The Colombian attack on February 29, 2008, against the FARC Front 48 stronghold, some 1,800 meters to the south of the Putumayo river, in Santa Rosa – and inside Ecuadorian territory – caught the rebels by surprise, and resulted in the fall of Luis Edgar Devia (aka Raul Reyes), a leader of the FARC directorate. Along with the body of Raul Reyes, the Colombian government captured a number of laptops with all sorts of intelligence information to include correspondence between the insurgents and Hugo Chavez in Venezuela, and their contacts in Ecuador. This victory was followed by the announcement in May that Manuel Marulanda Vélez “Tirofijo” (real name Pedro Antonio Marín), founder of the FARCs and its maximum leader, was dead. A few days before, Nelly Avila Moreno, aka Karina, another member of the FARC directorate, had been taken into custody.

To continue the fight, in April 2008 the government specified that the upcoming budget would provide 37,000 new soldiers between the previous 2007 and 2010 numbers. The budget also allows for 8,000 new rifles for a total of 13,000 small arms, and 185 gun trucks to be acquired between May and November of 2008. More helicopters are expected for added mobility around Guaviare, Guainía and Vaupés, and the police will receive 511 new motorcycles.

The Colombian Army, with considerable assistance in particular from the US and the British, and Europeans and Israel in general, has become a well equipped and trained force. Equipment comes from Indumil (short for Military Industries) with three main installations: General José María Córdoba Factory manufacturing small arms, particularly the Galil rifle under IMI (now IWI) license; Antonio Ricaurte Factory producing projectiles and explosives; and Santa Bárbara Factory producing ammunition. The arsenal is diversified and abundant.

In 1989 the armed forces received the first 2,020 examples of the Model 92FS (Beretta M9), which is the standard sidearm along the superb CZ75B. Some Browning HP pistols are still encountered, and the Glock 17 and Jericho 941 are also seen in operations along the locally produced Indumil Scorpio. Squad officers observed in Bogotá carried the MP5 submachine gun, and certainly the HK product is seen in all its variants: MP5A2, MP5A5, MP5A5NF, MP5SD3 and MP5K, particularly in the hands of elite forces. Some units took the Colt SMG in 9mm.

The obsolete M1 Garand was eventually replaced in the 1970s with the G3 rifle, with some 30,000 purchased in the G3A3 and G3A4 variants, along with PSG-1 with Hensoldt scope for precision work, and the HK21 for squad support. In the 1980s the Colombian government selected the Galil rifle to replace the G3, purchasing some 100,000 models in 7.62mm caliber. Starting in 1996, Indumil acquired licensed production rights, and by 2005 production had changed to the Galil SR/AR/MAR 5.56mm and variants. The conversion of all 7.62mm models to the standard 5.56mm was also implemented. The National Police receives the Galil semiautomatic-only version. The transfer of technology started with Indumil purchasing the required machinery to produce the rifle and dispatching a technical team to Israel. Israel Weapons Industry (IWI) also dispatched technicians to Colombia to assists in the setting up production. The manufacturing of the Galil in country saves around US$40 million a year in government revenues. Ironically, Israel is now purchasing the rifle from Colombia since IWI has ceased production in favor of the Tavor, and Colombia has become the sole producer of the Galil since 2006. Two years later, Indumil had increased the manufacturing of the Galil rifles to 42,000 examples a year, and it has increased the annual production of 5.56mm cartridges to 61 million.

More recently, the Army has been receiving the Tavor TAR-21 and CTAR-21 with MIL-STD-1913 sight rail incorporated. The US has been supplying M16A1 and M16A2s with the first 1,126 acquired in 1990. The Military Forces have received in excess of 4,358 M16A1 Carbine, M16A2 Commando, M4, and M4A1, and more than 16,468 M14 rifles. US assistance also delivered more than 243 M24 and M40A1 sniper rifles starting in 2003. The Military Forces started receiving the Barrett Model 82A1M in 2005, and has incorporated USAS-12 and Model 870P shotguns.

The HK21 has been replaced with the M249A1, Vektor S77 and Negev light machine guns for squad support, and is complemented with some MAG-58 types. The M60 is universally used since 1985, to include the M60D in pedestal mounts in helicopters. Over 1,000 M60E3s have been received since 1985, along with over 800 M60E4 examples. The US delivered more than 650 M79 grenade launchers and in excess of 450 M203 models. Additional M203s came from Turkey, and Indumil now produces it as well. The Army makes considerable use of the RBG-6 MGL, a Croatian copy of the Milkor model, and the MGL MK1, both using the 6-round revolver type system.

The local Indumil produces the M26 and M67 defensive grenades. While the light antitank weapon arsenal includes M72A3 models, there are also Russian types such as RPG-7V, RPG-16 Udar, RPG-22 Neto and RPG-27 and RPG-29. Some elite units have received the AT4 and Carl Gustaf M3, and the Naval Infantry uses the Intalaza C-90 and Apilas. Support comes from MK19 Mod 3 MGLs, mounted on pedestals, and GAU-17/A, GAU-19/A, M134, and Chain Gun machine guns mounted on helicopters. For heavier support, the military counts with the Browning AN-M2, M2HB, and M3.

Local factories produce 100-pound and 125-pound bombs of local design as well as modern radio communication equipment. The government has contracted for the delivery of some 12,000 HE rounds for 155mm howitzers, along with some 4,000 rounds for 120mm mortars. IWI has also provided and facilitated the production of a 60mm commando light mortar and the military has cranked up local production of ammunition for its Mod-L (ECIA), MO-60, L-4, Vektor-M1, IMI-C03 Commando, IMI-C06, IMI-C08, M2, and M19 light mortars in 60 and 81mm and 40mm grenade launchers. The government has acquired 38 HY-12 Makina 120mm mortars to replace older models.

The purchases of weapons from Israel have continued, including the first 5 launchers for 50 Spike antitank missiles. These now operate along with Nimrod and TOW types, while the ground troops receive support from M40A1 in 106mm. These recoilless rifles have proved extremely effective, so it is only a matter of time before these elderly weapons are completely modernized to supplement the most modern missiles. Although the 106mm projectile is still effective against most armor, there is no need at this time for anti-armor support. The M40A1 is more useful and economical than sophisticated hardware in the anti-personnel role and against built-up areas as counter ambush weapons and against machine gun nests. IWI has already assisted in the modernization of M40A1 in Chile, and a similar project could be implemented in Colombia, adapting laser telemetry, IR and thermo sights for use day-night-any-weather-any-time. In fact, the local industry could do it thorough Coctemar (autonomous shipyard consortium) and has already developed the Jeyur weapons systems. The Jeyur, named after a deadly Colombian scorpion, consists of a weapons pedestal containing the same sophisticated equipment mentioned above to direct and accurately fire, by remote control, heavy machine guns and grenade launchers in small riverine naval combatants in any weather or conditions.

The Infantry goes to combat in the new uniform in “pixel” camouflage, developed by the No.1 Quartermaster Battalion “Juanas” in “woodland” green and khaki desert tones. The uniform was first distributed along units of the X Division, Omega Task Force, Special Forces, commandos, counter-guerrilla and pipeline security units. All web gear is also designed and produced in country, and most soldiers appear to prefer the assault vest with two large breast pouches at each side.

Lanceros: Loyalty, Valor and Sacrifice for Colombia

Spearheading the government efforts are the Lanceros. The term refers to the Colombian Rangers, and its origins are found as part of a small unit raised in 1819, and a derivative of the word “spear” in Spanish. In 1959, the Colombian Army organized several Lancero Companies to take the fight to the jungle. These were re-organized into counter-insurgency platoons in 1966 with the purpose of making them more agile and flexible. As the demand for the Lanceros’ skills increased, these experts were assimilated into the new hunter, and counter-guerrilla battalions. The Lanceros were reintegrated once more around 2004 with the establishment of the reinforced battalion, known as Lancero Group (AGLAN); they live for loyalty to their superiors, comrades, subordinates, the institution, and the motherland; they demonstrates valor to deal with all the difficulties found in the field, and each Lancero sacrifices his needs for the benefit of the force. These three simple words define a Colombian Ranger.

The AGLAN, along with the BACOA (Commando Battalion), form the direct action forces of the Army Special Operations Command (COESE). In addition, this command also comprises the Army Special Commando (CEE), an anti-narcotic team, working along with the Army Intelligence Operations Center (CIME) and the Colombian Technical Intelligence Center (CITEC).

The Lanceros School (ESLAN) notoriety was earned as a result of producing one of the finest jungle fighters in the continent. Between 1955 and 2005, the school held 284 classes, producing 10,000-jungle experts; add a couple of thousand more by now. ESLAN was established by Decree No. 3155 on December 6, 1955, and was led by a group of officers who had attended and graduated from the US Ranger Course. The instructors adapted the techniques and tactics learned in the US to the Amazon jungle environment typical of Colombia, and thus evolved into one of the most prestigious counter-insurgency training establishments in South America.

Without a doubt, the most grueling part of the Lancero Course is the jungle class. This now takes place at the Amazon II Fort, with the three-day survival part of it taking place at Ronda Island, in the middle of the Amazon River. The jungle class takes two weeks, and it is the last of about two and one half months of intensive training designed to create motivated and well skilled leaders of small units ready to fight in any kind of terrain. In here they will learn that the guerrillas are likely to booby trap branches, so picking up fruits from the trees to eat during the duration of the class is forbidden. Therefore, the local cuisine calls for learning to eat the mojojoy (between other things) a worm found in the palm tree-trunks. It helps to mentally prepare for them by naming them “jungle shrimp” (if it sounds better, maybe it tastes better). The class will culminate with the “Death March” where the candidates will have to cover in full gear all 36 kms separating the Amazons II Fort from Leticia City. Those who make it receive the emblem typical of the Lanceros and the black beret.

A Lancero starts his training with a Preparatory Phase lasting two weeks. The candidate reviews field hygiene, communications, basic small arms, and planning. The phase is complemented with another class dedicated to developing resistance, evasion, escape, and survival skills (REES – in Spanish). Here the candidates prepares physically, tactically and mentally for the next phase.

The following phase is called Complementary Phase. The first three weeks of this phase are spent at the Lancero Training Center in Tolemaida, learning jungle warfare tactics, and a few days spend at Icononzo, Tolima, in platoon leadership skills. At the end of the 7th week, the class will move to the Jungle Training Center at Amazonas II Fort, where they will spend their last two weeks of training. Most elements of other elite forces have attended the Lancero training at one point or another.

AFEAU + AFEUR

The national intervention unit is the Antiterrorist Urban Special Forces Group (AFEAU), found under the Colombian Special Forces Command (CCOPE). The AFEAU was established in April 8, 1985, and it comprises four teams, each with 2 officers and 13 commandos selected from all four branches of the military (Army, Air Force, Navy and Police). The AFEUR, on the other hand, refers to twelve Army Urban Special Forces Groups distributed among the seven Army Divisions for local antiterrorist tasks. Given the name, there is considerable confusion between the AFEAU and the AFEUR, even in official documents. Each AFEUR is divided in six squads of 15 men. In addition, each brigade deploys a GAES, or Anti-Extortion and Anti-Kidnapping Special Group.

The Army Rural Special Forces Brigade (BRFER) deploys three Special Forces battalions (BFER2, BFER3 & BFER4), from Tolemaida, and also is associated to the FUDRA. This is the Rapid Reaction Force established on December 7, 1999, at Tolemaida Fort, with the 1st airmobile brigade (BRM01), BRM02 and BRM03. By 2008, the Army had organized 21 mobile brigades, each comprising 1,287 soldiers divided into 4 counter-guerrilla, one support and services and one headquarters battalions. There are several jungle brigades, such as the 22nd, 26th, 27th, 28th and the 43rd.

The Counter-Narcotics Special Forces Brigade (BRCNA) became active on May 14, 2000 and immediately deployed to Putumayo, and then to Larandia (Caquetá) to fight narco-guerrillas and drug runners. Today, the BRCNA deploys the following counter-narcotics battalions: BACNA1, BACNA2, and BACNA3, supported by BASCN (logistical support battalion), and all operating from Larandia. The BRCNA has been trained and equipped by USSF.

Starting on March 22, 2001, the Colombian Army deployed its first of seven or eight high mountain battalions, trained under the supervision of the British SAS. Each battalion aligns 30 officers, 566 soldiers, 193 specialist and NCOs and 7 civilians. Finally, as part of the Army element we mention the little known Matamoros Mechanized Group, X Armored Brigade, which corresponds to the desert commandos. The Group is based at La Flor, and operates in long range mobile patrols using motorcycles (called Scorpions), SOV Humvees, SOV Abir pickups, EE9 Fire Support vehicles and EE11 armored transports, patrolling an area of 11,000 square kilometers.

Other military elites

Since 2004, the Air Special Commando Group (ACOEA) provides base security and Csar support for the Air Force.

The Colombian Marine Corps is considered an elite element of the military, fielding one regular Marine and two river warfare brigades; however, the 1st Marine Special Forces Battalion (BFEIM) provides for dedicated special operations tasks. BFEIM operates from Cartagena, deploying counter-guerrilla battalions, two Nav Afeur and the Northern Naval Special Dive Unit (UBEN – Unidad de Buceos Especiales del Norte). Another specialized outfit little known outside Colombia is the Submarine Commando Group (Grupo de Comandos Submarinos), equivalent to the US Navy Seals, and charged with covert operations along the Colombian, and also any other, coastal area. Their main “toy” is the Chariot SDV. Three of these are operational, and are named Arc Defensora, Arc Poderosa and Arc Protectora. These vehicles allow two combat scuba divers to infiltrate enemy positions. Like the Seals, these commandos train in all sort of conditions, and have developed a number of techniques for interdiction, in-mobilization and boarding of go-fast boats. Each Unit comprises two officers and five Marine NCOs. The Navy does not release much information on how many Units form the Group, but it is known that the Submarine Commando School has graduated 23 operators since its recent establishment. These naval commandos operate in tandem with those men assigned to the Cosmos midget submarines operated by the Navy. They also have close ties with the Amphibious Commando Group, which would be the Colombian equivalent to a 100-strong Recon Company. The Group is divided in four platoons of 25 operators, and they are in charge of reconnaissance operations for the Colombian Marines. The Navy and its Reconnaissance and Assault Group (GREAS), trained by US and British commandos, are tasked with validating intelligence dealing with illicit fast boat operations and boarding operations.

(The Author is grateful for the assistance and cooperation received from the Assistance Integral Office of the Colombian Army, CAN.)

“It’s a poor craftsman who blames his tools.” This proverb appropriately fits the main criticism of the AK-47 and its supposed lack of accuracy. A true marksman loves accuracy and precision. Watching clay pigeons break into a thousand pieces from a bullet fired from 400 yards away is very gratifying. Every shooter should demand a high degree of accuracy from his firearms. Simply put, “If it can’t hit the target, a true marksman won’t use it.”

Of course, that is not to say that a firearm will not need a certain degree of fine tuning when it first comes out of the box. For some shooters, a five-inch group at 100 yards is good enough. With over 50 million AKs produced worldwide, in various forms, there must be something good about AK rifles. But why is the AK-47 considered an inherently inaccurate firearm? Is the problem the AK-47’s lack of accuracy, or is it the shooter’s lack of marksmanship skills? Some experts claim, “The AK-47 compensates for its lack of accuracy by delivering a greater volume of fire.” However, this line of thinking only adds to the AK-47 inaccuracy myth. The Military Channel aired a program entitled, “Top 10 Combat Rifles,” and The Discovery Channel aired a program entitled “M16 vs. AK-47.” Although both presentations praised the AK-47’s reliability and rate of fire, its ability to “put out a lot of lead,” and both criticized the AK-47 for its “lack of accuracy,” did anyone ever ask who was doing the test shooting when judging the accuracy of the AKs? What kind of AKs and ammunition did they use? Did the marksmen on the programs ever zero the sights before shooting their targets? A serious marksman never fires unaimed shots and considers many factors when he tries to put a bullet on a target; such as the diameter and condition of the rifle’s bore, the manufacturer and Lot of ammunition being used, the weather conditions of temperature and humidity, the shooter’s eye sight, the circumstances he is under while the firing is being conducted, his own skill and capabilities as a marksman, and the general variations of marksmanship. Other important factors include cheek weld, sight alignment, eye relief, trigger squeeze, follow through, etc.

Rifle marksmanship has too many variables to be considered an exact science, but experience, good rifle maintenance, and a general understanding of ballistics and mathematics can enable any serious marksman to improve the performance he gets from any rifle – and marksmanship with an AK-47 should be no exception.

The Soviet/Russian experience during World War II demonstrated the need for a weapon somewhere between the fast-firing, but short range PPSh-41 submachine gun, and the powerful, long range, but slow loading and firing Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle and/or carbine. Designed to fill the gap between the bolt-action rifle and submachine gun, the AK-47 was never designed to shoot bull’s-eye targets at 600 yards, but rather as a combat weapon to be used by massive numbers of infantry, who would close with an enemy, and destroy that enemy with an overwhelming volume of short-range, automatic rifle fire.

Testing

What kind of accuracy can a serious shooter get out of an AK-47? For the marksmanship purposes of this experiment, four AK-47 type rifles were tested: a semi-auto Egyptian manufactured Maddi (which is for all practical purposes is an AKM built on Soviet/Russian machinery, but made in Egypt), a semi-auto Yugoslavian M70AB2, a semi-auto Romanian AKM, and a selective-fire Chinese Type-56. A cardboard panel with 12, two-inch diameter targets was set up at 50 yards. Ten rounds were fired from each rifle, one fouling shot, and then three rounds at each target, using three rounds from each of the three various brands of 7.62x39mm FMJ, ammunition. The three types of ammo were the 122-grain Russian Wolf brand, the 122-grain Czech, Sellier & Bellot and the 125-grain Chinese Norinco. All four rifles were set for zero at 50 yards and fired from a bench rest position.

With the exception of the Chinese Type-56, on average the AKs produced groups smaller than one and a half inches, striking only 1.3 inches from the center of target. Why was the Chinese Type-56 so off target? Could the bore of the Chinese Type-56 be oversized? The bores of all four AKs were “slugged.” The Egyptian Maddi measured .312, the Yugo M70 was .310, the Romanian AKM was .311, and the Chinese Type-56 was .312. The size differences in the bore diameters were not significant enough to make a difference in rifle accuracy. Next, a digital caliper was used to measure the diameter of the bullets in the loaded cartridges. With the exception of a one-thousandth of an inch difference here and there, all three brands averaged out to a bullet diameter of .308, which also meant that bullet diameter was not a factor. Was it possible that the width of the front sight of the rifles could have made a difference in the point on impact? The widths of the front sight posts of the AKs were measured. The Egyptian Maddi front sight measured .076, the Yugo M70 was .073, the Romanian AKM was .079, and the Chinese Type-56 was .075.

So, in the end, neither bore or bullet diameter, or width of the front sights were factors when examining the differences in the bullet group sizes, or the distances from the original point of aim. Therefore, it had to be something else. Could it have been a prejudice on my part of the marksman when it came to the Chinese Type-56, enough to make a difference in the group sizes? The test was repeated as previously described, 12 targets, four rifles, and three brands of ammunition. The results of the second test were too close to the results of the first test to warrant a comparison. What else could it be? There are other factors that can affect a bullet’s point of impact, such as attaching a clip-on bipod to the barrel, adding or removing a bayonet or muzzle brake, etc.

The sugar-scoop type muzzle brake on the Chinese Type-56 was later replaced with an AK-74 type muzzle brake. With the sugar-scoop type compensator, there was a wide spread in size of the bullet groups, but replacing it with an AK-74 type muzzle brake significantly tightened the bullet groups. It is difficult to explain exactly why the AK-74 type muzzle brake affects bullet flight dynamics, but the use of the AK-74 type muzzle brake greatly improved the accuracy of the Chinese Type-56, bringing its accuracy close to the other AKs. Of course, this accessory sometimes does not allow a shooter to use a bayonet on the rifle.

Another accuracy experiment was conducted firing at targets with, and without, fixed bayonets to find out the aerodynamic effect on the bullets. Without exception, a fixed bayonet had a negative effect on rifle accuracy; therefore, the flight path of a bullet is affected when it comes to muzzle brakes or fixed bayonets. Additionally, it did not matter whether the group was fired using 7.62x39mm, or 5.45x39mm ammo.

Conclusion

There is a long held myth in the US Military that the M16 rifle is superior to the AK-47 assault rifle, because the M16 can shoot accurately out to ranges of 400 yards, while the AK-47 was only effective at close ranges (i.e., within 200 yards). In the hands of an experienced marksman, the M16 can be accurate out to 500 yards and beyond, but reasonable accuracy can be attainable with a 7.62mm AK at ranges greater than 400 yards if the shooter is willing to apply basic marksmanship principles. If any serious marksman has a problem getting satisfactory accuracy performance out of his AK-47, where should he look first to find the answer to his problem? Is the real problem the rifle, the ammunition, or the shooter’s ability as a marksman? The 7.62x39mm AK-47 type rifle should be treated as any other firearm when it comes to putting a bullet on an intended target. The AK-47 is a reliable, rugged, easily maintained and accurate within its ballistic limitations. “It’s a poor craftsman who blames his tools,” and it’s a poor marksman who blames his misses on his AK-47.

This exceptional bayonet is currently in use by special units of the Italian Army; most notably the ‘Nibbio’ contingent in Afghanistan. They much preferred carrying Extrema Ratio’s ‘Fulcrum’ fixed blades as their primary issue knife. From there, they pressed Extrema Ratio to develop the same knife into an issue bayonet to reduce weight and excess gear. Extrema Ratio responded by creating a bayonet/knife/tool system that became even more versatile by the addition of a wire cutter as well as the availability of a mine probe tool.

The bayonet has always been associated with military long guns and has often been illustrated in field manuals and considered part of the necessary kit for the fighting firearm. This example is designed for the AR-15/M16/M4 family of weapons. The first thing you will notice upon inspection of this unit is the precision fit of the bayonet to the rifle. There is no excess of movement or waggle when the rifle is maneuvered with zeal.

The overall package, i.e. knife in sheath, is designed to make a slim modular profile in accordance with the current demand that manufacturers account for every ounce in order to make each individual soldier’s combat load lighter and more maneuverable. Most bayonets are of a nominal size, about the span of a common hunting knife; however this is a magnum knife with an overall length of 12.2 inches (310mm). The obvious need for extensive design work was evident, so that the whole package melded with the cadre to become part of the complete trooper. Extrema Ratio has rivaled one of the most revered of bayonets – the legendary Eickhorn model, standard equipment of the fabled Cadillac Gage Stoner 63A – to become one of the most capable issue bayonets of the new millennium.

Cut from a .25 inch (6.3mm) thick slab of N690 Stainless Cobalt Steel hardened to 58 HRC, the 7.09 inch (180mm) long blade is capped with a milled pommel fashioned from AISI 316L Stainless Steel that supplies the aft mount for the M4 carbine. The front mount is machined from AISI 316L Stainless Steel flat stock and also serves as a front hand-guard to protect the hand from sliding forward onto the cutting edge of the blade, were the hand to become slippery. The removable-for-cleaning fiberglass reinforced Forprene handle insulates flesh from electrical shock if you happen to employ the wire-cutter feature on an electrified defense. The accompanying polimeric sheath also works with the Forprene to insulate the hands while working. The design of the Forprene handle addresses the ergonomics of adaptability to the human hand under stressful conditions to index the cutting edge to the operator, so that in low light to dark, the cadre always is aware of exactly where the cutting edge is.

The cutting surfaces of the knife blade are uniquely multifaceted to supply exceptionally sharp edges to the top, the leading edge, the bottom straight edge, as well as a section, toward the choil, of a serrated edge for cutting rope or line. This makes for a truly versatile tool. A bayonet aids in many other tasks such as preparation of foodstuffs and cutting up kindling for a fire. The main straight edge is capable of a plethora of slicing and dicing chores. This leaves the front edges to cut cleaning patches for your weapon or to press into service as a combat knife. Remember that this bayonet pattern was originally taken from Extrema Ratio’s flagship design, the Fulcrum, and is an extremely capable combat tactical knife in its own right.

Extrema Ratio has made an additional relief cut on the spine of the knife to reduce overall weight without sacrificing lateral strength and also to bring the point of balance to a neutral position preferred by most knife makers: the hilt or hand-guard. Inside of this relief resides the Extrema Ratio Marquee and the type of steel (N690 Cobalt Stainless) used in the manufacture of the bayonet.

All of the metal surfaces are impregnated with a non-reflective flat black wear-resistant finish to reduce the chance of corrosion afield. The entire bayonet can be disassembled for cleaning and maintenance. The Forprene handle can slide off of the blade itself should the operator desire to fashion an improvised spear for fishing or hunting duties. This it does admirably with just the correct amount of heft and a sharp edge for a quick, efficient kill. An Allen wrench is hidden in the Velcro sheath webbing to assist in the disassembly/reassembly of the bayonet.

Extrema Ratio was one of the very first knife manufacturers to use N690 Stainless Cobalt Steel for their blade steel. This steel has proven to be exceptional in durability, flexibility and toughness. It is comprised of Carbon (1.07%), Chrome (17.00%), Cobalt (1.50%), Manganese (0.40%), Molybdenum (1.10%), Silicium (0.40%), and Vanadium (0.10%). N690 is martensistic special steel that differs from AISI 440C in that it carries double the amount of molybdenum. The use of molybdenum is significant because it bears improved cutting features and adds a strong resistance to corrosion. For this superior steel, Extrema Ratio purchases only from a small, specialized manufacturer in Austria known for their uncompromising quality. Overall, N690 features high resistance to corrosion and wear, maintains a sharp cutting edge longer, and polishes to a brilliant degree. It can also reach a higher hardness level through thermic tempering that eclipses 440C considerably. Thanks to oxidation resistance and its ability to hold an edge, it is often preferred by the medical industry for surgical tools and by the food industry for food preparation.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the Prato, Italy-based manufacturer is the amount of research and product development that goes into every knife or tool that leaves this maker. Working closely with the Faculty of Motorial Sciences of the University of Perugia, they were able to explore the ergonomics of these tools and how they relate to the end users. They also maintain a close relationship with the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Florence where they conduct structural, materials and coating analyses. They were even able to determine side load strength that revealed this Fulcrum style bayonet could survive loads of over 150 kg without breaking. The cadre of the ‘Nibbio’ contingent use their bayonets aggressively, often driving them into rock crevasses in Afghanistan to employ them as makeshift steps so that they might successfully scale the mountain. Every facet of these knives have been tested far beyond the normal rigors, hence the firm’s name Extrema Ratio, meaning literally Extreme Measures. Founded in 1997, they are certified ISO 9001, as well as being part of the Armed Forces supplier’s listings: NATO CODE (N/Cage): A D 856.

The bayonet is admirably coupled with its rigid ABS composite plastic sheath to form an improvised barbed wire cutter that is capable of defeating all but the largest of fence wire. The bayonet locks securely onto the corresponding lug on the sheath and the movement of the cutter is smooth, tight and unhampered. Many cutters formed on some of the European-Asian bayonets have sufficient slop in their anvils that it becomes obviously pointless to continue trying to gnaw your way through the wire. Not so with the Extrema Ratio, where the close progression of the cutter through its arc severs neatly the fence wire in one fluid stroke without hesitation or wobble. This is essential in a tool of this description that everything works with flawless precision. Sending a ripple down through stretched fencing while you haphazardly chew at the wire with an inferior tool could lead to an untimely demise.

The ABS sheath fits down into a Cordura pouch and harness assembly that attaches the knife and sheath to elastic leg straps that ensures that the bayonet system is jump-qualified. The lug straps hug the bayonet closely to the thigh without any undue movement or travel. The pouch part of the harness protects the barb wire cutter anvil so that it doesn’t become a snag at an inopportune moment. Four snaps secure the bayonet and sheath into the harness with an easy access strap at the top. This system is secure without being bulky as it has all been skeletonized to streamline the operator’s basic working equipment load.

Bayonets have quite a lore about them and, as many things that are made for the military, they are available in a variety of finishes: white for snowy terrain, green for woodland, tan for sandy terra and even gold plating for parade dress. The vibrant color schemes are carried out through to the leg straps for a more thorough and complete set of terrain specific gear. The cadre are the most important; the better the gear adapts the operator to the terrain he or she is working in, the better the soldier will be protected to complete the mission. Modern day equipment has come full circle. 60s-70s technology was to produce a basic quality piece of gear like the Eickhorn Stoner 63A bayonet and then the operator adapted to the bayonet, i.e., performed with its strengths and ignored, overlooked and compensated for its weaknesses or lack of detail. The Extrema Ratio Fulcrum bayonet is representative of today’s latest interpretation of modern day equipment. It was developed as to have virtually zero defects. It relates to the operator and is truly is an exceptional piece of gear.

While the example depicted here is fitted for the AR-15/M16/M4 family of weapons, Extrema Ratio has proven that their bayonet is truly international with fitment on request for the Beretta SC/SCP, Heckler & Koch G3 and G36, FAMAS, Steyr AUG, FN FAL, SIG 550 and the Kalashnikov AK series.

Extrema Ratio s.S.S.
Via Turcoing, 40/P
59110 Prato (PO) Italy
Telephone: 39-0574-584639
Fax: 39-0574-561312
www.extremaratio.com

Every two years the beautiful city of Rio de Janeiro hosts the Latin American Aero & Defense fair (LAAD). This year, the event combined the tri-service military show and the new Homeland Security Sector. Personnel from all armed forces, law enforcement and other security services attended LAAD. The fair highlights defense industry sectors showing growth potential in the region, homeland security, and equipment for use by armed forces on peacekeeping missions; such as personal protective equipment (helmets, flak jackets, shields, etc.), less-than-lethal weapons, and other systems for defense and security (law enforcement & homeland security).

It was not surprising to find a healthy small arms industry represented at LAAD. The Small Arms Factory from India displayed several of its products, including its own assault rifle, MAG and Carl Gustav weapons. FN displayed all its superb small arms products. Denel had some very interesting tools at hand; although this year we did not find the NTW-20. Rippel had a whole spectrum of sniper rifles in diverse calibers, along with Milkor. The Kalashnikov was also present in several exhibits from diverse countries that produce it under various designations.

The Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil (IMBEL) is the soul of the small arms production effort in Brazil, commencing with pistol manufacturing that ranges from .45 and .40 calibers to the 9mm and .380 models, all in the traditional Colt lines. IMBEL has produced the Madsen m/46 in .45 caliber for the armed forces. The services have also taken delivery of the INA 953 SMG in .45 caliber, which is a modified Madsen m/46 with the bolt handle moved to the right side, and other improvements of the extractor and the ejector. The weapon weighs 7 lbs. 8 oz., and is fed by a 30-round magazine. The INA 953 differs very little externally from the Danish m/46, sporting the same folding wire stock and nut barrel. The standard Army rifle is the locally produced IMBEL LAR, which is simply the FN-FAL in caliber 7.62mm built under license as the M964. The LAR differs little from the Belgian model, a gas operated weapon using a tilting bolt mechanism.

The Army Technology Center (CTEX) gave us a look into the locally developed thermal sight riflescope designed for use with assault rifles or machine guns. Members of CTEX tells us that the equipment collects infrared radiation generated by heat-emitting objects, allowing night and day target sighting even in areas filled with smoke, dust or fog. The riflescope weights 1.5 kg and has a fitting compatible with MIL-STD 1913 rails. The spectra band is 8-12µm and 320×240 microbolometer. The electromagnetic compatibility is to the MIL-STD 461.

The CTEX riflescope was mounted on a MD97D mockup. This rifle traces its lineage to the IMBEL MD-1 assault rifle first developed in 1983 in 5.56mm caliber. The MD-2 model came out in 1985 and entered service in limited numbers with the Brazilian Army. These designations have been a little confusing since a locally developed submachine gun in 9mm was also designated MD-1.

The MD-2 started as a simplified variant of the LAR (Brazilian made FAL) with a few features taken from the M16. The MD-3 refers to the MD-2 equipped with a folding stock, made of plastic. The MD-2 has been replaced in production by the MD97. This newer rifle does away with the tilting block locking system of the FAL, using instead a multi-lug, rotary-bolt type. The Model 97 L was adopted in 2000 by selected Army units, and the Model LC went to the 1st Special Forces Battalion for covert operations. The MD97L operates from the familiar gas piston system. It is equipped with a folding stock for use in close quarters fighting in urban situations, and the like. It uses standard US M16 magazines and compatible large capacity drums. The body of the weapon is made from aluminum to reduce the overall weight of the weapon. The weapon fires both 3-round bursts as well as full automatic and comes in a carbine sized variant as well known as the MD97LC.

Taurus is another successful Brazilian small arms industry, and it was also prominently present at LAAD with its line of pistols and carbines. The company displayed examples of its extensive line of police products, including the Taurus-FAMAE submachine gun. This SMG comes in two variants: the MT40, and the MT9. Since the SMG is optimized for police use, the MT40 is chambered in .40 caliber and the MT9 in 9mm, and it is no other than the SAF SMG. The firing cycle is rated to a high 1,200 rpm. The Taurus-FAMAE fires from the closed bolt, and is based on components of the SIG 540 series. It uses the blowback system and an unlocked bolt. A main difference between those examples produced in Brazil and those from Chile is the folding buttstock. The Brazilians prefer the FAL style model. The Taurus products have been very successful within the various local police departments.

The company also produces the CT40 and CT30 Carbines. These are variants of the SMGs mentioned above. The CT40 uses a 410 mm barrel, measuring 890 mm with butt extended and 630 mm with butt folded. The CT30 is a neat little weapon that uses the same 15 and 30-round magazines of the US M1 and M2 carbines. The barrel measures 260 mm in length and the weapon measures a handy 785 mm with stock fully extended and 535 mm with butt folded.

The US Army’s programmes for developing two different 25mm grenade launchers – the shoulder-fired XM25 from Alliant Techsystems and the crew-served XM307 ACSW (Advanced Crew-Served Weapon) by General Dynamics – are probably the most ambitious small arms projects in existence. They are meant to revolutionise the effectiveness of small-arms fire by detonating HE/fragmentation grenades directly over the target, thereby greatly increasing the number of casualties, not just of standing men but also those hiding behind cover. Such rounds are known as HEAB (High Explosive Air Burst) or ABM (Air Bursting Munition).

To achieve this requires some sophisticated technology. The XM307 is fitted with a day/night sight with a laser rangefinder, a ballistic computer and a fuze-setter. The gunner first lases the target to establish the range (this can be overridden if the target is at a slightly different distance than the aiming point); the system then takes atmospheric conditions and weapon tilt angle into account before indicating the aiming mark in the sights. The gunner can set the fuze mode for airburst, PDSQ (point detonating super-quick), PD delayed-action or deactivate; it also contains a self-destruct element. The projectile fuze measures the distance by counting the number of rotations: its spin rate is 21,000-28,000 rpm. The XM25 uses the same technology, with a shorter, lower-velocity cartridge limiting the range to around 700m rather than 2,000m.

The XM307 was originally intended to replace most of the .50 M2HB and 40mm Mk 19 AGLs, while the nearest comparators to the XM25 are the much bulkier six-shot revolvers chambered for the low-velocity 40mm grenade round, such as the Milkor MGL, adopted by the USMC as the M32. Adoption of the XM25 might therefore be expected to lead to a reduction in the use of the 40mm LV (low velocity) weapons, if not their eventual disappearance.

The manufacturers of 40mm GLs and ammunition are not taking this lying down, however, and have come up with a range of new developments to keep their products attractive.

Ammunition for Shoulder-Fired Grenade Launchers

The 40x46SR low velocity (LV) grenade round has now been around for almost half a century, originally chambered in stand-alone single-shot guns like the M79, but subsequently in underbarrel grenade launchers (UGL) such as the M203, and more recently the six-barrel revolvers mentioned above. The muzzle velocity is only 250 fps, limiting the maximum range to about 400m.

The original round fired was the M406 HE/fragmentation type, and High Explosive Dual Purpose (HEDP) rounds have also been available for some time, enabling these launchers to be used to tackle light armour. Some recent developments have considerably extended the versatility of this round. From Arcus of Bulgaria comes the AR476 “Anti-Diver” grenade which has a time fuze which is set on impact with the water, detonating the HE at a stated depth of between 5 and 12 metres and with a claimed lethal radius of 12m. They have also introduced the AR466 “Bouncing” ABHE grenade which on impact is kicked back up into the air by a small nose charge before detonating, to increase the lethal radius – not a new idea, but a very much cheaper way of providing some of the effectiveness of the sophisticated HEAB systems. A similar RLV-FJ “Jump” round is offered by Arsenal, also of Bulgaria – a country which appears to be innovating with enthusiasm in this field.

More effective conventional ammunition has also been developed, with the latest trend being Medium Velocity (MV) rounds, with the muzzle velocity increased to between 350 and 410 fps, thereby doubling the effective range. Recoil is claimed to be similar to that of a 12 gauge shotgun, and well below that of a rifle grenade, and they are designed to be used in many existing LV systems. At a range of 150m the mid-range trajectory will be halved to about 3m and flight time is reduced. The first in the field was Martin Electronics’ “Mercury”, which is significantly longer than standard 40mm HE rounds to make room for a larger HE charge, doubling the destructive power as well as the range of the conventional M433 HE grenade. Nammo Raufoss, Heckler & Koch and now Denel of South Africa are also developing MV ammunition, while Arcus have developed “extended range” versions of their HE and ABHE products, capable of about 600m.

IMI and STK are even developing High Explosive Air Burst LV rounds to deliver the same effects as the XM25, although these do of course need to be used in conjunction with special sights with a laser rangefinder and fire control computer, and also a launcher modified to include an electronic fuze setter. IMI have developed the compact and lightweight Orion sight which offers these facilities and can be fitted to any rifle in conjunction with a modified UGL.

Martin Electronics have also introduced a thermobaric round, the DRACO; a type of explosive which is proving particularly popular in some larger weapons in use in the Middle East because of the effectiveness of its high blast overpressure in enclosed spaces such as buildings and caves. The round is very expensive, however, so attention is now being focused on the much cheaper Hellhound.

The peacekeeping roles which armies frequently have to adopt have generated growing interest in Less-Lethal ammunition for riot control and similar policing activities. Many manufacturers now offer a very varied range of irritant chemical, impact, combined and paint marker ammunition too extensive to describe here. Although such munitions have traditionally been used in specialised 37/38mm riot guns, they are increasingly available for the 40mm LV grenade launchers – and, in a few instances, for the 40mm HV AGL as well.

Other types of rounds which are not directly lethal include various smoke and flare types. There are also some novel developments, most notably the observation rounds containing parachute-borne video cameras that send pictures directly back to the operator, providing an instant view of what lies over the hill or around the corner. Both STK (with the SPARCS) and Martin Electronics (with the HUNTIR) have developed such rounds for 40mm LV grenade launchers, while the Rafael Firefly, still in development, is equipped with folding “wings” rather than a parachute.

Many of the new rounds are longer than standard, at up to 5.5 inches. In contrast, ammunition for the semiautomatic XM25 is limited in size (the maximum length is only about 3.5 inches), and cannot hope to emulate the variety of types now available for the 40mm LV GLs, which will be with us for the foreseeable future.

40mm AGLs

The success of the original 40mm LV grenade rounds rapidly led to the development of fast-firing weapons chambered for them, but almost as quickly the need for greater range was realised, so the 40x53SR high velocity (HV) cartridge was developed. This had the muzzle velocity increased to around 800 fps which, in conjunction with a heavier grenade (about 240g compared with 180g), increased the effective range out to 2,000m. The first automatic grenade launchers (AGLs – also known as grenade machine guns or GMGs) chambered for this round were externally powered and designed for installation in helicopters: the M75 and M129 both seeing service in Vietnam. Far more important, however, was a self-powered design, the Mk 19. This was developed in the late 1960s as a USN project but was subsequently adopted by other services, as well as achieving substantial export sales.

Since then, and particularly since the 1990s, a number of rival AGLs have emerged from several different countries: the Spanish Santa Barbara (now General Dynamics Santa Barbara Sistemas) LAG 40 SB, the Singapore Technologies Kinetics (STK) 40AGL and Light Weight AGL, the Heckler & Koch HK40 GMG (recently bought by the British Army), South Africa’s Denel Y3 AGL, and other weapons from Romania, Poland, Turkey and Pakistan. Of most significance to the USA is the CG40, a joint project between three companies, commencing in 1995: Nammo (ammunition), General Dynamics Canada (Fire Control) and Saco Defense (now a part of GD) who developed the gun and dealt with system integration. Some 400 are in service with US special forces, ordered between 2001-5, under the designation Mk 47 Striker.

The HV ammunition used in these guns has not shown the variety found in the LV rounds, partly because of the narrower range of uses of the AGLs and partly because the need to function in an automatic mechanism restricts the characteristics – and particularly the overall length – of the cartridge. However, a great deal of attention is now being paid to the development of the same kind of airburst technology as that being tested in the XM307.

The way is being led by Nammo Raufoss, who have developed HEAB ammunition as a part of the CG40 project, under the designation PPHE (Programmable Pre-fragmented HE). The gun was designed for this from the start, the necessary systems being integrated into the weapon. These include an image-intensifying video sight linked to a laser rangefinder and incorporating a ballistic computer to indicate the exact aiming point, and an electronic fuze setter by the gun breech. When used with the appropriate ammunition fitted with the Mk 438 programmable time fuze, the system sets the appropriate time delay on the fuze while it is in the chamber (the gun fires from a closed bolt) so that the grenade bursts directly over the target. The gun can also use conventional point-detonating 40x53SR ammunition, with which the advanced sights are still useful in providing a high level of accuracy. The Mk 285 HEAB projectile produces fragments which are mainly distributed sideways and backwards to catch troops behind cover, rather than forwards as with a conventional grenade. An initial order for 39,000 of this round has been placed for use in the Mk 47 Striker, with deliveries expected to be completed by early 2008.

Nammo are also working on a variation of this system for guns, such as the HK40 GMG, which fire from an open bolt. The chosen system is radio frequency programming, the fuze being set about 4 to 5 metres after the grenade has left the muzzle. Since all of the system requirements are contained within a single sight/fire-control/programming unit, this can be fitted to any gun able to mount the unit.

There is yet a third HEAB system, from STK of Singapore; the ABMS (Air Bursting Munition System), which can also be fitted to existing 40mm AGLs. This was developed in conjunction with Oerlikon-Contraves Pyrotec AG of Switzerland, who adapted the technology developed for their 35mm AHEAD cannon ammunition. As with AHEAD, the fuze-setting system is attached to the muzzle and sets the fuze as the grenade leaves the barrel. Like the Nammo systems, special grenades are used with an all-round fragmentation pattern, so they throw fragments behind them as well as in front and to the sides; the Oerlikon/STK type contains 330+ tungsten balls, each weighing 0.25g and intended to penetrate at least some grades of body armour. The effective range of the system is 40 to 1,600m.

In the rush to airburst systems, the value of the conventional (and much cheaper) ammunition has not been forgotten. Nammo have developed a ‘product improved’ M430 HEDP round at the request of the USMC, who have asked for a mechanical self-destruct fuze, a modified (NICO type) propulsion system, insensitive munition (IM) properties using a PBXN-11 main charge, additional incendiary after-armour effect, penetration improved from three to four inches of RHA, and a reduced safety zone to prevent the base of projectile from being blown back towards the gunner (the current limitations being 310m in peacetime, 75m in wartime). Internal Nammo qualification of this round is expected in spring 2008.

While the 25mm XM307 offers certain advantages, notably gun and ammunition weight plus a much flatter trajectory and shorter flight time, the 40mm AGLs clearly have a lot of life in them yet. Their ability to fire inexpensive standard ammunition as well as sophisticated HEAB rounds means that they are likely to remain popular long after the XM307 enters service.

(Anthony G Williams is Co-editor of Jane’s Ammunition Handbook, and maintains a website at http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk)

Soviet (Red) army and NKVD (Internal affairs) troops began to use silenced weapons during WW2. Those weapons included the Mosin M1891/30 rifle and Nagant M1895 revolver, both fitted with Maxim-type quick-detachable silencers known as “Pribor Bramit” (Bramit Device; Bramit was an acronym for Mitin brothers who developed the unit). The M1891/30 rifles were used with special subsonic ammunition (often hand loaded by troops, the process involved disassembling of the standard round, removing most of the powder charge and filling the empty space with some inert filler). Silenced Nagant revolvers were most often used with special ammunition, loaded to standard velocities (which happened to be subsonic) but loaded with a pointed bullet that ensured longer service life of the rubber baffle used in the Bramit silencer.

For some period after WWII, silenced weaponry disappeared from the Soviet military scene, as the minds were mostly occupied with stuff like nuclear bombs and missiles. However, with the appearance of NATO tactical nuclear missiles, which were located in Europe and aimed at the USSR, brought to life an idea of missile killers – elite stealth units capable of infiltration into the enemy territories to strike at missile launchers, C&C posts and ammunition dumps at the moment of “Hour X.” Obviously, such troops, known as “Voiska Spetsialnogo Naznachenija” (special purpose troops) or Spetsnaz for short, required some special weapons to operate in stealth mode, and silenced pistols were on the top of their shopping list.

The integrally silenced PB (Pistolet Beschumnyj – noiseless pistol, official military index 6P9) was introduced in 1967 for use by various Spetsnaz units. Manufacture of the PB pistols was stopped in the mid-eighties, but was resumed about fifteen years later due to constant demand for such specialized weapons. It was, and still is, made at the same factory that makes PM pistols – the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant.

The PB is based on the Makarov PM but heavily modified to accept a semi-integral silencer of unusual design. The pistol is designed to fire standard 9×18 PM ammunition, and to ensure that the velocity of the bullets remains subsonic regardless of the external conditions (i.e. temperature), the barrel has small ports that allow some of propellant gas to escape into the rear part of the silencer. The front part of the silencer can be quickly detached and is mounted onto the rear part by the means of an interrupted thread lock. The front part of the silencer contains three steel baffles that are formed from sheet steel as a single removable unit, and, while the pistol is intended to be fired with both parts of the silencer in place, in emergency situations it also can be safely fired without the front part of the silencer. The latch for the front part of the silencer is located at the front of the frame, just below the rear part of the silencer. The rear part of the silencer is filled with rolled steel mesh, which acts as a heat sink for powder gases. The sound signature in this case will be more significant, of course. The rear part of the silencer, that surrounds the ported barrel, is removed only for maintenance and inspection, and the pistol cannot be fired with the rear part of the silencer removed. The use of an integral silencer resulted in a shorter slide; because of that, the return spring is located inside the plastic grip panel, at its rear, and linked to the slide by the long swinging lever which is located at the right side of the grip frame, under the grip panel. The trigger unit is similar to the one used in the Makarov pistol, with a double-action trigger, an exposed hammer and a slide-mounted safety/decocker. Magazines also are the same as in the Makarov PM. The button located at the base of the trigger guard, on the left side of the grip, is not a magazine release – it is used to remove the grip panels for disassembly and maintenance. The magazine release is located at the base of the grip. Sights are fixed, with drift-adjustable rear blade, and equipped with two-dot luminous inserts (one dot at the rear sight under the notch, one on front sight) for night shooting. Grip panels were of wrap-around U-pattern, similar in shape but not interchangeable with grips of Makarov PM pistols. PB grips were usually made from brown-red plastic and featured checkered surfaces with a diamond-shaped symbol in the middle that replaced the standard star of the PM grips.

PB pistols were issued with special flap-type leather holsters, which had additional compartments for a separated front part of the silencer and a spare magazine. A PM-type cleaning rod was attached to the outside of the holster by two leather loops.

Disassembly for cleaning, inspection and maintenance was similar to the PM pistol, with additional steps to remove and disassemble the silencer and grip panels.

Firing the PB

The author had the chance to fire the PB at one undisclosed military facility in Russia, and found this experience quite enjoyable. The report of the gun, when fired fully assembled, is somewhat similar to the sound of a powerful airgun, except for the relatively loud metallic sound of the slide cycling back and forth. Ear protection is not mandatory when firing the PB. Accuracy in both slow and rapid fire at 25 meters was somewhat better than with the standard Makarov pistol, probably because of better (larger) sights and of more muzzle-heavy balance, which helped to recover from recoil for faster follow-up shots. The standard issue holster is good at keeping the gun protected from the elements and strapped to the body, but requires some time to assemble the gun for action. It is known that some real-life operators simply cut off the bottom of the holster so the gun could be holstered with the silencer attached, if it is required by tactical situation. There are reports about some hand-made shoulder holsters for the PB, which allowed carrying the assembled gun in a vertical position, with muzzle down; although the author has not observed any of these.

Specifications

Trigger type Double / single action
Calibre/ammunition 9×18 PM
Weight, empty 970 g
Length 310 mm assembled. 170 mm w/o detachable part of the silencer
Barrel length 105 mm
Magazine capacity 8 rounds

Czechoslovakia needs no introduction. Their military hardware saw extensive use during WWII and was employed by Axis and allied forces alike. Czech weapon designers have set many standards from which many of today’s combat arms produced from around the world have evolved.

The Vzor 58 was developed and produced by Uhersky Brod Ordnance (one of the many state factories) sometime in 1958. It replaced the earlier M53/57, a semiautomatic rifle utilizing a detachable 10-shot magazine and fired the Soviet 7.62×39 AK-47 round. The Model 53/57 borrowed its gas operated system from the German MKb4(W) Sturmgewehr while the trigger mechanism is derived from the US M1 Garand. This rifle was produced in limited quantities and its adoption was short lived. The VZ-58 on the other hand, has reached its golden anniversary with the Czech armed forces and will likely stay in service for quite a while.

Early models had a wooden butt stock, foregrip and pistol grip. Later versions utilized a wood fiber-filled plastic in its furniture. The VZ-58 was produced in three versions; namely the M58-P (standard), M58-V (folding stock) and M58-Pi (Sniper). The Sniper version had a long dovetail bracket on the left side of the receiver to accept a night vision sight. This rifle is usually equipped with a light bipod and a large conical shaped flash hider. The Vzor 58 externally resembles the Soviet AK but mechanically is different. Unlike the new AKs with stamped receivers, the Czech battle rifle is still made the same old fashion way – its major components are fully machined from forgings and its overall construction is every bit as robust as the original and is the most sought after milled receiver Kalashnikovs. The Czech gun exhibits superb quality of workmanship; a trade mark of its famous maker. However, the VZ-58 lacks the charm and personality of a star battle rifle when compared to other arms in its league in the likes of the AR, AK, H&K, FN or SIG. The overall configuration is streamlined and very compact even with the fixed stock model. This short overall length is attained by incorporating a shorter butt stock than those found on standard M16 rifle. The standard barrel length is 390 mm (15.35 inches). The VZ-58 has stood the test of time with five decades of uninterrupted service to its credit. The Czech rifle was issued with bayonet and scabbard, flash hider, bipod, fabric sling, sectional cleaning rod with brush and patch holder, soft pigskin magazine pouch for four 30-round magazines, front sight adjustment tool and oil bottle.

Despite its five decades of continued service with the Czech army, the VZ-58 failed to achieve a worldwide recognition and popularity bestowed on the AK and AR. Although it remains almost unheard of in North America, the Czech gun was encountered regularly in parts of Africa, the Middle East, Central America and the Far East where rag-tag armies, mercenaries and rebel organizations thrive. The Vzor 58 was also purchased in limited quantities by Cypriot, Somalia and Sudan.

After many decades of being the most elusive military service arm most sought after by advanced Class III collectors in the US, a semiautomatic version of the Vzor rifle is finally available for the civilian market, although a very limited number of original military issue Model 58s converted to semiautomatic have been available in Europe since the 1970s and a few samples were also imported into Canada in that same time along with the Belgian FN CAL’s with burst firing mechanism removed. The US prohibited the entry of any Com-Bloc hardware until the Berlin wall come down and the collapse of the Soviet empire became a reality. The only source of these arms during the cold war era in this part of the world was Canada who maintained its neutrality between the two super powers. With its new found independence, former Com-Bloc nations are reaping the reward by being able to finally export their wares in the US and truly compete in the international market.

Commercial semiautomatic models of the VZ-58 is available both in the US and Canada. In the US, these rifles are marketed in two versions: the Vz 2000 with a longer 19-inch barrel and a compact model called Vz 2000 SBR (Short Barreled Rifle) featuring a 15.5-inch barrel (requires NFA transfer). The Vz 2000 SBR is identical in size to the original military model but with completely new trigger lockwork firing semiautomatic only. Civilian models will not accept the military full auto trigger mechanism and are normally equipped with fixed stocks. The VZ 2000s are supplied complete with an alternate folding metal stock, 4-mag pouch, cleaning kit, bayonet and sling – all original military accessories. The American versions are available from Ohio Ordnance Works, Inc. The Canadian models are available from various sources namely Marstar Canada and Wolverine Supplies. Marstar markets the restricted compact version with 390 mm barrel called the VZ-58S while Wolverine Supplies opted for the longer 482 mm (19-inch) barrel making their version a non restricted firearm. The Wolverine designation for the non restricted model was CZ-858 “Tactical” or CZH 2003 “Sport” as marked on the receiver.

As the popularity of the civilian version of the Vzor 58 began to soar in the commercial market, it is no surprise that its producer took advantage of the new market for tactical upgrading by introducing new line of accessories to include a very effective muzzle brake, black polymer skeletonized stock (that replaces the existing stock and pistol grip), a new pistol grip that is slightly larger and more ergonomic than the original, a three rail hand guard and a matching railed upper hand guard. The railed upper hand guard however did not come with a steel liner so it cannot be readily assembled.

To use this custom part, the steel liner of the regular hand guard in the gun must be removed first and transferred to the replacement guard. This procedure is a little bit tricky to do and needs a little care so as not to damage the liner. To transfer the steel liner from the issue guard to the replacement part, carefully pry the tab on each side of the liner with a small screwdriver until a long nose plier can grip and bend it straight upward. Once the two tabs are straightened up, carefully bring them closer together at the center until the two ends touch each other in the shape of a triangle. This will allow the guard to be rotated and off the liner. To install the liner to the new part, reverse the procedure as previously described. Once the liner is seated and centered to the polymer component, push the tabs back with a non marring tool or screwdriver handle against the side of the guard and carefully bend the tabs back on the underside shoulder of the new part as it originally locked with the issue part. Looking down at the top of the rail, you will see two pre-drilled holes. Use these two holes to drill through the metal liner using the exact size that fits the hole. The kit comes with two screws and matching nuts for this purpose. Once the holes are drilled, assemble the screws and nuts and cut any protruding end of the screw below the nut so it will not interfere with the barrel during assembly.

The upper hand guard may require some tightening at the rear where the retaining pin is assembled. Usually some minor side-to-side play can be encountered here depending on the gap or tolerance. Any side play on this part, minor or major will affect the accuracy of the optic which is being mounted on the top of the guard. If the gap is extremely minor, little squeezing on the vice is all that is needed but of equal pressure to maintain centrality of the part when assembled. If the side play is too much, the gap is normally excessive. A shim will be required on each side of the pin to eliminate this problem. Again, depending on the size of the gap, there are various readily available materials that can be improvised to make the shim. The shim can be cut from water bottles, pop cans, motor oil or milk jugs. These containers may vary in thickness and color and can be easily cut in circles using an empty 9mm brass sharpened on the edges. You may use a .22 shell to punch the center hole to clear the assembly pin. Once the right thickness shims are installed in the inner side wall at the rear of the liner where the assembly pin is inserted, side play is virtually eliminated. Although rare, the front end of the liner may also have some looseness or side play. This can be simply squeezed up a bit until the play is eliminated and the guard can become a solid platform for the optic. If this procedure is too much for you to handle, you can opt for the Scout Scope Mount. This accessory simply replaces the issue rear sight and the extended rail hangs over the hand guard. These accessories are all available from Wolverine Supplies. Except for accessories, firearms and parts are not importable to the US.

The matching lower hand guard features a 3-rail system, one on each side and one in the bottom. Side rails can be used for mounting lights and lasers. The bottom rail will take either a forward grip or bipod with bases that are designed to slide on rails. Ideally, these mounting platforms should run the entire length of the hand guard, which is already short to begin with. If done properly, a longer rail on the bottom will accommodate a forward grip and a bipod at the same time and not one at a time. One quick solution to achieve this requirement using the short bottom rail is by incorporating a secondary mounting rail that can take both a forward grip and bipod. The secondary rail will then be mated to the guard’s built-in bottom rail. The ideal secondary rail for this purpose is Brownells’ AR-15 flat top riser mount. This accessory is very well made and is economically priced. It is flatter than most similar items out there thus offering less bulk when mounted to the bottom guard complete with grip and bipod. The two large knurled thumb operated screws of the riser allows for a quick detach mode as one unit. This versatile set up can be universally employed to virtually any tactical type rifle, SBR or SMG with rails mounted below the forearm including the AR, AK, H&K, 1022, etc., and is quite easy to put together giving the operator the option to choose what brand or type of forward grip and bipod to combine with in creating this simple but very effective accessory.

For longer rail requirements at the bottom of the hand guard, the Peace River AR-15 Carry Handle Scope Base (available from Brownells) can be modified and adapted. This part is 7-1/2 inches long and 3/4 inch thick and is perfect for the project. It features a true 1913 Picatinny rail and is of high quality manufacture and economically priced. This part is cut lengthwise leaving about 1.325 of its front end uncut and blended quite nicely at the front of the hand guard. The hand made rail had a height of .285 inch at the rear and elevated at the base of the uncut portion to about .375 inch to provide a straight horizontal level when mounting a laser sighting device. The ultra-trim rail configuration of the modified accessory perfectly blended with the slim line format of the gun’s forearm that it seated very snuggly in place virtually eliminating unsightly bulk normally associated with most readily available bolt-on rails. Securing the rail to the hand guard are three 8-32 socket head screws. The three screws tighten up with one-piece aluminum flat .075 thick positioned on the other side of the guard like a liner. Since the guard can not be assembled to the gun with the rail pre-installed, two separate 6-32 screws keep the aluminum flat seated in place. The rail can then be installed using the three mounting screws after the hand guard is fully seated and secured to the gun. This set up allows the forward grip to be mounted as high as possible when installed to the rail providing the most comfortable shooting stance and ergonomics. The extra length of the rail permits ample space to mount three tactical accessories such as the CAA VG1 battle grip, bipod and Streamlight TLR LED flash light or Laser. The versatility and simplicity of the CAA bipod allows it to be mounted behind or in front of the forward grip. Its uncluttered design keeps the overall set up of the upgraded battle rifle sleek, foolproof and outright stunning.

The early original pistol grip of the gun closely resembled that of a revolver pattern and the new polymer grip slightly differs in configuration. It is a tad larger and superior in terms of ergonomics and styling and the textured dull surface of the black polymer accessories are excellent. They provide non slip purchase in wet or dry conditions. The built-in rails of the hand guards are reasonably well made. However, the rails lack the precision of machined aluminum or steel material. The CZ rails are somewhat oversize at the top and the upper taper on the side of the rail is steep so that an EO Tech optic will not engage the rail. Most optics equipped with a clamp on type lock are the only ones that will readily fit the rail. To fit the EO Tech to the CZ rail, the rail must be fitted to the optic’s locking mechanism.

When using optics, the fixed stock seats quite low and is a bit awkward to aim at targets. The original stock is tailored perfectly for the iron sight. To attain correct and comfortable aiming position, a straight stock is necessary. The quickest and most economical solution to correct this problem is to raise the level of the stock using Brownells’ 3/4×1 inch Scopeeze. This stick-on type accessory seats over the stock and instantly raises the elevation of the stock to correct level for comfortable aiming with optics. The only drawback to this accessory is, it is non adjustable and using the iron sight will be quite a challenge. The folding stock appears to seat just a tad higher than the fixed stock and an acceptable compromise for both optic and iron sight usage. Better yet, buy a spare and bend the metal stock straight for optic use. The ideal solution that will permit the use of both optics and the issue iron sight is the optional skeletonized butt stock. This part is made of black lightweight polymer material and perfectly matches the other tactical upgrades. It features a built-in ergonomic sniper type grip with a wrist clearance (right hand only) to permit a natural shooting hold. It has a snap-on type cheek piece with soft rubber lining for optic use. The butt stock also has a matching removable rubber cap for maximum comfort and recoil absorption. The sniper type stock is about 1-3/4 inches longer than the standard fixed and metal folding stocks. One very unique feature of the skeleton stock is how it allows the operator to adjust his shooting position from optic to iron sight instantly without the need for an adjustable check piece. The snap-on part elevates shooting posture by about half an inch, just perfect for most low mounted optics. Resting the cheek behind the elevated part positions the eye at a correct level with the iron sight. The stock design is based on a ramp principle. It is simple, effective, and it works.

As the demand and popularity of the VZ-58 semiautomatic family grows in the civilian gun market, there is no doubt CZ will accelerate its effort to creating even more unique and sophisticated tactical accessories for its best selling semiautomatic models to compete with the worlds best. With a new promising venture on the horizon, it will perhaps make up for the limited success of its military model counterpart. The VZ-58 has finally found a new beginning.

SOURCES

Ohio Ordnance Works, Inc.
P.O. Box 687
Chardon, OH 44024
(440) 285-3481
www.Ohioordnanceworks.com

Wolverine Supplies
Box 729 Virden
Manitoba, Canada ROM – 2CO
(204) 748-2454
www.Wolverinesupplies.com

Marstar Canada
Rural Route #1
Vankleek Hill, Ontario
Canada KOB – 1RO
(888) 744-0066
www.Marstar.ca

Command Arms Accessories
76 Vincent Circle
Ivyland, PA 18974
(267) 803-1002
www.Commandarms.com

Brownell’s, Inc
200 South Front Street,
Montezuma, IA 50171
(800) 264-3068
www.Brownells.com

“Today’s soldiers are equipped with the best weapons that industry has to offer, resulting in decisive overmatch capability through increased lethality and range, as well as decreased weight.” PEO Soldier

Program Executive Officer Soldier was created by the Army in 2002 with the primary purpose of developing the best equipment and then fielding it as quickly as possible. Prominent among these are the best protective clothing, the best communications systems and the finest individual and crew served weaponry. Equipped and armed on the cutting edge of technology, the American fighter will remain second to none in missions that span the full spectrum of military operations.

PEO Soldier oversees several specialized Program Manager (PM) groups, most notably PM Soldier Warrior, PM Soldier Equipment, and PM Soldier Weapons, the focus of this report.

PM Soldier Weapons supports soldiers through the development, production and procurement of future and current weapons systems, ammunition and associated target acquisition/fire control products. Two Product Managers drive this mission – one each for Individual Weapons and Crew Served Weapons.

These offices have been turning out plenty of good stuff for the good guys and some notable items have recently been profiled in depth for SAR’s readers. Status reports on Knight’s Armament’s 7.62mm XM110 Semiautomatic Sniper System and C-More’s 12 gauge XM26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System have provided exciting previews of weapons planned for fielding in the near future.

Unfortunately, the good news about these and other combat multipliers doesn’t seem to be getting out to the American public and to others worldwide. So the Army decided it was time to call in some reporters and put on a show.

Nearly a dozen media representatives were treated to exciting live fire demonstrations of six systems, plus the opportunity to speak directly with program officials and then a chance to personally send some metal downrange.

Colonel Carl Lipsit, PM Soldier Weapons, introduced key officers of his staff, who provided introductory briefings on the role and capability of each weapon, setting the stage for the live fire portion of the event.

CROWS on the Fly

Instead of sticking your head out the top of a vehicle to shoot its heavy armament, why not sit comfortably inside and do the job with a video screen, joystick and all weather sensors? That’s just what the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) does for Hummvee gun trucks and other vehicles on patrol and in convoys.

Designed to mount on a variety of vehicle platforms, CROWS supports the 40mm MK19 and MK46 grenade chunkers as well as belt fed machine guns from 5.56mm to .50 caliber. Cradling and moving the weapon on a three-axis stabilized mount that also carries the ultra-sophisticated sensor suite, it allows on-the-move target detection and first burst hits at extreme range.

A daytime video camera, thermal imaging camera, laser rangefinder, and programmable ballistic computer combine to give gunners super powers in all weather conditions day and night.

Safety restrictions limited the CROWS demonstration at Aberdeen to short runs downrange and engagement on the move of marker panels on each side of the road. But this didn’t diminish the impressive sight and sound of the Hummvee’s .50 M2HB swinging around and locking down on its targets, punching thumb sized holes with burst after burst.

A “victory run” followed, with an unloaded and cleared weapon station spinning 360 degrees in each direction while elevating and dropping the muzzle with uncanny smoothness and stability. Little imagination is required to understand how this capability translates to fast and accurate fire as a speeding vehicle moves through an urban ambush or a rural firefight.

.50 Caliber Sniping

The .50 caliber M107 Semiautomatic Long Range Sniper Rifle has been in service for several years now, but its awesome launch signature with extreme reach and target penetration commanded a place on the stage at Aberdeen. Cover your ears tightly, open your mouth to equalize overpressure, and stand way back when Sergeant Nathaniel Cianno cuts loose with this shoulder cannon.

Independently developed by Barrett Rifles and quickly finding favor in various special operations units, it is now proudly serving throughout the US Army as an anti-materiel/counter sniper, precision engagement weapon.

The weapon’s standard issue variable power Leupold day scope was mounted on top for the demonstration, allowing highly accurate shooting out to 2,000 meters. Optional thermal or image intensifier night scopes give the sniper dominance over hundreds of meters of the battlefield in low light situations.

Semiautomatic operation allows fast follow-up shots when needed and detachable 10-round box magazines facilitate switching ammo types for efficient neutralization of different types of targets.

7.62mm Semiauto Sniping

It has taken the Army several years to get around to fielding a modern semiautomatic rifle that is chambered for the efficient .308 caliber/7.62mm NATO standard rifle and machine gun cartridge.

Responding to the tactical realities of multiple targets at long range that have arisen in Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, the first response was to pull Vietnam War era M14 rifles out of storage. Meanwhile, special operations units were having much better success with MK11 semiautomatic sniper rifles from Knight’s Armament.

PM Soldier Weapons got the message and sponsored further development of the MK11, resulting in the new M110 Semiautomatic Sniper System (SASS). Similar in configuration and operation to the M16 family of rifles, these fast-firing, hardy and highly accurate new 7.62mm rifles are used for anti-personnel and light anti-materiel applications out to 800 meters.

The apparent decision by Major Mark Meeker, Assistant Product Manager for Soldier Weapons, to demonstrate this weapon with its sausage-like sound and flash suppressor in place proved to be highly impressive. It reduced the perceived firing noise to levels easily tolerable without hearing protection when Sergeant First Class Reginald Freeman started firing. This quick mount standard accessory, we were told, helps to hide the sniper from enemy detection day and night.

Long runs of Mil-Std 1913 rails on top, sides and underneath allow attachment of various day and night scopes, laser aiming devices, and other accessories in any number of combinations. Detachable box magazines loaded with different types of cartridges may be instantly swapped to suit specialized targets.

Stubby Shotgun

Venerable 12 gauge pump action shotguns, unchanged in form and function for more than a century, are still in Army service for urban combat use by “breachers” who specialize in blowing locks off doors and clearing the rooms behind them. This will soon change, M26 Product Manager Thomas Vass told reporters, with fielding of the new M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System (MASS).

“Modular” means that it is equally at home clamped under an M4 carbine or rigged as a stand-alone weapon with a special buttstock. Its straight pull bolt contributes to high reliability under all conditions and allows fast manual cycling of the action after each shot. It handily feeds and fires any variety of 12 gauge cartridge, so it is well suited for use with less-lethal riot control loads. A detachable polymer box magazine means fast reloads and flexibility in ammo type.

Sergeant First Class William Kone showed how light and handy the new scattergun is by firing both underslung and stand alone versions of the M26.

A Better “Bloop Tube”

40mm grenade launchers, nicknamed “bloop tubes” for their distinctive noise on firing, were introduced in the Vietnam War and the Army’s current M203 dates back to the latter years of that conflict. Clamped underneath an M16 rifle or M4 carbine, this single shot weapon is slow to reload and unable to handle the newest long case munitions.

Many 203s are slated for replacement soon by another single shooter, but one with more efficient side loading, a double action trigger and integral day/night sighting system. This is the M320 Grenade Launcher Module, independently developed by the German firm of Heckler & Koch and further refined in a PM Soldier Weapons program.

The M320 will also ride nicely under M16s and M4s, but can also be configured as a stand-alone weapon with a skeletonized buttstock. The weapon’s integral electronic day/night sighting system, developed by Insight Technology, has a backup ladder sight and is located on the side of the launcher to avoid interference with the host weapon’s sights.

The Aberdeen demonstration was done only with the stand alone version, but Sergeant First Class James Edington proved to be quite proficient with this handy little rig.

Buzz SAW

The 5.56mm belt fed M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) has also been around for quite awhile, providing infantry squads with high volume firepower at close to medium range. This Belgian designed gun, now made in the US by FN Manufacturing, is relatively light and acceptably reliable when properly maintained.

Plenty of 249s are in the thick of fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan and many of the GIs who carry them have asked for some modifications to increase combat efficiency. A length of Mil-Std 1913 rail is now standard atop the SAW’s receiver, allowing attachment of a variety of day and night sights. This point was emphasized by designated gunner Staff Sergeant Eric Hines, who showed how the demonstration 249 could be quickly fitted with either a 4 power ACOG or a zero magnification M68 red dot sight.

He also pointed out that PM Soldier Weapons has fielded several new accessories including a short barrel, improved bipod, beefy M4 style telescoping buttstock, and a soft side 200 round magazine.

With the puzzling omission of the soft pouch, these weapon enhancements were readily apparent and appreciated during the live fire that followed. Hines, aided by an electronic red dot M68 Close Combat Optic (Aimpoint Comp M) clamped on top, hammered belt after belt downrange, ruthlessly knocking down sets of silhouettes at various ranges.

CROWS Technical Specifications

Weapons capability: 40mm to 5.56mm
Traverse: Continuous 360 degrees
Elevation: -20 to +60 degrees
Fire control: Three axis vector stabilization with auto tracker, auto lead and auto scan
Weight: 305 pounds w/o weapon and ammunition
Status: Operational now

M107 Technical Specifications

Caliber: .50 caliber BMG cartridge
Operation: Short recoil operated, semiautomatic
Weight: 35 pounds combat ready
Length: 57 inches
Status: Operational now

M110 Technical Specifications

Caliber: 7.62mm NATO (.308 caliber)
Operation: Direct gas operated, semiautomatic
Weight: 17.3 pounds combat ready
Length: 46.5 inches with suppressor in place
Status: Initial fielding has begun

M26 Technical Specifications

Caliber: 12 gauge
Operation: Manual straight pull, single shot
Weight: 3 pounds in underbarrel configuration
Length: 16.5 inches
Status: Ready for fielding

M320 Technical Specifications

Caliber: 40mm
Operation: Manual, single shot
Weight: 3.3 pounds stand alone
Length: 13.7 inches
Status: Ready for fielding

M249 Technical Specifications

Caliber: 5.56mm
Operation: Gas piston, full automatic
Weight: 22 pounds combat ready
Length: 31 inches with short barrel
Status: Operational now

The Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, located in the Shau Kei Wan district of Hong Kong, depicts more than 600 years of Hong Kong military history. Originally designed as the Lei Yue Mun Fort, the museum depicts the history of the Opium Wars, the life of British conscripts, World War II, and the hand-over of Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China within the 34,200 square meter fort.

With its strategic harbor, the tactical value of Hong Kong was recognized by the Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In 1394, two battalions were established in Hong Kong to protect the burgeoning local trade. As a major port of trade, Chinese warships based from Hong Kong island patrolled the South China Sea to protect trade and commerce from pirates, foreign invasion, and Western influence. Examples of Chinese warships used during the period were on display at the museum, complete with salvaged examples of Chinese manufactured cannons. With a bore of 8.3 centimeters, (3.27 inches) the cannons were capable of firing a projectile weighing 1.4 kilograms (approximately 3 pounds). Later cannons were purchased from Portugal and Holland through European missionaries in the area. By the late Ming Dynasty, the coast surrounding Hong Kong was well defended. Hong Kong played a major role in the Opium Wars (1839 – 1842) between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty. Although opium was outlawed in Britain, opium was manufactured under British monopoly in India. The British East India Company forcibly sold opium to the Chinese populace, leading to the Opium Wars of 1839 and 1842, when Qing dynasty emperors outlawed and confiscated opium being sold illegally. On display within the museum are captured strong boxes used to transport opium, Qing Dynasty cotton and bronze based armor, and paraphenilia used to smoke opium.

The resultant defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the Opium Wars lead to the cessession of Hong Kong from China to Britain in August, 1842 via the Treaty of Nanjing. Faced with possible attacks from France and Russia, the British decided to construct a number of batteries south of the main channel leading to Hong Kong. Designed by the Royal Engineers in 1880 to defend Victoria Harbor, the Lei Mun Fort was deemed the most sophisticated coastal fort of its time.

Originally comprised of 7,000 square meters, the fort consisted of eighteen armored casemates, constructed to function as barrack rooms, magazines, and storerooms. Once constructed, the structure was covered and concealed with dirt within the coast of the island. Construction was largely completed by 1887, allowing the fort to occupy a strategic position guarding the eastern approach to Victoria Harbor.

The fort was initially armed with two 6-inch Mk.IV breech loading cannons mounted on disappearing carriages. With a range of 8,200 meters (26,900 feet, or more than 5 miles), the guns at Lei Mun could defend the entire seaward approach to Hong Kong and Victoria Harbor.

Concealed in an earthen emplacement, the Mk. IV guns were hidden until ready to be fired. The guns were then raised into position and fired, with the force of the recoil driving the guns back below the earthen emplacement and out of visual line of sight. In this manner, it was very difficult for a warship to place accurate and aimed fire upon the battery.

Faced with a period of relative peace, the British soldiers assigned to Hong Kong endured a long and monotnous duty assignment. Flogging for minor misdemeanors had been abolished in the late 1800’s. Medical facilities, food, and accomidatons were improving, but were far from luxurious. Technological advances were leading to more sophisticated weaponry. Nevertheless, tropical diseases were rampant, and foreign service meant a prolonged period of absence from home. Being so far from home with boredom and an endless routine, led many soldiers to drink as a means of escape.

Barracks were simple, and remarkably similar to other British outposts around the world. Sharing a room with 30 other soldiers, the typical British soldier had a bed and a shelf to store his personal belongings. During the day, the bed would separate into two parts allowing one half to be stowed underneath allowing more space within the barracks during off-duty hours. Inspections of uniforms and equipment were conducted daily for cleanliness, completeness, and precise arrangement resulting in an orderly, if not austere, living conditions.

The fort continued in active service to the British monarchy until World War II. On 8 December 1941, the Japanese launched their attacks on Hong Kong. Following the capture of Kowloon and the surrounding area, the British Forces immediately strengthened the defenses at Lei Yue Mun to repel and prevent the Japanese from attacking Hong Kong. Although the British defense forces managed to repulse several raids by the Japanese, the British were overwhelmed on December 19, 1941, and the fort fell into the hands of the Japanese military. Following World War II, the fort bore no military significance in the post-war period, and was utilized as a training site for the British Forces until 1987 when it was finally vacated.

In view of its historical significance to Hong Kong history, the fort was developed into a museum, and opened to the public on July 25, 2000. Located at 175 Tung Hei Road, in the Shau Kei Wan district of Hong Kong, the museum is easily accessible by public transportation. The museum is open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day except Thursday. Admission is HK$10 for adults and HK$5 for students, handicapped and senior citizens. Admission is free on Wednesdays.

To get to the museum via public transportation, take the Red subway line to the Shau Kei Wan Station. Exit the station via the B2 exit, and follow signs for the museum. The museum is an easy 10-15 minute walk from the subway station.

Martin Retting

Burton Brenner met and came to know a fellow by the name of Martin Retting, who was a mail order gun dealer operating out of an old barn up in West Hurley, New York about 90 miles from New York City. Martin used to drop by Bob Abels’ shop every so often and buy or trade and before long Brenner and Martin became friends.

Eventually the time came when Brenner felt that he wanted to move on from Bob Abels’ store. Martin offered him an attractive proposition. Retting had realized that his business was growing too fast for him to efficiently handle it by himself and he was looking for somebody to take in as a potential partner. Brenner seized the opportunity and went to work for Martin Retting.

With his flair for drawing, which Brenner had honed while working for Bob Abels, Brenner was able to put out catalogs for Martin with increasing proficiency. As it became increasingly clear to Martin that Brenner was more than capable at running many parts of his business, he decided to pursue the many inquiries from Europe that were coming in. There were letters from gun dealers in England and Belgium, which Martin thought were worth looking into and he decided to go to Europe and take advantage of Brenner’s obvious ability to run things at home.

The European Trip

During Retting’s European visit he met many dealers in both countries where he was able to purchase a significant quantity of material. Belgium was of particular interest as he found a company very similar to Bannerman’s. They had stacks of surplus weapons from the war of 1812. Much of this weaponry was from the American Revolutionary War, which had been sold off as surplus to the French. There were also stacks of U.S. 1795 Springfield Muskets, which had been modified by the French to suit their needs. Martin was able to negotiate a price that enabled him to just about clean out the entire inventory of the Belgium company. From Belgium Retting traveled to England where he was able to purchase a substantial quantity of U.S. M1903 Springfield Rifles.

The Swiss Deal

Martin had also gone to Switzerland where, with a letter of introduction to Peter Anniston who had excellent connections within the Swiss government, he was presented to a Swiss military commander in Geneva. The man was assigned the duty disposing of obsolete materiel and the commander welcomed Martin and soon agreed on terms for disposal of his unwanted goods. This cache of weapons, as it turned out, represented a find of literally historical proportions.

Most of the items were originally from France, for the soldiers of that land originated a practice known as “French leave.” Summoned into action at any point within a march of the Swiss nation, the reluctant Gallic troops would march over the Franco-Swiss border and surrender to the authorities. The Frenchmen would then be interned for the duration of the conflict between France and Germany, or France and Belgium, or France and Spain, or whomever France was fighting at the time.

First the Swiss would disarm the French soldier. His military equipment, including swords, body armor, helmets, saddlery, and of course guns, would be taken and stored in the depot on Lake Geneva. By this process over many decades, the store of these spoils came to resemble geological strata, the oldest pieces at the bottom, the newest at the top, and everything between in chronological order, dating back to the Napoleonic wars.

This was a find of large significance. At that time, just entering the mid-1950s, practically nothing in this type of trade had come out of Europe in many years. Little was known about most of the French arms, equipment, and accessories that were piled in this depot which were filled with the most exotic of items.

The expeditions of Napoleon yielded to Martin Retting hundreds of sabers; an important part of the French military’s armament. There were light sabers, medium sabers, heavy sabers to go along with the corresponding light, medium, and heavy cavalry. All were in superb condition, having been maintained very nicely by the Swiss.

The next layer of material proved to be that of the Franco-Prussian war. This was a thin slice of the total, as that conflict did not last very long: breaking out in July of 1870 and ending in May of 1871. Retting did get from the remains of this rather brief military adventure a batch of primitive bolt-action Gras rifles and other items of that time period. This was enough to create quite a stir among collectors once it was finally catalogued and offered stateside.

The World War I stratum was a much more generous source of supply, given its longer span and the multitudes of fighting men involved in it. This period in history produced for Retting and Brenner crate after crate of Lebel and Mannlicher rifles, all in fine shape and complete with needle bayonets. Of even greater interest was a cache of semiautomatic rifles, including the French models of 1917 and 1918. These were among the first successful semiautomatic rifles used in Europe and they were infantry weapons, not light machine guns, and thus capable of deployment with ordinary foot soldiers. The 1917 model was a long affair, about like its antecedent, the full-length infantry Lebel. But the 1918 version was a fair bit shorter, and was in effect the assault rifle of its day.

No one in the States had previously seen the Model 1918 rifle (except, perhaps, in the trenches), and the few dozen in the shipment were immediately snapped up by collectors. It is probably the only lot ever imported. These, rounded out by thousands of helmets, individual leather gear, belts, buckles, insignia, and the like, amounted to an imposing treasure of World Way I history.

The next layer, again larger than the last one, contained the latest items of World War II when, as before, the French soldiers made it over the Swiss line to suffer capture and ride out the war. The Swiss authorities confiscated many bolt-action MAS rifles, which was then an extremely rare weapon.

Along with the MAS rifles came the entire range of French ordnance revolvers in both 8mm and 11mm. There were plenty of semiautomatic pistols used by the French; basic blowback mechanisms in .32 and .380 caliber, and there were thousands of them.

After Martin’s return from Europe, Brenner took a trip to look for more material in the Midwest part of the U.S.

At that time, Martin did not have very much military surplus in his inventory. He did procure a few hundred of M1903 Springfield rifles from England, which sold very well and gave him a taste for what this sector of the market might hold. The Springfields were followed by a deal involving a quantity of Schmidt Rubin rifles, and then finally by the big Swiss deal which had brought them so much plunder of the Napoleonic era wars. Other than these few foreign deals, most of their stock was obtained by over the counter trading, with local people bringing in firearms of all sorts, to see what they would bring. These deals brought into Retting’s a substantial variety of weapons that was readily sold to eager collectors.

In working upstate with Martin over the next couple of years, Brenner did a lot of traveling to some of the really interesting gun collector groups, particularly the Ohio Gun Collectors Association. They would meet in a different Ohio city every month, and Brenner attended may of these gatherings. There Brenner met or reacquainted himself with some of the greatest collectors in the country, many of whom Brenner first met at the Abels’ shop. Bill Locke had an incredible Colt collection. Pepperboxes were the specialty of Bill Smith who had an endless store of American weaponry. Bob Rubendunst brought together a vast military rifle collection, probably the most incredible outside of military and civilian museums. John Amber, who was just beginning his editorship with Gun Digest, would also show up. John attended many of these meetings, and they got to be great friends. Brenner helped a lot of these fellows get the particular pieces they were looking for, and the association meetings were marvelously educational and enjoyable. They were early-day gun shows, with a select group of members who know what they were talking about. Trading was fluid, and very nice guns were thus made available. It was a remarkable era in gun collecting.

The Move to California

At about this time (1953), Martin Retting made the decision to move out to California. His parents had already moved there, and Martin had visited and liked it. He asked Brenner if he would be willing to relocate there with him. Brenner was no more than twenty-four years of age then, and the idea of California was alluring, so Brenner readily agreed to make the jump with him. The men spent three weeks loading up four big trucks with his entire inventory of merchandise, parts, machine tools and such, and away they went.

Brenner had bought himself a nice Pontiac, and in it made his first trip across country by car. Brenner had gone about half the distance many times before, but this time it was all the way. Two old friends of his, which were hired just for the loading and unloading of the trucks on this trip, drove along with him, all having the adventure of their young lives. Imagine three young guys, money in their pockets, rolling down Route 66 west through vast stretches of country before the days of the interstate highways, the desert landscape dotted with concrete Indian teepee motel rooms. They finally reached the outskirts of Los Angeles well after sundown, but kept going until they hit the beach. They all stretched out on the sand and slept under the stars that first night in California.

The next morning, stiff, cold, and gritty from their seaside beds, they found their way to Culver City where Martin had previously found a building to house the business. After a few days of unloading and setting things up, they opened the doors for business, and almost immediately realized they had hit the jackpot. The city was bursting with new arrivals from all over the country like themselves, and it was ripe for a first-class gun merchant who dealt in all sorts of new and interesting merchandise. Right from the start, they did an incredible amount of retail business. The experience from their New York days was really no comparison, as their sales had previously been largely to other dealers and serious collectors, not the guy walking in off the street. Still, it was clear from the outset that they would be doing an extremely substantial volume in surplus arms from all over the world. There seemed to be a never-ending demand for this material.