtech Vortex II), a suppressed 77/22 (Sound Technology), and an integrally suppressed MK II pistol (Sound Technology). We also mounted a Tasco NVS470 Generation II night vision scope on the rifle for some nighttime shooting with the tracers. For the nighttime user, the scope really shines in its capability to image tracer rounds over long distances. The low recoil of the rimfire cartridge allows the shooter to actually watch the tracer round drop as it travels downrange, and to compensate for excessive bullet drops encountered past 100 yards. With muzzle velocities running a little less than 1000 fps, bullet drop is fairly excessive at 100 yards and further. We fired several series of shots at distances out to 200 yards, and watched the tracers drop onto the targets with the nightscope. None of the subsonic rounds produced a ballistic crack associated with breaking the sound barrier. Producing an average velocity of 930 fps out of the 77/22 rifle, the quiet rounds were well below the speed of sound (1126 fps @ 68oF) during our tests.

Some safety issues must be adhered to when shooting tracers. Firing into any potentially flammable object or material is obviously not advised. The use of an earthen backstop is also recommended to completely capture the projectile and reduce ricochets. I’ve fired 5.56, M856 penetrator tracer rounds into earthen backstops at 100 yards, and then watched the smoke and burning material come out of the resultant hole for several seconds. When shooting out in open areas, I usually limit their use to very wet and rainy conditions to alleviate some of the safety concerns. We did set one of our paper targets on fire while shooting the pistol. My advice is to have fun, be smart, and be careful. Some states such as California and New York do restrict the use of tracers, so one should check with local and state laws before use. I checked into my state’s regulations, and found that there are no restrictions for either hunting or general shooting. However, the use of night vision scopes is not permitted for hunting protected game animals. The only exceptions were when used to hunt varmints, or other undesirable and unprotected wildlife.

Muzzle velocities were recorded as fired from a Ruger 77/22 and an integrally suppressed MkII pistol suppressed by Mark White of Sound Technology. The pistol has always liked high velocity rounds, with CCI Mini Mag + V’s as the overall favorite for reliable and accurate functioning. Winchester HV Super-X ammunition sometimes failed to reliably cycle this pistol’s action, so the higher velocity rounds have really worked well. Obviously, OSSI subsonic’s did not cycle the pistol’s action, which was consistent with our past experience using other subsonic loadings. We compensated for this by holding one thumb over the bolt while firing, and manually cycling the guns action. No cycling problems were encountered with the 77/22 rifle. Tracers are meant to be fun to shoot, and our intent was not to do an exhaustive evaluation. Tracers are not universally known for match grade accuracy, and we were producing about 1.5 inch groups at 25 feet with the pistol. For comparison, Winchester Super-X high velocity rounds were producing 1 inch groups at this same distance. Unfortunately, we did not have any full auto’s on hand to test out their performance in that mode. I would suspect that Outland’s HV tracer rounds would reliably function in any of the .22 LR machine guns (and conversion units) available. The ultimate would probably be a fully loaded drum on a American-180 buzz saw, shooting tracers out to about 150 yards at night. It would make for some great video. OSSI subsonic did not produce any ballistic crack associated with breaking the sound barrier, which was validated by our velocity readings. The HV rounds were also generating subsonic velocities out of the suppressed pistol, and was also producing a quiet report.

OSSI is also introducing a 22 magnum tracer. They currently provide a 22 magnum subsonic load (not tracer), and a Nosler ballistic tip bullet which might be of interest to the varmint hunter or rancher. Their .22 LR tracers are offered in quantities of 20 round plastic boxes, and 250 and 500 round loose (bulk) packed. Discounts are offered for dealers and law enforcement sales. If you’re into 22’s and NFA firearms, OSSI tracers can help revive the fun in shooting the old reliable and utilitarian cartridge.

Source:

Outland Sales
P.O. Box 1082
Brunswick, GA 31521-1082

An early morning rain to clear out the air, perfect summertime temperatures, and wide open spaces on the Utah/Idaho border – it doesn’t get much better than this for a great shooting experience. My last “business” trip to Utah incorporated a day dedicated to some-long range target shooting, north of the Great Salt Lake near Golden Spike National Historic Site. About 50 miles from this location, my friend Dave introduced me to long range target shooting the Utah way. I was very much spoiled by the fresh air and wide open spaces. Dave was shooting his custom AR-15 flat top, with a custom Hart heavy barrel. Primarily a prairie dog gun, he uses it alongside his bolt gun on his varmint hunting excursions. Sighting our guns in at 400 yards, Dave shot a 3.25 inch 5-shot group with his Remington 700 VSSF. His AR-15 was also shooting very well – around 4 to 5 inches. My 20” heavy barreled Savage .223 was turning out 4 to 5 inch groups at the same distance while shooting Black Hills soft point reloads. Not too bad for shooting off the hood of a truck. After moving out to 500 yards, the wind picked up and our accuracy went to hell, but we still had fun picking off some gallon-sized paint cans.

With today’s manufacturing technologies, competition triggers, and continued improvements in ammunition, one would think a good quality semi-auto should be capable of producing groups more in line with many of the bolt guns available on the market. I wanted to find out on my own what type of accuracy one could expect from a competition AR-15 using off-the-shelf ammunition. I also wanted to know if a utilitarian M-16 carbine with a suppressor could even come close to the semi in the accuracy department. Obviously, better accuracy should be obtainable from the semi-auto. Most full-auto shooters I know do not concern themselves with super-accurate bullet deliveries. The full auto carbine used for our tests had never really been evaluated for base line accuracy with a scope, so we had no idea how it would perform.

The M-16 carbine, we used incorporated a Bushmaster/Sendra registered lower receiver in the M-4, 14.5 inch barrel configuration. The excellent Gemtech Spec-Op .223 suppressor was mounted to the barrel for sound suppression. This rifle has had several thousand rounds fired through it, mostly with the selector set on full auto. It has been a most reliable and utilitarian firearm, but would it compete at all with Bushmasters V Match AR-15 in the accuracy department?

Rifle Basics:

The V Match is Bushmaster’s top-of-the-line match/competition rifle. It comes with a flat top upper receiver, for low scope mounting. The upper is mated with a premium, heavy, hard chrome-lined barrel, which is available in various lengths. A round aluminum handguard provides the freefloating barrel with excellent accuracy potential. The aluminum handguard provides an excellent attachment point for a bipod. A 1 in 9 inch twist rate was selected to stabilize a wide range of bullet weights. With the 1 in 9 inch, everything from the standard 55gr to the heavier 70gr bullets can be used (although high pwer competitors are now going to a 1 in 7 inch twist and 80 grain bullets for 1,000 yard matches-ed). The fluted barrel option can be special ordered for a slight additional charge. The V Match has a storage area in the buttstock where ballistics tables and elevation range cards can be stashed and retrieved for field use. Obviously, the carbine with it’s telescoping buttstock did not have a storage compartment.

The V Match comes without iron sights, and is thus dedicated to scoped shooting. The safe/fire control were easily identified. They are marked on both sides of the receiver, so the shooter can tell what position the selector is in from either side of the rifle. Overall, we were pleased with the workmanship and appearance of the rifle. The installation of the competition trigger on the V Match is recommended for extracting optimum accuracy. We opted to have Bushmaster install the two-stage trigger for us, and pre-set the 2nd stage to 1 lb. letoff. The 1st stage travels about 1/8 of an inch and takes about 3-1/2 lbs. of pull. At the 2nd stage, there was a measured 1-1/2lb. letoff to drop the hammer. With a little practice and familiarity with the trigger, we were off and running. If required, there is a set-screw adjustment in the top of the spring plunger on the safety selector. This can be adjusted to fit the shooter’s desire. Installation and adjustment instructions came with our gun, but we were glad we had the factory install this trigger system. The two-stage trigger is one of the biggest aids to accuracy ever invented.

The M-4 carbine had been set up to utilize Gemtech’s Specop II suppressor. The Specop utilizes a two-point mounting system, and weighs 2.5 pounds. Degree of suppression is factory rated at approximately 35 dB, but varies with barrel length. It is constructed of 304 stainless steel. Gemtech recommends that only full metal jacketed bullets be used with their suppressor, due to potential jacket separation inside the suppressor. The use of any bullet other than FMJ types voids the warranty. For the purpose of our testing, we took the chance of using hollow point, soft point, and ballistic tip ammo. We encountered no functioning problems. To be safe, we would recommend using only FMJ ammunition. This kind of performance speaks well for Gemtech’s products – able to perform under conditions not originally designed for. The only other options that had been added to this firearm were a Hogue pistol grip, and a rubber buttplate for the telescoping stock. Trigger pull has always left something to be desired, but was adequate for the intended use of the rifle.

Tasco’s Super Sniper 20X-42mm scope (SS20X42) was selected for use on both rifles. This is one of Tasco’s top-line scopes, which is vigorously competing with Leupold’s M4 series for the tactical/law enforcement optics market. It is rated for operating conditions from -50 F to +130 F, and altitudes up to 30,000 feet. All lenses are multi-coated for maximum light transmission. The large, external, 1/4 minute click windage and elevation adjustments can be easily operated, even when wearing heavy gloves in extreme cold. The 30mm tube is stronger, and provides about 30% more cross sectional area than the 1 inch tubes, and utilizes a Mil-dot reticle pattern. The Mil-dot is now the standard reticle pattern with all branches of the U.S. armed forces. It is very handy for judging yardage, and in correcting for bullet drop and wind drift. One of the advantages of the large target knobs is that the shooter can mark (or write down) the elevation adjustment settings for specific ranges. Thus the elevation adjustment knob can be rotated for a specific distances such as 100, 200, 300, etc. yards. Eye relief on the SS20X42 is 3.5 inches. The field of view at 100 yards is 6.2 feet. Weight is about 26 ounces. A 10X Super Sniper scope is also available. At about 1/3 to 1/2 the price of a comparable Leupold tactical/law enforcement scope, the Tasco offers a lower cost alternative. It will definitely give individuals and law enforcement agencies a quality product for the money. Mounts and rings were provided by B-Square.

On Chrome Lined Barrels:

I have to rely on the folks who are in the business of manufacturing, repairing, and modifying these types of firearms to inform both myself and the shooting community as to what the latest and greatest is concerning barrels. Bushmaster barrels made from 4150 ordinance grade steel and are chrome-lined, which is advertised to increase barrel life. From reading various sources, it has been pretty much concluded that the chrome plating process must be precisely controlled in order to get the plating thickness uniform. Some manufacturers claim that chrome-lining builds in some inherent inaccuracy potential due to inconsistencies in the diameter of the bore. I do not know if this is true or not, but chrome-lining is the choice of the U.S. Military services in their M-16 rifles, and in most foreign countries as well. Chrome is corrosion resistant and takes wear much better under conditions of heat and stress. It dramatically extends barrel life.

Bushmaster performs quality checks through every stage of the barrel manufacturing process. This includes a 100% check of bore and groove size and a visual inspection with a borescope. Barrels are also gauged for straightness. Some recent competition wins took place this year with Bushmaster rifles. The Gold Medal in the Expert Class Team Service Match at Camp Perry, and the Colt Cup at Ft. Devens, Mass. speak for themselves. One advantage of chrome lining is easier break-in requirements. There has been much agreement related to the need for extensive cleaning during the break-in of a rifle barrel. Bushmaster cleaning recommendations are fairly simple fire a couple of hundred rounds to “polish out” the chrome lining. They do not recommend excessive cleaning with solvents or brushing as that will prolong the time (and number of rounds required) to achieve final polishing of the barrel.

I usually only clean my guns when they either malfunction due to being dirty, or when groups start to suffer. So in my case, I believe a chrome-lined barrel is the way to go for me. I’m sure many a barrel has been prematurely worn or damaged from careless use of cleaning rods. Bushmaster claims that their barrels will not require much scrubbing until many thousands of rounds have been fired, and/or groups start to suffer. The M-4 barrel has had approximately 8000 rounds fired through it, mostly on full auto, and has never been cleaned. The only exception is the habit of spraying oil down the chamber/barrel area after full-auto runs. After all these rounds and lack of maintenance, our tests showed that this barrel is still capable of producing less than 1.5-inch groups at 100 yards using a good scope. I’m a believer in chrome-lined barrels.

In the future, advances in metallurgy R&D may produce improvements. The military is always interested in improving the state-of-the-art when it comes to gun barrels. Currently, a cooperative research and development (CRADA) effort is underway by the U.S. Air Force to study ceramic layered barrel inserts to produce better gun barrels. Various materials are being investigated, as well as manufacturing processes, to further improve the state-of-the-art. The goal is to fabricate longer lasting rifled gun barrels. The Navy’s PHALANX Close-In Weapons System (CAWS) is used for protection against anti-ship cruise missiles. Muzzle velocities are 5000 feet per second with barrel bore surface temperatures reaching 2700 F and the surface chromium plating 3300 F. Although advanced materials development is ongoing to improve gun barrel technology, chrome-lining remains the standard for the military. Various projects have been ongoing to test candidate materials for service in high-performance barrels. To maintain tactical advantage, the weapon system must be able to fire farther, faster, and put more rounds on target.

Testing Methodology:

The testing of these rifles was conducted in three major sessions, using 13 different ammunition brands/loads. Using off-the-shelf Federal, Hornandy, Black Hills, Winchester, and Georgia Arms ammunition, we ran the guns through their paces. Session one was conducted on a 100 yard range with each gun. Session two and three were conducted on the same range after break-in of the V Match. We set out to test not only the accuracy of the rifles, but also their ability to hold accuracy when hot from rapid firing. The theory being that bore diameters expand with higher barrel temperatures, thus increasing group dispersions.

My basic procedure for determining the intrinsic accuracy of a rifle system includes shooting 5-shot, not 3-shot averages. I’ve seen too many gun articles use the 3-shot method to help improve their overall numbers. A 5-shot grouping obviously helps measure the rifles ability to hold a grouping better than the 3-shot method. I measure a grouping by determining the distance between centers of the two bullet holes that are the most widely separated, using a digital caliper and a Neil Jones/Custom Products target measuring fixture. I personally measure each group to get more consistent results, and then round-off to the nearest hundredth of an inch.

Session One – After firing about 10 rounds to set our scope, our first string of shots through the V Match produced a 5 shot average of 1.37” using the 13 different factory loadings. We were obtaining some 3-shot averages of less than an inch out of the new gun, so we knew the rifle had potential. Best overall V Match groupings were obtained from the brands in Fig 1. The M-4 carbine was also tested for baseline accuracy. Using the same 13 brands of ammunition, the M-4 produced a 5-shot average of 1.75 inches. One interesting characteristic encountered while using the M-4 and the Gemtech suppressor was the change in impact points from the different ammunition brands. Although all the brands grouped well, the impact points varied by as much as a foot at 100 yards! No tumbling of bullets was encountered, but it stresses the point to settle down to one load for optimum accuracy when using this suppressor. Again, I would recommend settling down with FMJ ammo as suggested by Gemtech. The best groupings were obtained from the brands in fig. 2.

As mentioned earlier, Bushmaster recommends firing around 200 rounds through their guns to “polish-out” the chrome-lining in the barrel. After the first string of shots was accomplished, we placed the V Match upper assembly on the M-16 lower, and shot two hundred rounds of 55gr. full metal jacket through the gun on both semi and full-auto. The gun ran smoothly and without a hiccup during the auto bursts, confirming that chamber and barrel specs were adequate for this type of functioning. Barrel rise was a little more than the M-4 on full-auto, which was probably due to the lack of a muzzle brake. At 25 yards, second round shots were positioned up and to the right about 12” from the first round impact. We allowed the upper to completely cool down, and each brand of ammunition was again tested for accuracy at 100 yards with the following results:

Session Two – Session Two produced 5 shot averages of 1.29” using the same 13 brands of ammo. The best groups were obtained in fig. 3.

The 200 break-in rounds did have a slight impact on the V Match accuracy. Overall, our groups were about 6% smaller than our initial runs. The Federal Premium and Georgia Arms ammo performance was starting to get our attention, producing .67”, .94”, and .98” inch groups.

Wanting to know how heat buildup would affect the accuracy of the rifle, several groups of 100 rounds were fired using a variety of ammunition. Using a Beta C-MAG, groups of 50 rounds were fired at 100 yards using M193 ammo. One 50 round group measured 2.5 inches at this distance, and produced one ragged hole which measured 1.2 inches across. This type of testing can really be the definitive confidence level builder in the gun’s performance. Heat buildup was no problem while firing at a fairly rapid rate up to around 150 rounds. Once we had fired 200 rounds without stopping, the barrel and handguards did become uncomfortably hot to the touch. The rifle seemed to shoot tight groups even when warmed up to this level. Heat buildup generated during this test seemed to have some, but minimal effect on accuracy.

Session Three – We shot approximately 500 rounds through the V Match before returning to the range for final testing to see if things had improved. No cleaning of the barrel had been done during the entire time we had the gun in our possession. The following table summarizes our results. Session three produced 5-shot averages of 1.23”. For an improvement of about 10% over initial runs using the same 13 brands of ammo. We also retested the M-4 carbine with the two previous best performing ammo brands, to provide some averaging data. The data on the best groups obtained is in fig. 4.

Conclusions

With the right ammunition, the V Match rifle is easily capable of producing sub-MOA accuracy. It definitely outperforms it’s M-4 cousin in the accuracy department. Using Federal Premium ammo, the V Match averaged 5-shot groups of 0.91 inches for all three testing sessions. Georgia Arms 55gr Ballistic Tips averaged 0.96 inch groups. The M-4 did perform admirably, producing a best average grouping of 1.33 inches with Georgia Arms 55gr Ballistic Tips. Black Hills Match ammo produced 1.65 inch groups. Those versed in handloading could expect even better results if they were willing to experiment with various loadings. Obviously the M-4 was not designed as a precision shooting instrument, however, its performance was impressive out to 100 yards.

I believe in figuring the accuracy per dollar figure when evaluating a particular firearm. The M-4 was purchased new in 1991, and cost $1895 at the time, not including the $200 NFA tax. The XM15 V Match and the XM15 M-4 carbine manufactured by QPC/BFI clearly demonstrate that their off-the-shelf rifles are capable of producing excellent shooting performance. Both guns have proven that they are capable of accurate bullet delivery. The M-4 can now go back to being utilized as a full-auto blaster whose main purpose is to bust rocks at the local range, and an occasional jungle walk competition. In the case of the V Match rifle, I’ll be taking one with me on my next business trip to Utah. I need to pay another visit those paint cans I left out in the desert, from 500 yards out.

Sources

Bushmaster Firearms/Quality Parts Co.
999 Roosevelt Trail
Windham, ME 04062
1-800-998-SWAT

Tasco
7600 NW 26th Street
Miami, FL 33122-1494
305-591-3670

Federal Cartridge Company
900 Ehlen Drive
Anoka, MN 55303
6112-323-2300

Georgia Arms
PO Box 238
15 Industrial Court
Villa Rica, GA 30180
1-800-624-6861

Black Hills Ammunition
PO Box 3090
Rapid City, SD 57709-3090
605-348-5150

Harris Engineering, Inc.
Barlow, KY 42024

B-Square
PO Box 11281
Ft. Worth, TX 76110
1-800-433-2909
Gemtech
P.O, Box 3538
Boise, ID 83703
(208)939-7222 Phone
(208)938-8704 Fax

Hogue Grips
P.O. Box 1138
Paso Robles, CA 93447
1-800-GET-GRIP

This writer recently visited The Beta Company to see, first hand, what goes into making one of the most interesting firearms accessories for the modern battle rifle. Currently available only to military and law enforcement agencies, the C-MAG is gaining world wide recognition as a reliable alternative to belt fed machine guns and traditional magazines. Class III enthusiasts who are fortunate enough to find (or afford) a pre-ban C-MAG should consider themselves lucky…

The C-MAG is manufactured by the Beta Company in Atlanta, Georgia. With the C-MAG, military forces, law enforcement tactical units, and NFA/Class III enthusiasts, are equipped with a magazine capable of delivering 100 rounds of 5.56mm ammunition. The design incorporates twin drums made of lightweight, impact resistant, thermoplastic materials. Live rounds are aligned internally in double rows along the outside walls of the twin drums. To assist feeding reliability, several “spacer” rounds follow the last live round inside each drum. A major difference between the C-MAG and traditional drum magazines is the use of a non-compressed, low-torsion spring. This allows unlimited pre-loaded storage of ammunition, without the risk of wearing out the internal spring. This excellent feature permits the magazine to be prepositioned and stored in arsenals, depots, or support vehicles for rapid deployment. The unloaded magazine weight is 2.2 lbs. The weight, loaded with 100 rounds of M193 ammo, is around 5 lbs. The feed clip (center stack) is interchangeable for different weapon systems or for replacement if damaged. Feed clips are available for the Colt M16 series, Diemaco C7/C8, Royal Ordnance SA80, Beretta AR70/90, Steyr AUG, FNC, FN Minimi/M249 SAW, and the new HK G36. Due to limited demand, only prototype feed clips are available for the Giat FAMAS, SIG SG-50, H&K33, and Galil at this time. A complete “C-MAG system” consists of the dual drum magazine, a choice of loaders, and a carrying pouch.

Company History/Early Development Issues

The Beta company came into existence in 1983, and has always been based in Atlanta, Georgia. Jim Sullivan is the original inventor of the C-MAG. His name is usually associated with Eugene Stoner, as they worked together on the development of the Armalite rifles. Mr. Sullivan worked with the Beta company as a consultant in the early development stages of the C-MAG. Dan Shea’s excellent “Stoner Chronicles” in MGN covered much of the early years of firearms development by Stoner and Sullivan.

Many companies have tried to develop and produce a reliable drum magazine for the M-16 series of rifles. Metal magazines were too heavy for practical usage. With the advances in plastics materials technology, and with the ability to keep tight tolerances, the C-MAG finally developed into truly reliable mechanism. It had to be made to fit both early and late model M-16s. The center feed clip angles, materials, and tolerances had to be just right to allow proper functioning. Beta engineers determined early on that guns originally designed for plastic magazines were much easier to make reliable feeding devices for. Many gyrations of design and testing were required before a product suitable for military usage was finally perfected. Many variations and options have been investigated. These include clear back covers, last-shot hold open, and others. All these investigations have concluded that the current offering provides the best overall reliability under adverse conditions. Constant feedback from the military units who use the C-MAG keeps Beta informed as to any problems encountered in the field.

Testing Specifications

Although not indestructible, all Beta C-MAG’s are built to international military production standards, and meet or exceed all NATO Mil-Spec tests. Field testing has included continued exposure to temperatures ranging from -40F to +160F. The magazine has proven to function perfectly with ice forming on the exterior, or after submersion in mud and sand. The mags are also resistant to salt water, fuels and a number of chemicals. The C-MAG is in use by all of the U.S. military services, and in many foreign countries. It has seen combat during Desert Storm by 82nd Airborne and Special Forces personnel. The magazine performed well in the desert environment as long as proper gun handling procedures were observed (bolts and dust covers kept closed). Beta is so confident with their product that they do not recommend any spare parts be carried, with the exception of a dust cover (because they are easily lost) and a few spacer rounds (because military units frequently disassemble the magazine and occasionally lose these too). Law enforcement users would normally not require that any spare parts be stocked.

Personal Performance Testing

Reliability of the C-MAG was 100% when good quality ammunition was used in our tests. Our test guns included a full auto Bushmaster/Sendra M-4 carbine, and a Bushmaster V Match AR-15 semi auto. The V Match was set up for varmint hunting, and was topped off with a Tasco Super Sniper SS20X42 scope. The M-4 utilized standard iron sights during our tests. With the assistance of two members of the local Sheriff’s Office Tactical Team members, we ran approximately 500 rounds through the M-4 on full-auto, using the C-MAG with 100% reliability with M193 ammunition. We also fired 100 rounds of reloaded soft point 55gr ammo with no malfunctions. Several hundred rounds of match grade hollow points were also fired with no malfunctions.

Both guns were fired in the prone position, sitting, kneeling, standing, from the hip, and from a bench. The V Match rifle was initially set up for varmint hunting, and with the C-MAG, was turned into the ultimate prairie dog elimination tool. The low profile of the magazine is definitely a plus. It makes the rifle easier to manipulate than the standard, 30- round, box magazines. The overall height of the C-MAG is shorter than a standard 20 round magazine for the M-16 rifle. The only complaint I had was the fact that it is not designed to hold the bolt open after the last shot like a conventional mag, but with 100 rounds of available firepower, I can’t really complain. Some very minor chipping of material was noted on the front of the feed clip due to the speed loading process. The front point of the projectile was responsible for scraping away some of the plastic during loading, although this caused no functioning problems.

When loaded to full capacity for extended periods, the use of a sling system that permits waist level carry is recommended. The extra weight of the total package is enough to warrant a sling system such as this. If required for military purposes, it appeared that a single individual could carry two fully loaded magazines (plus one in the rifle) for a total of 300 rounds. This is probably overkill for most law enforcement scenarios, but the cops involved in last year’s infamous LA bank robbery/shootout might think otherwise. Although two well- placed shots would have stopped that unfortunate chain of events, it appears that certain situations might call for extreme firepower.

The balance of the firearm was not a problem experienced during our firing exercises. The M-4 with a loaded C-MAG balances perfectly when handling the gun with the upper receiver carry handle. If the drum is used on an Aug or similar bullpup type of firearm, the rearward weight might bother some. On the M-4 carbine, the C-MAG was definitely a showstopper on the firing line. All who shot it were impressed. Those with heavy trigger fingers should monitor excessive barrel heat build-up, and adjust fire rates accordingly. Non-Colt or Bushmaster rifles that utilize stainless steel barrels might be at greater meltdown risks, due to a lack of chrome lining in barrel bores. I would go with mil-spec 4140 or 4150 chrome moly barrels for extended use. Barrel fluting for better heat dissipation might be of benefit in these cases. The overall consensus was that the C-MAG was the perfect accessory for the M-4 carbine.

Loading Options

The conventional speed loader system on stripper-clipped ammo for 20 and 30 round standard M-16 magazines will not work with the C-MAG. I tried to use this method and could only get about 3 rounds into the mag. The plastic follower device is just too flimsy to work.

10 Round Speed Loader: The speed loader uses 5.56 ammo that is already loaded on 10 round stripper clips. The speed loader consists of a very sturdy housing which fits over the feed clip of the drum. It uses a plunger to push the rounds off the stripper clips and into the drum. A magnet is attached to the plunger which removes the empty stripper clip from the drum after ammo is loaded. Using this tool is the fastest way to load up the drum. In the hands of an experienced loader, the magazine can be loaded in about 25 seconds using this method.

5 Round Personal Loader: The personal loader uses 5.56 ammo that is loose. This loader consists of a very sturdy housing assembly which fits over the feed clip just like the speed loader. A plunger is used to push 5 loose rounds into the mag. The rounds are loaded into the side opening of the housing while the plunger is pulled up and out of the way.

Hand Loader: You know what this one is. It produces what some call the “Beta thumb”. One round at a time can be pushed into the mag by hand. This is obviously the slowest method unless you really get good at it. Thick callouses on finger and thumb surfaces are very helpful. Feed pressure remains virtually the same throughout the loading process. However, the first 15 rounds are slightly harder to load due to the curvature/bend at the bottom of the magazine.

Maintenance

The C-MAG is a very rugged device which, for most users, will never need any maintenance at all, or only on very rare occasions. During our performance tests, the only thing we needed to do was to wipe gun oil off the outside of the feed clip with a rag after a shooting session. For the users convenience, a technical manual is included which covers cleaning, disassembly, troubleshooting, maintenance, disassembly, operation, inspection, and parts breakdown. The following summarizes some of the technical manuals information related to operation of the C-MAG:

Cleaning: Recommended procedures for cleaning the C-MAG are as follows when these various conditions are encountered:

Harsh sand, dirt, etc.: Remove with cloth or compressed air. Heavier deposits may require water flushing.

Fine sand, silt, mud, etc.: Soak in water with detergent (optional) to saturate and dissolve deposits. Wipe and shake as necessary to aid in removal. Flush with clean water.

Oils, grease, solvents, fuels (gas/diesel): Remove as much as possible by wiping, then soak or flush with solvent. Use acetone or alcohol. Do not use oily fuels such as diesel, mineral spirits, or kerosene. Wash with detergent and water. Rinse with water to remove solvent and detergent residue.

Corroded ammunition and/or corrosion deposits from corroded ammunition: Remove live ammunition from magazine as per technical manual, and clean the same as oil and grease contamination.

Salt deposits from sea water: Light deposits may be removed by soaking in clean water to dissolve the salt residue. Assemblies with heavier deposits should be returned to the manufacturer for repair.

Lubrication: The C-MAG uses only dry lubricant (graphite) on the inner walls of the drum, covers, and center holes of drive gears. Never use any grease, oil, or other fluid-based lubricants.

Inspection: The feed clip (center stack) should be periodically inspected for cracks and chips. Cracks can occur at upper corners, but may not cause immediate failures. Feed clips which are found to have cracks should be replaced. Excessive chipping (missing material) resulting from loading ammunition should result in feed clip replacement.

Troubleshooting

Loading stops after about 40 rounds; loading is unusually difficult; feed is erratic: These symptoms are all characteristics of a dirty magazine. Disassemble and clean as directed. If not dirty, inspect component parts for damage. May also be symptomatic of dirty or corroded ammunition.

Double feeds in weapon; two rounds, or one round and a casing in upper receiver: Feed clip may be cracked on one side allowing rounds to eject spontaneously.

Live rounds mixed with spacer rounds in feed clip below last round link assembly: One drum hesitated feeding. Drum assembly should be cleaned and inspected.

Magazine will not stay in weapon receiver: The magazine may not be fully seated. The magazine latch in feed clip could be damaged – replace feed clip.

Weapon fires several rounds then jams; magazine feeds ok by hand when out of the weapon: Check for secure attachment between the feed clip and drum assembly. Tighten screws if necessary.

Magazine rattles when empty or full: This is normal. The rattle disappears when mag contains less than about 20 rounds.

Adaptation for Firing Blank Rounds

The C-MAG can be used with blank rounds, although the feed clip and related components must be exchanged with an adapter kit. Usually only sold to military units, the kit can be installed by the operator, or it can be returned to Beta for a no-cost conversion. The kit is designed for use with M200 blank rounds. This would be the way to go for certain tactical training and/or theatrical events.

Price

The Beta Company’s policy has always been to sell only to law enforcement, or to military users. Some units which were manufactured prior to the high-capacity magazine ban have made their way into the civilian market through various dealers. At the time of this writing, pre-ban C-MAG’s were selling for about $650-$750. They are very rare though. A complete C-MAG system (magazine/loader/pouch/dry lube) runs about $210 for government/law enforcement purchase orders. Spare parts are available and are relatively inexpensive. Studies have been conducted which compared the cost of a C-MAG with the standard 30 round magazines used for military duty. Figuring a non-disposable service life of 600 cycles for the C-MAG (60,000 rounds), and the equivalent number of 30 round magazines with a service life of 40 cycles reveals a cost savings of about $150 over the life cycle of one C-MAG.

Conclusions/Future Plans

How about a 9mm C-MAG? You 9mm MP-5 and M-16 shooters will go bonkers over this one. Plans are that they will have one available for law enforcement and military by the end of 1998. Two designs are currently in the testing phase. The MP-5 version will be the first one delivered. This will be followed by the M-16 9mm version. Users who have converted the M-16 5.56 to the 9mm kits available will definitely find this one interesting. There is some 7.62 prototype development work underway, but this will occur in the distant future depending upon demand.

To summarize, law enforcement tactical teams can add this unique accessory to their M-16 rifles. The 9mm version will soon be available for MP-5 users. With the world wide battle rifle trend going to the 5.56mm, the C-MAG designs bring a rugged and reliable option when traveling in harms way. It is the standard by which all magazine feeding devices will be judged by for years to come. As soon as the 9mm version is available, plans are in place for SAR to test one out.

Specifications:

Ammunition:NATO standard 5.56, .223 cal
Capacity: Variable, 1 to 100 rounds
Feed Rate:Can exceed 1300 rds/min
Weight:2.2 lbs. empty – 4.6 lbs. loaded
Storage:Indefinite, loaded
Materials:Impact resistant thermoplastic materials for the main components Corrosion resistant ferrous/non-ferrous materials for minor components

Source:

The Beta Company
2137B Flintstone Drive
Tucker, Georgia 30084
1-800-669-BETA