Transition from a full power caliber round – 7.62x51mm NATO – to the smaller 5.56x45mm intermediate caliber, as the standard cartridge for Italy’s Armed Forces, has been time consuming and troublesome, generating a technological gap between Italy and other nations, both NATO and Warsaw Pact. All this may have changed with Beretta’s new creation: the ARX 160.

The authors were invited to attend the presentation ceremony of the new Beretta ARX 160 Assault Rifle from the world’s oldest firearm manufacturer still in business and test fire the weapon on an Italian Army firing range located in Nettuno, a city facing the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 35 miles south of Rome. This location is well known in America for being, together with Anzio, the beachhead and battle site for the Allied Forces landing of Operation Shingle in World War II.

The ARX 160 is currently delivered in a hard case containing all accessories. A special waterproof and floating soft bag is also available for maritime operations. It is a gas operated, select-fire assault rifle, with a piston action located above the barrel, which fires from a closed bolt.

The weapon’s design is streamlined and stylish, with a dark, flat grey colored Polymer body and is totally different from the sharp and edgy lines of the well known AR70/90. It loosely resembles the lines of the FN SCAR, especially in the stock design, but the rifle is lighter, more compact and structurally very different.

We tested the final version of the weapon that was assembled in a small scale production line that will be ramped up for full scale production in a few months. This version was preceded by a long series of prototypes, built patiently pursuing the best results and performance, taking seriously in account vital feedback from military beta testers, including operators in actual combat scenarios.

The ARX 160 has been engineered from the start to be extremely flexible and modular so as to tailor its individual performance for the mission or task at hand. There are two barrel lengths available at this time for the weapon: 16-inch (standard) and 12-inch (defined, by Beretta, “for special operations”). A 20-inch barrel has been tested, and a 16-inch HB with Match grade rifling should be available shortly to fill in a DMR role.

Both the 16-inch and 12-inch barrels have a flash hider/compensator fitted with 5 radial cuts, plus other 4 smaller cuts, indexed so as to aid in controlling muzzle climb when shooting full auto. Barrels are chrome lined and have a 1:7 twist, optimized for the SS109/M855 ball, and L110/M856 tracer ammunition. Barrels are user changeable in the field, and replacing a 16-inch barrel with a 12-inch barrel, reconfiguring the ARX 160 for CQB scenarios, is amazingly simple and fast. Obviously, there will be a POI shift, and the sights have to be re-zeroed, but the POI shift is consistent from change to change and zero settings can be noted down for both barrels.

To remove the barrel, one only need to simultaneously pull down two slide levers located on the sides of the upper receiver in front and above the magazine well. Once freed, the barrel assembly, which includes the gas block, piston system and the barrel extension, can easily be lifted out of the fore-end. The barrel is not free-floated.

The barrel has an integral gas block from which a short telescoping cylinder protrudes. It took a while to fully understand the rather unusual principle of operation: an evolution of the basic gas operated, short stroke piston system.

The engineers at Beretta managed to design a relatively low pressure gas system that is conceptually somewhere in between a long stroke piston system as used in the AK (and the AR 70/90) and the short stroke piston, i.e. of the AR-18 and recent weapons such as the H&K G36 or 416, FN SCAR, Magpul Masada and others. The piston is not limited to fractions of an inch in its travel under the gas pressure drive, imparting a sharp blow to the bolt carrier. Instead, it is free to move for almost two inches, practically following the bolt carrier for most of its rearward travel, and the gas pressure level in the cylinder is relatively low, yielding a gentler and more constant, positive rearward push to the bolt carrier group.

This system allows the barrel to be mechanically free from the bolt carrier group and operating rod, simplifying barrel removal.

The ARX 160’s bolt carrier sports an integral and monolithic milled operating rod, which projects in front of the carrier and also allows some of the weight to be moved forward, helping to tame muzzle lift. Other benefits that this system offers include the chance to position the gas block in the most efficient location. The absence of mechanical constraints between the barrel and the gas system itself prevents any vibration and interference affecting the weapon’s accuracy, a trait of the majority of long stroke firearms with piston and op rod permanently joined to the bolt carrier, such as the AK. It also solves the problem of carbon build up and hot gases entering the action, so typical of AR weapons employing Stoner’s “direct gas impingement” system.

The gas block features a front sling swivel that is free to rotate 180 degrees allowing it to be out of the way when not needed, and a standard M7 bayonet lug, unorthodoxly positioned over, and on top of, the barrel.

The breech end of the barrel features a multi-lugged barrel extension, similar to the one used in the AR-15 family of weapons and of direct descent from Johnson’s system as used in his Model 1941 rifle. The barrel extension solves any headspace related problem and, being the only other part other than barrel, bolt and gas system subject to propellant gas pressure, allows the use of light materials such as polymers for the receiver of the weapon.

The bolt uses seven locking lugs, each radially placed at 40 degrees and two extractors are located respectively at 3 and 9 o’clock of the bolt face. Apparently, there is no ejector. Each extractor is spring loaded and has a small actuating rod that rides within, and extends beyond the rear of the bolt. Depending on how we move a steel block, accessed thru a hole in the rear of the receiver with the tip of a cartridge, an ejection side is selected. The receiver has an ejection port open on both sides and very shallow case deflectors are present just behind each ejection port. They work surprisingly well and the spent round is ejected towards the front with a 45 degree angle from the barrel.

When the bolt unlocks, and starts moving toward the back, the spent case rim is captured by both extractors. Approaching the end of the bolt’s travel, one of the two actuating rods of the extractor assembly hits the steel block and stops, while the bolt and the other extractor assembly keep moving rearwards. The case is violently pushed by the extractor that suddenly stopped, and that now acts as an ejector. The thrust is exerted not on the base of the cartridge but inside the extractor groove, on the chamfered portion of the groove, to be precise.

The bolt itself is a rather complex block of CNC machined forged steel. The body of the bolt is deeply fluted. The grooves serve as cam guides to rotate the bolt, thru an integral pin within the bolt carrier, to actuate locking and unlocking and also to prevent carbon and other grime build up. The firing pin is spring loaded. The bolt rear presents a milled slot where the firing pin head is located. If the bolt is not fully locked, and this slot is not perfectly vertical and aligned with the hammer, the latter cannot reach the firing pin head and even partial out-of-battery firing is totally prevented.

The bolt carrier is quite interesting as well. It is very long and the flat, strip shaped, front portion acts as an operating rod and receives the impulse from the gas cylinder. The upper portion of the carrier presents a milled channel that contains the recoil spring and guide, while the rear portion interfaces with the bolt. The vertical sides of the bolt carrier are flat and smooth. When the bolt is locked, the carrier seals both ejection ports – meaning a port cover is not needed. Between the bolt and the bolt carrier, right behind the bolt head, we find the hinged, small cocking handle and its flat spring. The cocking handle can be positioned indifferently to the left or to the right side of the weapon, depending on the operator’s choice.

The weapon’s body is entirely made of an impact resistant Technopolymer plastic charged with composite fibers, and can be divided in two main assemblies. The upper receiver contains the bolt carrier group, barrel and gas system, and includes the integral handguard and ends with a folding, and partially collapsible, stock. The smaller lower receiver houses the trigger pack, the magazine well and pistol grip. The upper and lower receivers very cleverly interlock with each other when assembled together, and there is no need for receiver push-pins.

With the stock folded to the side of the weapon, we can access the disassembly lever. Pushing on the lever, and rotating the selector past the “safety” mark, we can pivot open the lower, and remove the bolt carrier assembly. We’ll also find that there is no “hinge,” simply a massive curved notch right in front of the magazine well.

The stock of the weapon is obviously in-line with the barrel, and it is permanently fastened to the upper receiver with a hinge on the right side while the latch button is on the left.

The injection molded upper receiver contains many metal parts and embedded subframes, such as structural reinforcements, sling loops, and metal backplates where Picatinny rails are bolted on. There are no metal guides for the bolt carrier, which rides in the receiver with metal to polymer contact only.

The smooth and streamlined appearance is not only due to “Italian Styling,” it also serves a purpose. Learning from other Polymer based weapon body designs Beretta engineered the weapon with constant curves to eliminate stress points which could lead to cracks.

The top of the upper receiver is fitted with one continuous 7075 alloy Picatinny rail. At the front of the fore-end, right behind the gas block, on both sides we find a number of cooling slots and two more small Picatinny rails, plus one more full length rail is present at the bottom. The latter is not fully 1913 standard, as it ends with a “T rail” specific for fastening the single shot GLX 160 40mm grenade launcher, and is normally protected with a plastic cover when no accessories (i.e. GLX160, VFG, or tactical flashlight) are mounted.

Foldable sights are standard issue. Made of the same polymer as the receivers, the sights are adjustable. The front sight post is adjustable in windage and elevation and the rear peep sight has a six pre-set position disc with dialed distances from 100 to 600 meters.

The sights mainly serve as BUIS, as Italy will field the ARX 160 with an optical primary sighting system: the Aimpoint ACIES, a custom version of the M2 CCO. Being the ARX 160 is the weapon for Italy’s “Soldato Futuro” program (the equivalent of USA’s Land Warrior program); a host of hi-tech aiming systems (including NVG, Thermal, LLTV and Image Fusion technology) are also available, although in prototype form.

The weapon has six sling loops: two on each side, one on the stock, and one on the gas block.

As mentioned, the cocking lever can be positioned on either side of the weapon. About in the middle of the ejection port there is a small mark molded in the plastic. Aligning the cocking lever with the mark, and pulling out the lever, the bolt carrier group freezes in place, and it is now possible to rotate the cocking lever from one side to the other, pushing it thru the ejection port. Pushing in the lever unlocks the bolt carrier and locks the new cocking lever position.

Looking at the aft portion of the upper receiver, next to the folding stock hinge, we note a large hole: it is also present on the other side of the receiver, next to the stock latch button. This is where we insert the tip of a cartridge to select the spent case ejection side.

The polymer stock with a rubber buttplate resembles a large, inverted “L” and is composed of two parts that can slide one inside the other. It is hinged to the receiver, and when folded (pressing on a latch similar in function to the one used in the SIG 550) it does not interfere with the controls or the ejection port, so the weapon remains fully useable. The length of the stock can be adjusted by collapsing the buttstock in one of 4 positions spanning 80 mm. The buttstock can also be completely removed revealing a small tubular compartment for batteries or cleaning kits.

The magazine well, in the lower receiver, is very peculiar. To release the magazine, the ARX 160 offers an ambidextrous and fenced button (similar to the one used in the AR 70/90) on each side of the receiver, and an additional button in the base of the trigger guard. Pushing right up with the thumb releases the magazine. This button is also fenced to prevent unwanted activation. The same button is also the hold open. When the bolt carrier group locks back on an empty magazine, the button will project inside the trigger guard, and upon magazine change, pressing down with the index finger on the button will release the bolt. It is actually a lot easier done than said.

The magazine is totally compatible with the universal STANAG 4179 standard (M16 magazines), and holds 30 rounds.

The fire control group is a classic internal hammer single action, selective fire design offering a three position selector lever, with safe (marked S), semiautomatic fire (1) and full auto (R). The lever itself is ambidextrous and of rounded, smooth design, rotating in total only 82 degrees for best comfort.

The pistol grip is of very simple design with a comfortable inclination and a moderate grip. It integrates a small compartment, closed with a trapdoor, for the issue cleaning kit.

Future improvements include the possibility to change calibers, swapping barrel, bolt, lower receiver and magazine. It is still some 70% of the gun, and it may be viable only for some agency large-scale inventory scenario, since the serial number is engraved on the upper receiver on a steel block embedded in the polymer and readable thru a small window on the right rear portion of the receiver. In addition to 5.56×45 NATO, Beretta has announced that the ARX 160 may be also available in 7.62×39 and 6.8×43 (6.8 SPC Remington). Feasibility studies of chambering the weapon in 5.45×39 mm (M74 Russian cartridge) are under way. Last but not least, a “Heavy” version is undergoing prototypal stages, chambered in 7.62×51 NATO, as this seems to be the trend in the industry and the market (M16 and SR25, SCAR L and H, HK 416 and 417).

The weapon is well balanced though just a bit muzzle heavy. Once we adjusted the stock, cheek weld was perfect. Aiming using both optical sights and the provided fixed sights is natural and comfortable. Trigger reach is satisfactory for small and medium hands though it may be a bit short for operators with very large hands. The plastic trigger shoe is wide and smooth. Feedback is good both in aimed, accurate fire and in full auto. Controls are easy to reach with the firing hand’s index finger and thumb without having to change position.

On a tactical magazine change, the weapon offers various methods to release the bolt. Pulling on the cocking lever, pressing the hold open button inside the trigger guard, and slamming the rifle on the shoulder (works real good if you wear SAPI plates) as the bolt will move back a fraction of an inch and the bolt catch will disengage.

Rapidly shouldering the rifle from a low standby to the natural aiming point is fast and comfortable. The sight picture is perfect after a single familiarization session.

The trigger is smooth and predictable, and has a very crisp let off with minimal overtravel.

At this time, the ARX 160 has been thoroughly tested only in an Italian military proving ground. Reports credit the weapon with performance and MTBF comparable to the HK G36. Design and engineering of the weapon was refined following advice and feedback coming from actual users, serving in the various branches of the military that will most likely adopt the new ARX system as standard issue in the near future.

Samples have been sent abroad and a few are present in United States now for testing and evaluation.

The ARX 160 is a very flexible and innovative assault rifle, featuring many surprisingly simple and intelligent engineering solutions that allow the weapon to be easily adapted for the job. Maintenance of the system appears to be quite straightforward, and the manufacturer claims the weapon to be able to function even without lubrication. As for all things, time will tell if the ARX 160 will be a milestone in firearms development. Our impression is that Beretta managed to jump ahead with what, for all accounts, is a new generation of military assault rifles.

Manufacturer: Fabbrica D’Armi Pietro Beretta S.p.A. Gardone Val Trompia (BS); www.beretta.it
Model: ARX 160
Type: Modular, selective fire assault rifle
Rate of fire: 700 rounds per minute
Caliber: 5.56 x45 NATO
Action: Rotating, multi lug bolt, gas operated by a low pressure “short” stroke piston
Barrel: Chrome lined, 6 RH grooves, 1:7 twist; available lengths: 12 in. (305 mm) and 16 in. (406 mm)
Magazine: STANAG 4179, capacity: 30 rounds
FCG: Internal hammer single action, selective fire (semiautomatic and full auto). Closed bolt design.
Sights: Adjustable, folding iron sights; Picatinny 1913 rail for optical sight attachment
Materials: Barrel, bolt and carrier: forged steel; receivers and stock in technopolymer injection molded plastic charged with composite fibers, and embedded steel structure; Picatinny rails in 7075 alloy (Ergal)
Overall length: With a 16 in. barrel: 920 mm with stock extended; 820 mm stock fully collapsed and 690 mm with the stock folded on the side

Founded in 1852, Smith and Wesson has become a household name. To those not associated with firearms, the name is likely to evoke images of revolvers. Fictional characters from Dirty Harry to John Wayne’s character in the movie McQ, have added to the lore of the brand. The company’s Model 10 revolver chambered in .38 Special has proven so popular, that the firearm has been in continuous production since it was introduced in 1899, and to date, over 6 million units have been produced.

The company was not always successful. Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson originally formed the company with the intention of marketing a lever action repeating pistol that could use a fully self-contained cartridge. This first pistol venture was not a financial success, and by 1854 the company was having financial difficulties. Forced to make the difficult decision to sell the company, Smith and Wesson found a shirt manufacturer by the name of Oliver Winchester that was willing to buy the failing company. In 1866, using the original lever action design created by Smith & Wesson, Oliver Winchester’s company became known as the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

Smith and Wesson tried again – forming a second partnership to produce and market a rimfire revolver capable of firing a self-contained cartridge. This revolver was the first successful fully self-contained cartridge revolver available in the world. Smith & Wesson secured patents for the revolver to prevent other manufacturers from producing a cartridge revolver – giving the young company a very lucrative business that grew significantly over the years.

Based in Springfield, Massachusetts with manufacturing facilities in Springfield, Houlton, Maine, and Rochester, New Hampshire, the company also provides professional training to private individuals, law enforcement, military and security professionals. The Smith & Wesson Academy has been dedicated to firearms training before firearms training became popularized. It should be no surprise that the Smith and Wesson Academy is America’s longest running firearms training facility in the country.

Small Arms Review was recently given the opportunity to tour the Smith and Wesson factory, located in Springfield, Massachusetts and presents the following photo array of the production methods and inside views of the Smith and Wesson factory.

World War I, the “War to End All Wars,” was devastating to a large part of Europe and resulted in the loss of an entire generation of men. The unfathomable numbers of death and injury loss from battles and the inhumane life in the trenches in a static war is generally not known or understood today. World War II, with its modern mobile warfare and the advantage of a huge library of film footage, enable the current generation to learn and study in detail the events of the Second World War. But World War I is far in the past, almost 100 years ago, with extremely limited silent film footage that makes it difficult to relate to for today’s media savvy generation. It was the clash of the old world with old world armies and tactics colliding with the fruits of the industrial revolution providing new and efficient methods and means of warfare. The machine gun was the new weapon of mass destruction and tanks and airplanes introduced a new mobility never seen or imagined before. Like the American Civil War, World War I is an area of study relegated to the serious student as opposed to the widespread casual familiarity of World War II. But to the people of France and Belgium, World War I is very much a part of their lives and an integral part of their history. There are museums, monuments and immaculately cared for cemeteries all throughout the region that remind them daily of their past. As we approach the 100th anniversary of the start of that terrible time, we take a look at those memorials to remind us of the ultimate cost.

Albert

The town of Albert (pronounced al-bare) is located in the heart of the Somme battlefields of World War I. Approximately 75 miles from Paris, Albert is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France with a population of just over 10,000.

In the early months of World War I, fierce fighting was fought in the area with the first enemy shelling beginning on September 29, 1914. The statue of Mary and the infant Jesus – designed by sculptor Albert Roze and dubbed the “Golden Virgin” – on top of the Basilica of Notre Dame de Brebieres was hit by a shell on January 15, 1915 and was put in a horizontal position and was near falling. The “Leaning Virgin” became a familiar sight to the thousands of British soldiers who fought at the Battle of the Somme, many of whom passed through Albert, which was situated just three miles from the front. An administration and control center for the Somme offensive in 1916, the first press message of the “Big Push” originated from Albert. The town was a pile of red rubble and it wasn’t until October, 1916 that the Somme offensive had pushed the German guns out of range of Albert. As civilian residents began to return to Albert to salvage what they could, General Byng made Albert his headquarters while planning the November 1917 attack on Cambrai. In March, 1918, the Germans made a final push in their big Spring Offensive and retook the town. The British, wanting to prevent the Germans from using the church tower as an observation post, directed their artillery bombardment against the Basilica in April 1918 and the Leaning Virgin fell never to be recovered. Albert was retaken on August 22 by the British East Surreys who entered the town at bayonet point and was held by the British then until the end of the war.

Albert was in ruins but was completely rebuilt after the war and the Basilica was faithfully rebuilt according to its original design including the splendid gilt statue of Mary and the infant Jesus at its top.

Somme 1916 Musée des Abris

Just off the main town square on Ancient Godin Street, is a small, unassuming “storefront” window with a sign that says “Somme 1916 Musée des Abris (Museum of the Shelters). As you walk in there are some mundane displays of some World War I materiel and pictures on the wall and a mannequin horse outfitted as it would have been during the war: on the whole, not very impressive. But wait; there is a brick staircase that descends ten meters (33 feet) below ground that leads into a series of tunnels and alcoves that represent 230 meters (755 feet) of gallery space and 15 alcoves where you discover the soldier’s daily life in the trenches. The tunnels run beneath the Basilica square and there along the long passages of the tunnels is a marvelous collection of World War I artifacts taken directly from the battle fields that surround the town. Munitions from grenades to artillery shells line the corridor. Barbed wire, helmets, field gear and equipment, personal items, trench art, and weapons are just some of the assortment of all the things that made up life in the trenches and the battles that ensued. In a number of alcoves are mannequins that are set up in recreations of the trench warfare of both sides of the conflict. All the items on display are original equipment taken directly from the battlefields.

Upon exiting the tunnels, one finds oneself at a small souvenir shop in the public gardens several blocks from where you entered.

The museum is open 7 days a week from February 1 until mid December. They are open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. but are closed for lunch between 12 noon and 2 p.m., though during the summer months they remain open during the lunch period. Entrance fee is 5 Euros for adults, 3 Euros for children 6 to 18, and children under 6 are free.

Additionally, at the Town Hall in Albert, a memorial plaque was presented in 1939 by the Machine Gun Corps Old Comrades Association to commemorate the heroes of the Machine Gun Corps who fell in battle during the Great War of 1914-1918.

Thiepval

Four and a half miles north of Albert is Thiepval with its impressive monument 45 meters high (150 feet) that can be seen for many miles around. The village of Thiepval, in the region of Picardie, was totally destroyed during the war. The present Thiepval settlement is located a short distance to the southwest of the original settlement and has a population of about 100.

The First World War Franco-British Memorial is located at Thiepval. Its 16 pillars bear the carved names of 73,367 British and South African soldiers that fell during the Battles of the Somme between July 1916 and March 1918 and who have no known grave and are known as the “Missing of the Somme.”

The accompanying cemetery at the rear of the memorial unusually contains both British and French burials – 300 of each – to commemorate the joint Anglo-French action, with French burials on the left and British on the right. All the burials bear the inscription “Unknown.”

The monument was opened on July 31, 1932 by the Prince of Wales and the Thiepval memorial was and is the largest British war memorial in the world.

According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, “On 1 July 1916, supported by a French attack to the south, thirteen divisions of Commonwealth forces launched an offensive on a line from north of Gommecourt to Maricourt. Despite a preliminary bombardment lasting seven days, the German defenses were barely touched and the attack met unexpected fierce resistance. Losses were catastrophic and with only minimal advances on the southern flank, the initial attack was a failure. In the following weeks, huge resources of manpower and equipment were deployed in an attempt to exploit the modest successes of the first day. However, the German Army resisted tenaciously and repeated attacks and counter attacks meant a major battle for every village, copse and farmhouse gained. At the end of September, Thiepval was finally captured. The Village had been an original objective of 1 July. Attacks north and east continued throughout October and into November in increasingly difficult weather conditions. The Battle of the Somme finally ended on 18 November with the onset of winter. In the spring of 1917, the German forces fell back to their newly prepared defenses, the Hindenburg Line, and there were no further significant engagements in the Somme sector until the Germans mounted their major offensive in March 1918. Over 90% of those commemorated at the Thiepval Memorial died between July and November 1916.”

Delville Wood Cemetery

Located about 7 miles east of Albert is the village of Longueval and just east of the village is the Delville Wood Cemetery – nearly 1 kilometer square, it is the third largest cemetery of the Somme Battlefield. There are 5,521 servicemen buried or commemorated at Delville Wood Cemetery and is a concentration of several cemeteries and isolated graves of the area. The unnamed graves number 3,590 and represent nearly two thirds of the whole.

Opposite the Delville Wood Cemetery on the other side of the Longeuval-Ginchy road in Delville Wood is the Delville Wood South African National Memorial. This memorial serves as the national memorial to all those of the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force who died in World War I. Some 229,000 officers and men served in the forces of South Africa in the war and of these some 10,000 died in action or through injury or sickness.

According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, “On 14 July 1916, the greater part of Longueval village was taken by the 9th (Scottish) Division and on the 15th, the South African Brigade of that Division captured most of Delville Wood. The wood now formed a salient in the line, with Waterlot Farm and Mons Wood on the south flank still in German hands, and, owing to the height of the trees, no close artillery support was possible for defense. The three South African battalions fought continuously for six days and suffered heavy casualties. On 18 July, they were forced back and on the evening of the 20th the survivors, a mere handful of men, were relieved. On 27 July, the 2nd Division retook the wood and held it until 4 August when the 17th Division took it over. On 18 and 25 August it was finally cleared of all German resistance by the 14th (Light) Division. The wood was then held until the end of April 1918 when it was lost during the German advance, but was retaken by the 38th (Welsh) Division on the following 28 August.”

Lochnager Crater

Two miles east of Albert is the village of La Boisselle, site of the Lochnager Crater, the largest British mine crater on the Western Front. In preparation of the 1st Somme offensive, several mines were dug (the Lochnager Crater was named after the trench from where the main tunnel was started) under the German front line positions and on July 1, 1916, at 07:28, two minutes before the start of the offensive, two charges of ammonal explosives of 24,000 and 30,000 pounds (nearly 26 tons), were detonated, crating a crater 300 feet across and 90 feet deep. The explosion sent an earth column of debris nearly 4,000 feet into the air and could be heard all the way to London.

Units of the 34th Division attacked this area and the nearby village of La Boisselle, which was in the Germans hands. This formation contained two whole brigades of “Pals” battalions – the Tyneside Irish and the Tyneside Scottish. They suffered heavy casualties that day with five battalions losing over 500 men each. The whole division lost 6,380 men that day. The entire attack was without success, for by the time the attack was made following the explosion; the Germans had regrouped and repelled the oncoming British. However, the Worchesters took the area around the crater two days later on July 3.

As technology evolves in almost every industry, electronic products follow a typical trend of increasing in quality while decreasing in price. This happens in almost every consumer area from Microwave ovens and Plasma TVs to the most sophisticated computer components. Much to the enjoyment of the people in the gun culture, many of the products we use in the firearms industry are no exception.

The Technological Evolution

Less than two decades ago, rangefinders were simple tools that were not much more than a rifle scope with a few lines that represented known sizes at specific distances and the shooter could estimate distance based on the size of the intended target against the scale in the optic. Today, for less money than many of the originals, rangefinders measure exact distance using a laser, with the simple push of a button and get an immediate digital reading, accurate to the yard or meter.

Laser aiming devices are another example where technology has exploded while prices have dropped. Many people will remember the huge laser sights on the early American-180 submachine guns. They weighed several pounds and were larger than a carton of cigarettes. They were powerful, but very expensive and extremely cumbersome. Contrast those with the devices available today and there is no comparison. Not only are they inexpensive, but some are so small that some are not even outwardly visible. Some are concealed in the grips, some in the guide-rod of popular pistols and some even resemble functional M1913 Picatinny rail sections.

Own the Night

As early as the late 1980s, most real night vision gear was limited to those in uniform and on the silver screen. The units that actually were available were very expensive and of low quality by today’s standards. Concern was always high for units being “liberated” from Uncle Sam because very few outlets were actively marketing them to the civilian side of the industry.

At some point in the early 1990s, imports of foreign night vision technology started to show up on the market. It was extremely inexpensive compared to the real “Mil-Spec” units but the performance matched the pricing. It was far better than nothing and was often the only financially realistic alternative. Some units were very fragile and easily damaged. Others were dangerous to the eyesight of the user. Most of them had spots and the view was quite grainy and most were “observation devices” and not weapon sights.

Contrast this to today, when you can walk into a Wall-Mart and buy a reasonably effective monocular for under $200. With the technological advancements we have seen, combined with the explosion of interest in night varmint hunting, there is an abundance of night optics available to sportsmen, ranchers, soldiers and enthusiasts alike. The spectrum in both price and performance is enormous, and there are numerous options available to fit almost anyone’s budget and mission.

The technology and interest in night vision has expanded far beyond the original marketplace and is now quite common in many households and businesses. Most video surveillance systems use infrared lighting and sensitive cameras to have the ability to record in complete darkness. Many hobby-type video cameras even have a night setting to allow the operator to shoot video in complete darkness using integral infrared lighting.

A Shot in the Dark

During the early years when night shooting for civilians was evolving past the interest of only poachers, a common night rifle may have been a firearm, scoped or used with open sights, with a household flashlight duct-taped to the forearm. A visit to a Fisheries and Wildlife confiscated items auction may still show evidence of this crude but somewhat effective method still being employed. As the interest in predator control started to come to the front, inexpensive factory systems were often a scope with a large objective topped with a spotlight and a red lens. The red spectrum of light is said to have a less noticeable negative impact on wildlife than white light, and these systems are still widely used today. With both mechanisms described above, the performance is very limited in distance and clarity but effective enough for some tasks.

For those with a larger budget, or those individuals looking for an increased level of performance, there are several entry-level weapon sights to choose from. What was once almost a “forbidden fruit” in the ultimate accessory category is now manufactured and distributed by several companies with a number of readily available night scopes and accessories.

You can easily stay within your budget and balance the price vs. performance for your own situation. Early night vision is pretty impressive stuff until you get behind the latest and greatest, state-of-the-art hardware. It has the chance of being a progressive addiction. Just like you were once happy with your semiautomatic Mini-14 until you fired your buddy’s AC556. The semi was fantastic, but once you experienced the latter, there was no going back. You have several options available:

• Inexpensive commercial foreign optics. Several companies are selling overseas night vision that has been redesigned for U.S. civilian use. These start out around $600 and increase as accessories and upgrades are added.
• Early U.S. Military refurbished units. There are several models of early, once almost unobtainable, military units available today. Though usually large and heavy by comparison to current optics, these can give the owner a lot of bang for the buck. Some people like these for nostalgic reasons as well.
• Current Mil-Spec and Commercial scopes. – Almost everything available to the Military is available on the civilian market. Some are extremely small in size and vary in performance from “not bad” to “crystal clear” but performance comes at a price. The spectrum is very wide in this category with several generations, types and styles available.
• Drop-on, removable, scopes or monoculars. This category of sights is used in conjunction with a normally mounted day scope. Some models mount in front of almost any standard scope and use the regular reticle for aiming. Other models mount behind the day scope. The biggest advantage of these is that you only have to zero your rifle once and can use it day or night since the actual reticle never changes. The night device uses the regular scope for all sighting but allows the shooter to use it at night, like any night scope. The rear-mounted models can be used with dot-style sights (with the day sight / scope in front) but require a special model of sight. If a night monocular were mounted behind a regular “red dot” sight the dot would be far too bright and “flare” the night vision device making it unusable. The author uses two of these special models (EOTech 552 Holograph & Aimpoint Comp M2), which are designed with settings for the dot below the visible spectrum and only viewable with the night scope. There are also standard settings for the reticle that are in the normal, adjustable spectrum. There is a wide range in price and performance with this style of sight.

Ready, Aim, FIRE!

Assuming that you do have a night scope or have one coming in, it’s only elemental that before it is time to take on a shooting task with it, you must zero your gun. Some of the older models this writer has used were sighted in during the day using the pinhole lens cover. Some of the later models don’t encourage this practice and we found a tip that makes sighting in on a very dark night a breeze.

Before you do anything, read the manual. The first step in sighting any night vision device is to adjust the diopter setting of the eyepiece of the device to the user’s eye. The moment you hand the night vision device to another operator, he will then have to adjust the eyepiece to his eye. Don’t waste your time doing any other adjustments unless you have correctly set the diopter setting on the eyepiece. To adjust the diopter setting, turn on the night vision device and look towards a blank wall. Adjust the eyepiece till any imperfections in the image tube screen (spots, blemishes, even the reticle) are as sharply focused as possible. When you have accomplished this, you now have your own diopter setting. You should not have to reset the diopter setting of the eyepiece again unless someone else has used the device and moved the setting for their eyesight. Now, you can go outside and adjust for range using the objective lens focus knob for ranging.

Necessity is the Mother of Invention and it once again proved quite true during a recent evening sight-in project. We were shooting on an overcast evening with not a single star in sight and no light from the moon. To compound this, the shooting lane we chose was built in a cultivated Eastern White Pine grove. For those who do not know, the darkest spot on the face of the Earth is at night in a pine grove. The thick groves enclose over the top almost like the canopy of an equatorial rain forest.

Targets were set as usual and an upcoming project mandated a 100-yard zero, with no room for error. Marksmanship was priority one. At the 100-yard mark in these conditions, the small “bull” was difficult to see because it didn’t reflect enough light to see the difference in the colors (though the target and surroundings were plenty clear) and we wanted some tight “proofing groups” so we wanted the exact, small dot. We took a very small infrared cyalume stick and inserted the end into the bull of the target from the back of the frame. It was not at all visible to the eye but from 100 yards it provided a beautiful dot, dead center in the target.

Sighting commenced with a spotter calling shots and it was obvious when “zero” was attained because each shot would deliver a visible “SPLAT” on the paper target upon impact into the center. This tactic may be in common use and we may not be able to claim it as our own but we have yet to hear of anyone else sighting in this way and thought it was useful enough to pass along here. In the absence of any real IR sticks, a normal green one can be used as long as only a pinhole of light is allowed to light the paper so it won’t resemble a 10-inch sunburst to your optics.

We also found that during a sight-in process a cyalume stick placed out of view behind the target stand makes it very easy for the spotter to pick up the shots. Each new hole will allow a tiny bit of light to penetrate and using a night monocular, it is a fast and easy process.

Considerations When Buying a Night Scope

Hopefully this article will help answer some questions that may come up, but there are some specifics you will need to understand when buying a night scope, especially if it is “sight-unseen.”

• Talk to several people who currently use night vision equipment before even calling a dealer. When talking with the dealer make sure you know WHAT you are buying and keep in mind that some dealers you talk to are highly motivated to sell the product that they have available. Some homework on your part can make your experiences with the unit you end up buying much more enjoyable. The terms GEN 0, GEN 1, GEN 2, GEN 2 Enhanced, GEN 3, GEN 3 Enhanced, GEN 4, Mil-Spec, Commercial Grade, High-Intensity, Starlight, Image Intensifier, and several other parts, grades and descriptions will cross your path. Make sure you and the dealer are certain what you are buying is what you THINK you are buying.
• Battery life and battery type are extremely important. Older and foreign units often used non-conventional batteries by today’s standards. Some even used an exterior battery pack. Many of the older optics have been converted to use common batteries. Each unit is also different in the amount of time you have with a single load of fresh batteries. The use of a built-in IR illuminator will quickly draw your batteries down over the use of natural light shooting. Battery life is something that should be included on many spec-sheets and will be an easy answer for the dealer. Most modern units available today tend to use AA batteries and some units are going to the 123 battery type. Lithium batteries will perform much better than standard alkaline batteries and are well worth the additional expense.
• The operating temperature range can be extremely important depending on the conditions you wish to function in. This writer lives in Maine and 0º F is a “normal” temperature in the winter so a scope made for desert conditions may not be very practical in this situation. While only extremely hot or cold climates may have adverse effects on the performance, the major problem of running ANY electronic equipment in extremely cold environments is the reduced operating life of the batteries. Buy good ones and carry plenty of spares. Since we are on the topic of temperature, you need to be aware of proper storage procedures. This isn’t as much of a pre-purchase concern but would be doing a disservice if we didn’t mention this; NEVER store your night vision in the trunk of your car! Temperatures above 125 degrees can destroy the hermetic seal within the image tube.
• Your depth perception is not available when using night vision equipment. The view is not really a singular-dimensional one but it is also not the same as using your regular optics, or no optics at all. The view is similar to watching a TV screen.

The Star of the Show Thermal Imaging Devices

As previously mentioned, night vision can be a progressive hobby. At the top of the heap, on a throne all by itself sits the holy grail of the Night Vision world: the Thermal Imaging Device. Although these can cost several times the price of the previously discussed devices there are several distinct advantages.

Just like the night vision devices we have covered so far, a thermal imaging sight also uses infrared technology. The major difference between traditional night vision and thermal imaging is the wavelength of infrared light being viewed. Unlike those that enhance the image by gathering and processing much more white light and “near infrared” light than the naked eye can see and converting it into a visible picture, thermal imaging is used to view farther into the non-visible infrared light spectrum. This unit detects the infrared (or heat) wavelengths that are being emitted by the objects you are viewing instead of viewing the infrared spectrum of light that is being reflected off the objects when using an image intensified device.

Everything emits infrared light and energy and the light frequency changes with the amount of temperature being emitted. As energy is emitted from an object in the form of heat, the hotter it is, the more infrared energy it releases. When viewing something using thermal technology, when something is hotter than the objects or area around it, it will appear to be glowing brightly and is easily identified, even in the darkest situations.

For the purposes of understanding the differences between your normal vision, traditional night vision and thermal, it is important to remember how camouflage works. Camouflage is simply having the ability to blend in with your surroundings, regardless of the means. Most people reading SAR have some experience with the use of camouflage, whether it is military service, law enforcement, hunting, paintball games or numerous other situations. Animals use camouflage in order to survive from predators by blending into their surroundings. Camouflage does not necessarily mean a green woodland pattern, but any pattern, shape, color (and combination of all of them) to blend into the immediate environment. One may blend into the woods well with a leafy pattern similar to the colors of the specific season, while the same person would blend in better in a shopping mall with jeans and a baseball cap. Again, it is the art of blending in to the current environment.

Most people who hunt know how well camouflage works in the animal kingdom. It is easy to walk up on or directly past a deer in the woods without seeing it before it sees you. This is no different at night. Since a person, animal or object that is well camouflaged during the day can escape your sight, the same happens at night with traditional night vision equipment. A target hiding in a hedgerow can go undetected in both situations if he is still and well blended until thermal technology is used since he can’t control the heat he naturally emits.

When looking through a thermal imaging device you are seeing a whole new world. It is not as picturesque or detailed as your natural eyes show you, but there is an amazing amount of information we don’t have the ability to process on our own. A nice thermal imaging unit can detect differences in heat as low as 1/2º F or lower. The hotter an item is, the brighter it is to the viewer.

With the availability of thermal technology there is no longer any place to hide. This has many applications in many fields. If a hunter is looking for a wounded or killed animal, a blood trail will glow like a trail of bright light, as will the animal for several hours. If a policeman is looking for a car that was noted to have pulled into a 1,000-car auto dealership at night, it will shine like the sun compared to the others that have not been running. If a fireman is looking for “hot spots” in a burning building, the fire will show up through the closest walls like they are invisible. If a homeowner wants to “button up” a house to see where heat loss problems are, they will be immediately obvious looking through a thermal unit. Thermal imaging is sensitive enough to see where someone spit or simply laid their hand for only seconds. What it will show you is nothing short of amazing but it is also important to understand what it will not show you.

–The Fight for the Night–
Image Intensified Passive IR Devices vs. Thermal Devices

There is an extreme amount of difference between the sight you see using these devices. No one should argue that either unit provides an amazing advantage over our natural eyesight, but the images are very different. In the “You can not hide” category, the win is in the thermal column in this writer’s opinion. (Note: Thermal devices can’t “see” through glass or water! Instead the glass will act like a mirror.)

When it comes to identifying specifics in a night location the win goes to the Passive IR in the “I see what’s in your hand” category. While the thermal imaging devices show the user the location of well-hidden objects, the detail is very low in resolution compared to the Passive IR devices. With most of the traditional night scopes the subjects are viewed in their normal state, just in a shade of green or grey depending on the device. Some of the latest units are extremely clear and reading a license plate, or identifying non-animate objects is not only possible but also done with ease. These details are lost on the thermal imaging units as they only show emitted heat/light and not detailed surroundings.

After spending plenty of time with several devices, it is the opinion of this writer that both types of units have their own clear advantages and the use of both units together create an unbelievable advantage with all the bases covered. For specific projects one may be immediately beneficial over the other but none can be declared a hands-down winner.

Accessories Galore

There are several useful accessories available for whatever type of device you are using. You can buy numerous items to enhance the scope of what you can do with these such as IR Lasers (which are strictly regulated by the F.D.A and can only be sold legally to an official “approved” Government agency, or U.S. Military purchase order or “approved” certified law enforcement agency), IR illuminator lights, IR lens adapters for common flashlights and flood lights, magnification adapters, camera adapters, several mounting options and much more.

Conclusion

At this time there is a night device that will fit almost every budget and project. If you work in hostile environments or in public safety you are at a disadvantage if you don’t use these items. For those individuals with a little more expendable income there are some fascinating items that can be purchased and allow you the latest technology available today. If your budget is more moderate, the number of items available to you is almost unlimited. There is no need to mortgage the farm to get a night vision scope or device to fill your needs. As time goes on the later technology should fall into line at some point, but there is no need to wait for the latest and greatest. As mentioned previously, this is an addictive and evolving place of interest and once you can see and shoot effectively at night there is no going back. No matter which device you start with it is an amazing and exciting field. Just do your homework, ask lots of questions to people who use this gear and prepare to submerge yourself in a whole new aspect of the shooting world. Also make sure to check your local and state laws about the capacities in which you can use these devices.

The author would like to thank Rich Urich, VP Operations with Aurora Tactical, for his technical assistance in this article. Aurora Tactical can be reached by email via their website at: www.auroratactical.com and have several variations and brands of devices available as well as a lot of useful information.

The grenade launcher is ubiquitous within nearly all of the world’s armies, with nearly every military force fielding some type of grenade launching system. Western nations have traditionally developed and relied upon 40mm grenade systems, while Eastern Europe and the former Soviet empire rely upon 40mm caseless and 30mm systems. China reportedly relies upon a 35mm system. Given the likelihood that most readers are familiar with, and may have access to the 40mm system used by most western industrialized nations, this article attempts to describe the history of the 40mm grenade launcher from inception to the present.

The cartridge case grenade launching system is a relatively new concept, having first been developed within the 1960s. As the system has progressed and matured, the the 40mm grenade system of the 1960s has grown into several evolutionary branches. The heart of the system is a high-low pressure system that allows for launching heavier projectiles long distances at lower velocities than standard projectiles we would consider as “Bullets”. The two branches of the family used in US and NATO are the 40x46mm low velocity typified by shoulder fired launchers- the M79, HK69, M203, as well as today’s M320 and rotary drum MILKOR; and 40x53mm high velocity as used in the MK19 and HK GMG. From an analytical view, the 40x46mm grenade system can be described within four separate and distinct generations. Throughout the development of each generational system, breakthroughs have lead to other weapon systems, most notably, the 40x53mm high velocity grenade system. This article seeks to briefly describe the generational developments of the 40x46mm grenade system and its influence upon the modern infantryman.

The idea of arming an infantryman with a weapon other than a rifle is not new. The grenade was first used in warfare in the 8th century by the Byzantine Empire. Comprised of clay or ceramic containers filled with an incendiary mixture, the earliest grenades were nothing like the modern explosive grenades. Nevertheless, the early Byzantine bombs were thrown by hand, with the intent to destroy a target – not unlike the desired effect of the modern grenade.

Explosive filled hand grenades reached a turning point during World War I, with the introduction of the British Mills bomb, and the use of more effective explosives. During the early 20th century, hand grenades came in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging in shape of a discus, round baseball types, and stick grenades. While the U.S. Mk II “pineapple” grenade may be most easily identified and well known grenade of World War II, the term “grenade” is derived from the French word for “pomegranate,” with the idea that the Mills Bomb and other early hand grenades resembled the shape of a pomegranate fruit.

The ability for a soldier to throw an object is limited by the individual’s strength and dexterity. In most cases, physical limitations prevent a hand grenade from being thrown beyond 90 feet (30 meters). At the same time, military engineers and strategists realized the limitations of light mortars to engage targets within 350 feet of the firing point. The physical limitations of the soldier lead to the development of the rifle grenade. The rifle grenade permits the infantryman to mechanically launch an explosive projectile beyond an individual’s physical limitations and attempts to close the gap between the distance a hand held grenade may be thrown (90 feet) and the minimum safe distance of light mortars. By using a mechanical means to launch a rifle grenade, the entire battlefield could be effectively covered – hand thrown grenades in close combat, rifle grenades at intermediate distances, and light mortars at distances exceeding 350 yards. Attempts to address the issue can be seen in the World War II Japanese “knee mortar,” and the Italian Bixia 45mm crank operated “mortar” system. While both were effective in concept, both systems had their respective limitations. The Japanese knee mortar was effective on the battlefield, but the Japanese infantryman was still forced to carry the mortar tube and supporting ammunition. The Brixia system was even less effective, given that the maximum effective range of the Brixia was less than 90 feet, and well within the physical limitations of a hand thrown grenade.

Rifle grenades were employed as early as World War I, but the United States did not have a design of its own until 1941, with the introduction of the M1 system (for the 1903 Springfield rifle) and the M2 system (for the 1917 rifle). Efforts to launch grenades from the semiautomatic M1 Garand succeeded in 1943, with the introduction of the M7 system. Used with a specially manufactured blank cartridge, the semiautomatic feature of the rifle was temporarily disabled to allow all of the energy of the blank cartridge to be transferred into launching the rifle grenade. This system proved to be combat effective, but time consuming and potentially life threatening, given that the semiautomatic feature of the M1 Garand was disabled to fire the rifle grenade.

By the late 1950s, the need for a separate, standalone grenade launcher was recognized during development of the Special Purpose Individual Weapon (SPIW) project. The final requirements issued by the Army called for an over-under weapon with the ability to fire flechettes from one barrel, and grenades from the other. The weapons could weigh no more than 10 pounds (4.5 kg) fully loaded with three grenades and 60 flechette rounds. Three companies competed for the SPIW project, with Springfield Armory ultimately being awarded a contract to build a 40mm stand alone weapon that would ultimately be known as the M79.

Adopted in 1961, the M79 grenade launcher represents the first 40mm grenade launcher to be effectively adopted. Together with the Heckler and Koch HK69 grenade launcher, the two systems represent the first generation of 40mm grenade systems. Primarily made of steel, the units are intended as standalone units, and are not intended to be mounted to a secondary weapon. First generation 40mm systems are fully functional and effective for use as a primary weapon. Due in part to the technology and construction of the period, the units are single shot, break action-type weapons that tend to be heavy; the M79 weighs nearly 6.5 pounds (2.7 kg) loaded.

Birth of the Second Generation 40mm System: the XM148

Following adoption of the M79, it became evident that the 40mm grenade system was effective. Nevertheless, grenadiers were forced to make sacrifices in exchange for the ability to launch grenades at targets 350 meters away. The fuze within the 40x46mm grenade required 30 meters to arm; thus firing a 40mm grenade at a target closer than 30 meters was ineffective. Typically armed with a 1911 pistol as secondary weapon, grenadiers in Vietnam were also provided with the M576 40mm buckshot round and experimental flechette rounds of dubious effectiveness. The solution was the XM148, and the birth of the second generation of 40mm systems.

The second generation 40mm system can be classified as a dedicated weapon-mounted system, allowing the grenadier to carry a battle rifle, yet still have the ability to fire 40mm grenades. Typical second generation systems include the XM148, the M203, and the Heckler and Koch M79.

The M203 – the American Solution

Like a phoenix, the newly designed XM203 arose from the ashes of the failed XM148. In July 1967, the Army launched the Grenade Launcher Attachment Development (GLAD) program, with the intent to solicit interest in the development of an alternative grenade launcher to the XM148. Seven companies expressed interest, of which Philco-Ford, Aero Jet General, and Aircraft Armaments, Inc. (AAI) were awarded GLAD contracts. Each company proposed a different solution. Aero Jet submitted an SPIW-type semiautomatic launcher. Philco-Ford offered a brilliant design that featured a barrel that swung open to either side. AAI offered a single shot weapon with a pump action design. Surprisingly, Colt was absent from the competition, but had already delivered 27,400 XM148 units to the U.S. Department of Defense. Colt offered to redesign the XM148 into the CGL-5 at no cost, but was turned down by the U.S. Government. Drawings of the CGL-5 grenade launcher proposed by Colt can be seen in U.S. Patent 3507067. In addition, at least several prototype models were constructed, as examples are available in several weapon collections. The CGL-5 appears to be a reworked XM148 with similar features, including the tubular receiver and use of the pistol grip as a means to lock and unlock the breach. The firing mechanism appears to be simplified, as does the trigger mechanism. At its core however, the CGL-5 is an updated and modified version of the XM148.

In August 1968, the prototype submitted by AAI was selected and type-classified as the XM203. Authorization to build 600 XM203s was granted in December 1968, with orders that the units were to be assembled and sent to Vietnam for extended testing. AAI built and delivered the first 600 XM203 weapon systems, only to find that the company could not meet the production requirements proposed by the U.S. Government. In a cruel twist of fate, all future production contracts for the M203 were awarded to Colt.

Similar in concept and basic design to the XM148, the M203 quickly became the de facto 40mm grenade launcher around the world. Adopted by at least 21 nations, the M203 has proven to be highly effective and capable in a variety of combat environments. Although designed by different designers and engineers, the influence of the XM148 can be seen within the simplified M203 system. As a second generation 40mm system, the M203 was originally designed to be mounted to the M16 rifle, with later variants of the M203 being modified for use with the M4 carbine, or as a standalone weapon. The M203 receiver eliminates the tube shaped receiver of the XM148, and instead relies upon on an extended bar shaped receiver, made of high strength forged aluminum alloy. Unlike the XM148 or HK69, the weapon features a self-cocking mechanism that operates when the barrel is locked into battery. For over 20-years, the M203 was the most commonly utilized grenade launcher within the western world.

Third Generation 40mm Systems: a Return to Basics

Second generation 40mm grenade launchers, namely the M203, dominated through the 80s and 90s until engineering developments introduced the third generation of 40mm systems. Third generation 40mm grenade launcher systems feature the development of a multifunctional dual use 40mm grenade launcher that is capable of functioning as a standalone unit or as a secondary part of an integrated system. In addition, improvements to manufacturing methods and materials benefitted the third generation systems through the increased use of aluminum, composites, and polymers. Examples of third generation 40mm systems include the Heckler and Koch AG-C, Heckler and Koch M320, the Colt Eagle, and the Fabrique Nationale EGLM systems.

Third generation systems generally rely upon a side opening breech, rather than the M203’s slide forward breech mechanism. In addition, most third generation 40mm systems are capable of accepting 40mm rounds longer than the original M433 HE round. Most third generation 40mm systems feature universal mounting solutions, dependent upon Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails as a mounting point, rather than relying upon specialized mounting hardware required to mount second generation systems to the host weapon. By presenting a universal mounting solution, the third generation 40mm system offers a unilateral cross-platform 40mm solution – that is, a single 40mm weapon system may be mounted on a host of primary weapons, without special tools in a quick and efficient manner. Mounting a third generation system to the host weapon typically requires the minimal use of common hand tools.

Unlike the M203, nearly all major firearm manufacturers feature a third generation system. With the near universal militarization of civilian police forces around the world, sales of 40mm systems have blossomed and manufacturers are no longer limited to selling 40mm systems solely to military units. Instead, the advent of 40mm less lethal rounds have placed 40mm systems within the hands of many police units for special situations and missions. An excellent example of a less lethal 40mm system can be observed via the Brugger & Thomet model GL-06 LL 40mm system. Although the system utilizes yellow furniture, rest assured that all types of standard 40x46mm ammunition will fit and function within the “less lethal” platform.

Fourth Generation: Multi-Shot Capability

While third generation systems are relatively new, are still undergoing development, and are still being reviewed for adoption by the world’s military forces, a concurrent generation of 40mm systems has been developed. While similar in construction materials and methods, fourth generation 40mm systems provide a light weight weapon system with multi-shot capability. The ability to fire multiple rounds without reloading is a feature never before seen in a mass produced 40mm system.

Avid historians are likely crying foul – the China Lake system with outward appearances to a pump shotgun on steroids – was developed in the 1960s. The China Lake system was comprised of a multi-shot system that allowed the user to fire four rounds: three rounds from the tubular magazine, and one round loaded in the chamber of the weapon. Nevertheless, the China Lake system was never widely adopted, and was never fielded in large numbers. In addition, the China Lake system was largely manufactured from steel and traditional manufacturing materials. Unlike the China lake system, the latest fourth generation launchers feature extensive use of polymer and composite materials in construction. Fourth generation systems also feature two independent characteristics as a means of permitting multiple launch capability: they either feature an ammunition drum or feed system, or feature multiple rounds loaded within a single barrel. An example of the first characteristic can be seen in the Milkor M32 system, which features a six-round rotary drum. The Milkor M32 system has been adopted by the U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Special Operations Command. Initial reports describe the M32 as a robust and mature system, capable of the use and abuse frequently seen in combat situations.

An example of the second characteristic can be observed in the Metal Storm system being developed by Chartered Industries of Singapore. The Chartered Industries system utilizes a seemingly traditional 40mm barrel, albeit loaded with three rounds of 40mm ammunition. The special barrel is reportedly disposable upon firing all three rounds, yet is engineered and designed to allow the user to fire a single round, two rounds, or all three rounds independently. To reload the system, the user replaces the spent barrel with a pre-loaded barrel. While the Chartered Industries system has been displayed at small arm trade shows, to date, there are no independent reports of fielding or use. Nevertheless, should the Charter Industries system be successfully fielded, the ability to fire three rounds from a single 40mm barrel should prove interesting.

The 40x53mm high velocity 40mm round was developed as an offshoot from its lowly 40x46mm low velocity brethren. Similarly, the divergence of low-velocity 40mm systems – namely, the use of single shot, weapon mounted platforms versus the use of multiple launch capability standalone systems may well prove to advance 40mm launchers into two separate and distinct types of 40mm grenade launchers.

The Future

The 40mm grenade launcher has come a long way from its rifle grenade roots. Given developments in materials science and the use of composites, it is impossible to predict what the future may hold. The latest third generation systems that allow dual use as a stand-alone or a mounted system are likely to be adopted in wider numbers. Fourth generation systems like the Milkor M32 system are also likely to advance for specific roles and missions. Finally, advances in 40mm ammunition have provided grenadiers the ability to launch larger payloads over ever increasing distances. Given the divergence of third and fourth generation 40mm systems, it’s not inconceivable that a dedicated grenadier may reappear within the U.S. military doctrine. The widespread use of less lethal systems and the availability of a 40mm system from most major firearm manufacturers, it’s likely that increasing civilian law enforcement departments will be armed with 40x46mm systems. With the introduction of the medium velocity rounds, the shoulder fired range is extended to 800 meters. One certainty: the 40mm system will continue to remain relevant in the development of small arms.

2010 NDIA Chinn Award to Frank Puzycki

The George M. Chinn Award is presented annually to honor a government or industry individual who, in the opinion of the Small Arms Systems Division Executive Board, has made significant contributions to the field of small arms and/or infantry weapons systems. A significant contribution is considered to be a creative invention, new design or innovative concept in small arms weapons, ammunition or ancillary equipment that provides an advancement in the state-of-the-art or capability enhancement that clearly benefits the warfighting or general military capability of the United States. The Chinn Award may also be conferred as recognition to an individual who has performed sustained superior service in a career field of science, engineering, test and evaluation, manufacturing, program management, academic study and research, publishing or maintenance relating to military small arms or infantry weapons.

The Chinn Award is named in honor of Lt. Col. George M. Chinn, a career Marine Corps officer who dedicated his life to the study, development and refinement of machine gun mechanisms. Lt. Col. Chinn is remembered for his work as a gun designer and for having compiled a five volume reference work entitled The Machine Gun.

For 2010, Frank P. Puzycki was selected to receive the George M. Chinn Award.

Frank P. Puzycki has devoted over 40 years of service to the Army in the field of small arms. His efforts in support of small arms span the entire acquisition lifecycle: Research, Development, Testing, Evaluation, Manufacturing and Fielding. His contributions span, also, from the bench engineering level, to small team technical leadership, and into the management level as a small arms ammunition branch chief and ultimately as the chief of the 200 person Light Armaments Division, which encompassed all small arms weapons, ammunition and the associated ARDEC Armaments Test Facility.

As a bench level engineer at Frankford Arsenal and ARDEC, Mr. Puzycki co-authored a major study that resulted in standardizing automated and semi-automated packaging processes for Government-Owned Contractor-Operated (GOCO) load plants and type classified the M862 5.56mm plastic training round and companion XM2 training bolt in addition to the cal. .22 M861 tracer cartridge in the early 1980s.

Mr. Puzycki’s initial assignment as a manager in the small caliber arena saw the U.S. adoption of the M9 9mm pistol and design/manufacture of the 9mm M882 cartridge under his purview. His team also produced the first high performance caliber .50 saboted cartridges (M903/M962 SLAP (Saboted Light Armor Penetrator)) in partnership with industry for the USMC that was later adopted by the Army as well. The inaugural green ammunition program was launched during his tenure, an effort which received the Vice President’s Hammer award in 1994.

During Mr. Puzycki’s tenure as Light Armaments Division Chief, from 1996 to 2003, he very successfully led this 200-strong group, resulting in innumerable Type Classifications of new weapons, ammunition, mounts, sights, and other ancillary small arms-related equipment and technology transitions to Project and Product Managers for subsequent development. In total, over 35 items were Type classified and fielded across the Armed Services. Among these items were the M240 machine gun, the M16A2 rifle, the M107 rifle, the 7.62mm M118 Long Range Sniper Ammunition, the entire suite of 5.56mm and 7.62mm ammunition, several 12 gauge rounds, 40mm ammunition, optics for machine guns and rifles, and machine gun mounts.

Always looking to understand better small caliber performance and to advance small arms technology, Frank was the initiator of the scientific Lethality Study, subsequently sponsored by PEO Ammo. The general results of the study have been validated and tools for the continuance and expansion of these kinds of studies are now in place. He also initiated a venture into modeling and simulation, which has blossomed into an ARDEC-wide competency, creating a greater understanding of small arms functioning and contributing to a greater efficiency in their design.

Frank’s current assignment, assumed in 2004, is as the Research Program Director of the National Small Arms Center (NSAC). During his tenure, the NSAC has become fully operational; membership has more than quadrupled (now over 100 member firms); and over $20 million in grants have also been awarded to a host of different companies focused on innovations in recoil mitigation, ballistic energy conversion, lubeless weapon operation, lighter weight case design technologies, new concepts for automatic rifles, thermal management, lighter weight weapons and other technologies. Frank established an intensive marketing campaign with local and other Service Project and Product Managers, which has resulted in their full involvement in the NSAC and has been a significant source of funding for the grants awarded during the first years of operation. He spearheaded an outreach effort to local and national universities, which has increased the number of members from that supply sector. He has established and transferred seamlessly a fully operational and real-time updated website, which has kept the membership fully aware of all the activities of the National Small Arms Center.

Across his career he has also mentored a great number of young engineers and scientists, who have contributed greatly to the small arms genre, supporting a host of PEO’s and PM’s in the Army and the other Services.

Because of his career long excellence in support of small arms in all of its phases of acquisition, Mr. Frank Puzycki is a most worthy recipient of the 2010 Chinn Award.

The Carlos N. Hathcock II Award is presented to recognize an individual, who, in the opinion of the Small Arms Section Steering Committee, Armaments Division, National Defense Industrial Association, has made significant contributions in operational employment and tactics of small arms weapons systems which have impacted on the readiness and capabilities of the United States military or law enforcement. A significant contribution is considered to be: superior performance of duties in an operational environment or the development of tactics or training.

The Hathcock Award is named in honor of Gunnery Sergeant Carlos N. Hathcock II, a career Marine who dedicated his life to the service of this country in both the military and law enforcement communities. He was honest, tactful, considerate, courageous, quietly proud and determined in all things and all places from the range to the battlefield. “The Gunny” not only distinguished himself in combat as a scout-sniper but also as a competitive marksman and trainer. In his capacity as a trainer he not only significantly impacted the current United States Marine Corps Scout-Sniper program but also influenced the sniper programs of the other military services and similar law enforcement programs nationwide.

For 2010, Jeff Hoffman of the Pennington County South Dakota Sheriff’s Office was selected to receive the Carlos N. Hathcock II Award.

Jeff Hoffman began his law enforcement career in 1979 as a police officer with the Rapid City Police Department in Rapid City, South Dakota. Several years later, Jeff hired on as a reserve deputy with the Pennington County Sheriff’s Office, where he is currently still employed as a 30-year veteran. As a reserve deputy, Jeff trained with the Rapid City Special Response Team in 1989. Shortly thereafter, the Rapid City team combined with the Pennington County Sheriff’s Office to form the Rapid City/Pennington County Combined SRT and Jeff was accepted as a member and employed as a sniper. Jeff grew up in rural South Dakota and spent his youth hunting, shooting and studying ballistics. Jeff attributes much of his success to his grandfather who fostered a love of shooting in Jeff at an early age. As an adult, this would serve him well when he, his wife Kristi and a business partner joined in a business venture loading ammunition in a company known as Black Hills Shooter’s Supply. Jeff and Co. began loading ammunition for police officers locally and their reputation for precision quality ammunition grew rapidly. As time went on, the business grew, requiring more and more of Jeff’s time. Jeff began a separate entity from Black Hills Shooter’s Supply known as Black Hills Ammunition. Jeff’s knowledge of ballistics and his wife’s business savvy began to pay off as his fledgling company took wings. Jeff’s operational experience, combined with his ballistic knowledge, provided insight not possessed by many police officers with lesser backgrounds. Well aware of the problems faced by police snipers in urban environments, Jeff researched and tested various bullets for successfully shooting through intermediate barriers. After numerous attempts, Jeff settled on the 180 AccuBond bullet by Nosler. This round is quickly becoming an industry standard for police snipers who must engage hostile suspects through intermediate barriers. Outgrowing its meager beginnings, Black Hills Ammunition now operates out of a new 60,000 square foot facility. Not one to rest on his laurels, Jeff recently accepted a position as sniper team leader for the eight-man, RC/PC SRT sniper team and often provides uniforms and gear for the sniper team out of his own funds. At 50 years of age he is still operational, subject to callout and all PT requirements and is still actively “on the rifle.” Jeff’s intimate knowledge of ballistics has also drawn the attention of the U.S. military. Black Hills Ammunition currently makes match ammunition for the U.S. Marine Corps rifle team, the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit and all of the 5.56 match ammunition for the United States Special Operations Command. Jeff Hoffman personally develops every load. This position has the collateral consequence that Black Hills Ammunition has become a privately owned research and development laboratory for the special ammunition needs of the United States Government. Much ammunition personally developed by Jeff Hoffman, is at the forefront of the War on Terror and the emerging war on piracy and has been responsible for the demise of many of the Free World’s enemies. Jeff’s experience shooting in the high winds and hills of the northern plains has also proved beneficial. Jeff was not satisfied with the inaccurate (and often confusing) wind formulas developed and passed on in various military sniper manuals for decades that are so often attributed to “voodoo” by those in the community. So Jeff developed his own. His formula is simple, accurate and quickly used; which is exactly what a sniper needs in a dynamic combat environment. Many operators of the United States Naval Special Warfare Command (more commonly known as SEALs), while not widely known, have adopted this wind formula and other sniper related information Jeff gleaned the hard way over a 30-year career as an operational sniper. Jeff supports military and law enforcement competitions and events worldwide and has given away hundreds of thousands of dollars in ammunition as prizes to help keep the community strong. He believes in the importance of education when it comes to the sniper community and is an accomplished writer in that regard, authoring numerous articles on police sniping. He has also given unselfishly to SWAT teams other than his own who are truly in need. Jeff offers deep discounts to military and law enforcement personnel because he knows firsthand that their missions require the best ammunition they can obtain and that many of them and/or their agencies simply cannot afford it. Jeff has also supported military snipers whose unit budgets could not afford the sniper gear needed to make their snipers combat effective. Many people in the shooting community know the name Black Hills Ammunition but many have no idea of the background of the man behind it. It has been said that the only one who cares about a sniper, is another sniper.

Jeff Hoffman is a sniper who has spent the better part of his life tirelessly and selflessly supporting other snipers with his talent, his time and his own money.

He is very proud to be a part of the sniper community but remains humble and provides his support from behind the scenes, despite his huge list of accomplishments. It could be said that Jeff Hoffman is a one-man force multiplier. He possesses all of the traits Gunny Hathcock would have admired and approved of. The undersigned past recipients of the Hathcock Award nominated Jeff Hoffman of the Pennington County South Dakota Sheriff’s Office for the 2010 Carlos Hathcock Award.

Past Recipients of the Carlos Hathcock Award

2000 – Chuck Mawhinney, United States Marine Corps
2001 – Bart Bartholomew, Baltimore County PD
2002 – Jim Owens, United States Marine Corps
2003 – Larry Vickers, United States Army
2004 – Steve Holland, United States Army
2007 – Brian K. Sain for AmericanSnipers.org
2008 – Buford Boone, Federal Bureau of Investigation
2009 – R. J. Thomas, United States Navy

Historically, the annual AUSA Show is not known for debuts of the latest small arms technology. The big dollar programs like MRAP and Future Combat Systems seem to garner all the attention in their large, flashy booths and multi-billion dollar budgets. One has to look carefully for new small arms developments hidden away in the isles of AUSA. However, the fine folks from SIG Sauer debuted for the first time for the U.S. Army their latest assault rifles; the SIG516 and SIG517, at the annual meeting in October.

SAR has been invited to participate in prototype testing of the new SIG rifles. A more in-depth look into the new op-rod SIGs will appear in a future issue of SAR. For the moment we will explore the significance of yet again another gas-operated M16/M4-style assault rifle, this one from the German/Swiss/U.S. small arms company SIG Sauer.

While there are more than 30 different M16/M4-style ARs available on the market today, few have been designed as a family of weapons in multiple calibers and with modular features. Even fewer have truly novel features included in their design configuration. The new SIG516 in 5.56mm/.223 Rem., and its bigger 7.62x51mm/.308 Win. brother, the SIG517, look fairly conventional from a distance. Both are gas-operated Stoner pattern rifles employing the common multi-lug rotating bolt head seen for many decades throughout a wide range of select-fire rifles. Common features include machined aircraft grade 7076-TG receiver forgings, chrome lined barrels, free floating Mil-Std 1913 quad rail systems and various barrel lengths in multiple models. The free-floating receiver mounted rail system encompasses a user removable piston rod-style gas system that is removable from the gas block positioned just forward of the rail system. An assortment of commonly available retractable and fixed stock options, pistol grip accessories and after market trigger packs and gadgets fit the SIG rifles. The SIG516 upper and lower receivers are fully interchangeable with M16 and M4 receivers, both full auto and commercial semiautomatic models, so the civilian buyer will not be left out in the cold, and will work with all NATO-type M16/M4 magazines. Ambidextrous safety/selector levers are standard as are back-up mechanical sights. Barrel length options include 7, 10, 14.5, and Match-grade 16 and 20 inch barrels will be standard options for the SIG516. 12.5, 16 and Match-grade 16 and 20 inch barrels are planned in 7.62x51mm for the SIG517.

Where the new SIGs step forward slightly from the pack is by the addition of the well known and durable, long lasting and forgiving SIG cold hammer forged barrels and a 3 or 4 position adjustable gas regulator that is adjustable without tools for optimum function when suppressed or when using special-purpose low or high impulse ammunition, such as training or subsonic rounds. Where the true leap forward happens is not even apparent on the basic “Plain Jane” or tier two models shown at AUSA, and at the Modern Day Marine and UK DSEi 09 expos earlier in 2009. What sets the SIG516 and 517 apart from the competition is what is planned for the system in first tier “Combined Spaces Carbine” models in both calibers that was publicly debuted at the 2010 SHOT Show in January in Las Vegas that will allow for modularity of the buttstock by the operator without tools.

Compact 5.56mm assault rifles have been all the rage in U.S. units for CQB and special roles since the terminal performance demise for general combat purposes in the 1990s of the pistol-caliber MP5 submachine gun. Short barreled, highly portable and concealable 5.56mm compact carbines like the 5.56mm U.S. MK18 CQBR and 10-inch HK416 have replaced the MP5 in those confined spaces roles. Original user requirements for Combined Spaces Carbines usually demanded the reliability of the full size carbine combined with a desire for minimal overall size and weight – two competing demands in conventional direct impingement gas-operated ARs. The conventional Stoner-type AR design with its protruding six and a half inch buffer tube generally prohibits the maximum length reduction of the weapon to just a few inches (3.25 inches to be exact – not much of a reduction). Attempts to build side-folding stocks around a shortened buffer tube (a la U.S. M231 Port Firing Weapon) have never been popular with shooters. They do not greatly lessen the length of the weapon and all but destroy shooter comfort and cheek weld. Side folding stocks have to be extended before effective firing can commence. Conventional M4-style retractable or collapsible stocks allow the weapon to be instantly fired with the stock in any one of their many multiple positions but extend 6-7 inches or more from the rear of the receiver.

A modular stock system wherein any number of various stock modules can be fitted to the receiver by the operator and without tools in seconds, similar to the U.S. XM8 or MP5, has been strongly desired by many in the user community for decades. A fixed stock, MP5-style retractable stock, a side-folding stock or sniper stock, even a butt cap are all modular opportunities in such a configuration. The problem with the presence of the buffer tube and return spring usually has sidelined that appreciable system upgrade. Not the case in the new SIG516 and SIG517. SIG has found a proprietary way to eliminate the buffer tube and still keep the upper receivers interchangeable with standard M16/M4 lowers, and most importantly preserve the superior functional reliability that the modern op-rod ARs bring to the users tactical tool box. More about just how this is accomplished will be covered in the full future SAR write-up.

It seems that SIG is on track to elevate the already brilliant Stoner AR platform to new heights for the war fighter. Their timing could not be better, and clearly not a coincidence, as the release of the U.S. Army’s new “Individual Carbine” draft solicitation is expected out in early 2010. A long standing U.S. Army requirement for a Sub Compact Weapon (SCW) in 5.56mm sharing common modularity with the new carbine is also under development at the Infantry Center at Fort Benning. The new SIG516, to be produced in America in Exeter, New Hampshire, may place SIG near the head of the pack in what can be expected to be a very full field of competing systems in the first full and open commercial U.S. carbine competition since the M1 Carbine was adopted in 1941. We at SAR are watching this one very closely.

A popular old adage is that, “Sometimes big things come in small packages.” In the case of the ACOG TA44S-10 from Trijicon, this could not be truer.

With an overall length of only 4 inches and weighing in at a miniscule 4.9 ounces, the new Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG) from Trijicon looked like a standard ACOG in shape and design; even employing its distinctive fiber optic light gathering system, except it was smaller, MUCH smaller. After examining it for a few minutes and reviewing the literature it was put up to an eye and everything immediately came together.

This latest sight is yet another home run in a long line of hits for Trijicon. The ACOG is an extremely popular scope line offering several distinct characteristics that have taken it to the top of its class. We are pleased to announce that none have been cut from the lineup in order to make such a small and light package possible.

Duel Fuel

One of the first features the owner of a Trijicon ACOG is introduced to is the illuminated reticle, and the unique and long standing methods utilized to power it. The aiming point is always illuminated, day or night, yet there are no batteries. During the day and in bright conditions the fiber optic light gathering system provides the illumination. This light is gathered in the small tube visible between the windage and elevation adjustment knobs, on the top of the scope. In the dark, or low light conditions the aiming reticle continues to glow in the same color, except the source for this light is Hydrogen-3, commonly known as tritium. As the lighting changes, the automatic brightness control provides the optimum reticle illumination for the conditions.

Two Eyes!

The second most intriguing feature of the Trijicon ACOG line is the implementation of the BAC (Bindon Aiming Concept) allowing both eyes to remain open, even though the scope has a slight amount of magnification. Since this is something unfamiliar to many long-time shooters we will explain the process and how it works.

When using a sight with BAC, the key is keeping both eyes open all the time. This gives the shooter a much larger field of view and allows complete peripheral vision when watching the target. It is much harder to find and acquire a target with one eye closed than with both eyes open.

When a target is chosen the rifle is shouldered with the sight in front of the shooters dominant eye and the shooter swings the rifle toward the target. While it is moving quickly the unsighted eye takes over in the brain as it is providing the clearest picture. This is an automatic function of the brain. As the swing of the rifle slows to get on target, the sight quickly provides the clearer picture, especially combined with the lighted reticle, and the brain makes an automatic switch to using the eye behind the sight as the primary viewing source. This is an automatic function and happens instinctively. For some it may take a little practice (very little) but everyone who has had the opportunity to utilize the TA44S-10 caught on almost immediately.

The TA44S-10

The TA44S-10 is a 1.5x16mm weapon sight. As previously mentioned, the aiming reticle is always illuminated. Though there are several reticle types, colors and styles available in the 1.5×16 ACOG line, the reticle pattern on our test scope was an amber circle with a small dot in the center and a heavy black vertical line below the dot. Currently the TA44S-10 offers only the circle and dot reticle option and it is available in red, amber or green. All are suitable for use with BAC. The field of view through this 1.5×16 model is a large 7.4-degrees and makes target acquisition fast and easy.

This sight comes with a short base for mounting in the carry handle of a standard AR-15/M16/M4 rifle. For those using flat top upper receivers or full rail systems an adapter is available as we utilized on the POF-USA P-416 with a Predator Rail System for testing.

TA44S-10 ACOG Construction

The housing of the TA44S-10 is made from forged 7075-T6 aluminum alloy allowing a lightweight optic while retaining superior strength. It utilizes broadband anti-reflective coated lenses and it not just water resistant, but actually waterproof to 150 meters (500 feet). The field of view at 100 yards is 39 feet and remains very clear and useful from very short ranges to those far out of the standard useful range of the configuration.

Quality Starts in the Packaging

The TA44S-10 ACOG is shipped in a Pelican hard case with foam inserts. Several accessories accompany the sight from the factory including a TA30 carry handle screw and washer set, a Devtron neoprene (laminated with nylon) fitted “Scopecoat” for the compact ACOG, a LensPen with a retractable dust removal brush and a cleaning element on the opposite end, and owners manual with other assorted paperwork.

Range Time

The ACOG TA44S-10 was placed atop a POF-USA P-416. Sighting in was a simple and easy task. After sighting in, since it was designed as more of a “high-speed” application than a higher powered scope, it was decided it would be tested under fast-pace, timed fire requiring little room for error.

We were accompanied to the Small Arms Research test facility in Maine by a master firearms instructor from the Maine Criminal Justice Academy. We asked him to run us through the timed qualification drills necessary for the law enforcement annual certification test. This included shooting in several positions from numerous distances including prone fire, kneeling fire, barricade drills and moving fire while walking both forward and rearward on command to engage. The testing started at 50 yards with 100 yard reduced size targets and commenced to close the gap moving from 50 yards inward. Some shooting necessitated multiple target acquisition from many positions in a single station including mandatory reloads. From kneeling and shooting on the right side of the barricade, dropping prone to shoot from the right side to shooting kneeling from the left side of the barricade, with left hand controls with a mandatory reload thrown in the middle, this represented one station and again, all under timed fire guidelines and command shooting.

Since the real selling point of the TA44S-10 was quick target acquisition in many different scenarios, and this seemed to be a perfect test opportunity, this writer qualified high enough to make instructor level on the very first run. This is a real testament to the ability of the system with the optics working exactly as intended.

Conclusion

The Trijicon TA44S-10 ACOG is an excellent weapon sight for serious shooters. The conditions in which we tested the claims of the fast action capabilities were much more grueling than most people will ever need to operate in, and it came away with very high marks.

The BAC worked exactly as described and was fast and easy for all shooters to master in very little time. The shooting transitioned from very bright light to low light conditions and there was never any degradation of the illuminated aiming reticle. The amber ring and dot made acquisition extremely fast and proved to be a good choice against every backdrop. We never noticed any type of background blending in any situation we encountered with this color. While the illuminated reticle remained bright in all environments it was never overpowering in any way.

The fit and finish was the same high quality we have come to expect from all Trijicon products and it looks as nice as it functions. The finish is a non-reflective dark gray to match the M4 family of rifles it was designed for optimum use with.

Based on the size, the proven performance, and legendary illuminated aiming reticle system the ACOG sights have long been known for, this small package scored big with all shooters who had the opportunity to try it during testing. If you are looking for something that you can rest assured will work when you need it and excel in all areas it is designed for, we believe the Trijicon TA44S-10 will make a great optical sight for your AR-15, M16, M4 system. Suggested retail at the time of printing is $1,010 and lead time for new orders is approximately 8 to 10 weeks.

Sources

Trijicon
TA44S-10 ACOG
49385 Shafer Avenue
P.O. Box 930059
Wixom, MI 48393 USA
Phone: (800) 338-0563
Phone: (248) 960-7700
Fax: (248) 960-7725
Website: www.trijicon.com

POF-USA
P-416 Weapon System
Ph: (602) 561-9572
Fax: (623) 321-1680
Sales@pof-usa.com
Website: www.pof-usa.com

By John Brown

That is the number of transferable machine guns that exist in the United States as of November 2007. After an extensive audit of the National Firearms Registry and Transfer Record (NFRTR) by the NFA Branch in November of 2007, that was the number of transferable machine guns determined that were available on the market two and a half years ago. The question of how many guns are available for civilian ownership has been asked many times over the years. Interestingly enough that original number gets smaller every year for reasons that just amaze all of us. We will get into that just a bit later in this session.

What is a transferable machine gun? The answer is relatively simple. A transferable gun is any machine gun that was manufactured prior to May 19, 1986 and was duly registered. It is estimated that on that date there were approximately 250,000 machine guns available to the general public. Unfortunately what has happened over the years since 1986 is that number keeps shrinking every year for a multitude of reasons. Recently, many of you probably heard the incident when a widow called the local ATF office and requested that her late husband’s collection of transferable machine guns be picked up and destroyed. And yes, that is exactly what happened to nearly 100 guns.

When Congress passed the manufacturing regulations on May 19, 1986, it was determined at this point that future production of machine guns could only be owned by the military, law enforcement or a Class Three dealer with the proper documentation to support the purchase. It was at this point in history where we tagged guns manufactured after May of 1986 as “Post Sample” machine guns. Everything else manufactured before hand was either “transferable,” meaning it had been registered with ATF on the NFRTR prior to May 1986 or it was a Pre 1986 Sales Sample that was designated as such as it could only be owned by Class Three dealers. Again, all other guns would be deemed “Post Samples,” none of which could ever be owned by the civilian community. Hence, this is the reason why you can’t own, as a civilian, an H&K 416 or a P90 or many of the guns that we see in the military. We settle for the next best thing in a P90S short barreled rifle (SBR), knowing we will never be able to own the real P90. A simple rule of thumb to always remember: if it was manufactured as a machine gun after May 19, 1986, you can’t own it as a civilian.

The moral to this story is a short one but extremely important for the entire NFA community to understand. As it stands today there are a limited number of machine guns in this country available for the collector, investor or shooter. The number will never increase, unless, with some luck, our community is afforded the opportunity to have additional amnesty periods. This is the only reason why the number of transferables would ever increase. The plain simple truth of the matter is the number 182,619 dwindles every year. Across our country every day people continue to do stupid things which result in confiscation and the consequent destruction of the machine guns manufactured prior to May 19, 1986. Every conceivable reason that you can imagine causes this number to dwindle each year. I shudder to think what the actual number is in 2010.

We all watch the boards where transferable guns come up for sale every day. With the current state of the economy there are many great deals available if you have the funds to support the effort. The number of machine guns available to our community keeps getting smaller every year and the fact that the pricing reacts to the economy is something we have all seen since 1986. What all of us need to remember is this is one commodity that gets smaller every year and that even though pricing fluctuates, the law of supply and demand will always prevail.

Since we all know that the potential for having another amnesty is not likely under the current administration, the cold facts are that we must harbor and hold safe the transferable guns that are available. Machine guns that the general public can own are quickly becoming the dinosaurs of the future. It is imperative that every estate, every individual, and every entity that owns a machine gun that was manufactured prior to 1986 take absolute care to preserve a part of firearms history that we are likely never to revive.

If you are thinking after reading this article, “Duh… I take care of my stuff!” think again. There is only one organization working today to protect your investment beyond what you can do as an individual, in this effort, The National Firearms Act Trade and Collectors Association (NFATCA). Preservation of our rights of ownership is exactly what we do. Why aren’t you a member and helping preserve a piece of our national heritage?

Come join us and make a difference with your knowledge, expertise and much needed experience. Contact us at www.nfatca.org for more information.

JKM Introduces New Shot See

JKM Associates announces production and retail availability of the revolutionary Shot See, a transparent, replacement magazine for the Mossberg 590 (8+1). Shot See’s patent pending design provides instant visual knowledge of available rounds in the Mossberg 590. The Shot See is made in the United States and hand crafted in Virginia from tough engineered polymers bonded to steel threaded ends. The polymer tube weighs 1/2 pound less than the stock magazine and provides excellent impact resistance. Shot See features an operational temperature range of -35° to +390°F, drop-in replacement from the stock Mossberg magazine, change out takes about 10 minutes and requires no tools or modifications to the weapon. The Shot See kit includes one Shot See, a new replacement Wolff spring and custom and a high visibility follower. Shot See was developed from one of JKM Associates owners’ frustration of wasted time, during 3-gun events, trying to load the 9th round into an eight-round magazine, while counting, moving and shooting during timed events. Shot See is a superb tool for 3-Gun sports, training, instruction and home defense. For more information on this innovative new shotgun accessory please contact JKM Associates, Dept. SAR, 810 Granby, Norfolk, VA 23510. Phone: (757) 606-0887. Web: www.jkm-associates.com.

CaseCruzer Deploys New Top Kick KR-20 Gun Case

The new GunCruzer Universal M4/M16 case is engineered to safeguard one rifle (military or civilian AR-15) with any type of optics system. It will also accommodate one sidearm from well-known brands such as Beretta, Colt, SIG Sauer, and others. The case is lighter and 2.5 times stronger than comparable gun case designs and boasts an easy-trigger latch system that is the best on the market (with optional TSA accepted key locks or padlocks). Wheels provide ease of transport. Four padlock flanges comply with new military security regulations and meets Mil-C-4150J waterproof and dust tight design. The case also is fitted with reinforced hinges as well as side and front folding handles. The 45L x 17W x 6.38H inch exterior dimensions of the new wide-body gun case improves previous designs because it can accommodate both popular weapons, such as the M4 or the M16 rifle, as well as many handgun brands and sizes, including the M9 and M11 (or P228). The case is shockproof, watertight and airtight (with an O-ring seal) and is fitted with an automatic pressure release valve. The top lid interior of the carrying case is cushioned with convoluted egg-crate style foam. The base of the KR-20 is padded with polyethylene foam that includes multiple removable plugs for M16 and M4 rifles. There are cut-outs for seven rifle magazines, accessories, rail-mounted optics and one desiccant. For more information you can contact them at CaseCruzer, Dept. SAR, 4665 State Street. Montclair, CA 91763. Phone: (909) 613-1999. Fax: (909) 465-5597. They can be found on the web at www.casecruzer.com.

Kahr P380 Now Available in All Black

The Kahr P380, is now available in a Black-Out version for a sleek, subtle concealed carry option. The new KP3834 has a black polymer frame, just like its P380 match, but features a matte blackened stainless slide for a completely different look. The slide is blackened using an ultra hard and super thin coating that has been used successfully in the knife industry to protect blades from corrosion and scratches. Not only does the blackened slide offer a new unique and attractive profile, but it also provides a tougher coat and protection for your slide. This helps you keep your Kahr looking just as good as the day you bought it, even after some wear and tear.

The all black KP3834 maintains the same measurements as the original P380. It has an overall length of 4.9 inches and a height of 3.9 inches. It features a 2.5 inch premium Lothar Walther match grade barrel. The weight of the new all black 380 is 9.97 ounces without the magazine. The magazine capacity is 6+1 in a single stack configuration. The KP3834 also has drift adjustable, white bar-dot combat sights with optional tritium night sights available. The all black KP3834 has an MSRP of $690. The KP3834N, with tritium night sights, has an MSRP of $799. For more information please contact Kahr Arms, Dept. SAR, 130 Goddard Memorial Drive, Worchester, MA 01603. Phone: (508) 795-3919. Fax: (508) -795-7046. Their website is www.kahr.com.

Zimmerman Arms now has Rezolution Rimfire System

Zimmerman Arms, a new and innovative gun manufacturer, recently launched the production of a rimfire system capable of revolutionizing the tactical rimfire world. The Zimmerman Arms Rezolution 10/22 receiver system merges the receiver and Picatinny rails into a true one-piece CNC-machined platform, bonding the scope, receiver and barrel into a single highly accurized component. This design is a significant innovation over the current cast receiver and bolt-on “shell” system commonly being used to modify the Ruger 10/22. Mounting accessories directly to the Rezolution brings unparalleled accuracy, rigidity, and modularity to the tactical 10/22 platform. The Zimmerman Arms Rezolution is the only receiver in the 10/22 weapons family that utilizes monolithic type construction to eliminate the traditional stock assembly. All Rezolution receivers accept the Zimmerman Arms integrally mounted and fully adjustable bedding system for additional accuracy. Most importantly, the Ruger 10/22 parts family available from hundreds of manufacturers remain compatible in the Rezolution. It accepts standard 10/22 bolts, charging handles, trigger groups, barrels (up to .920 OD), and magazines. For the ultimate in tactical looks and utility, AR-15 stocks are the standard with the Rezolution. You can order the parts and build it yourself or let Zimmerman Arms build one for you. You can contact them at Zimmerman Arms LLC, Dept. SAR, 540 Sixth Street #F, Prescott, AZ 86301. Phone: (928) 778-1864. Fax: (928) 778-1694. On the web at: www.zimmermanarms.com

AWC Announces New M91 BDR

When firearms enthusiasts think of breakdown rifles, many picture a rifle that breaks at the breach, which can affect zeroing and accuracy, or at the wrist where a rifle stock is its weakest, sacrificing stock strength. AWC Systems Technology’s M91 BDR (Breakdown Rifle) breaks from the norm and separates the stock at its strong point on the stock to maintain stock integrity and to ensure that the rifle maintains its zeroing and accuracy. The M91 BDR’s match-grade fiberglass stock with a Pachmayr decelerator recoil pad with 13.5-inch L.O.P. can be quickly broken down or assembled using two alignment rods and a steel anchor rod. The action is a Remington 700 BDL action that is fully accurized with a tuned trigger. Standard customization configurations offer either right- or left-handed bolts and are available in .308 WIN or .223. The barrels are manufactured from medium-weight chrome moly with match chamber and crown in 16.5- or 18.5-inch lengths. Other calibers are available in custom orders. A pelican hard case with custom cut foam and a preset “T” handle torque wrench is standard. Additional accessories include a HyperDyne muzzle brake, AWC’s Thundertrap suppressor, fast-action bolt knob and LMS bipod. For more information you can contact them at AWC Systems Technology, Dept. SAR, 1515 West Deer Valley Road, Suite A-105, Phoenix, AZ 85027. Phone: (623) 780-1050. Fax: (623) 780-2967. Website: www.awcsystech.com.

Compact, Affordable Handgun Storage from GunVault

GunVault is pleased to introduce NanoVault, the compact, secure and affordable handgun storage safe solution. Available in two sizes, the NanoVault is perfect for home, travel or concealed-weapon permit holders. The NanoVault meets TSA airline firearm guidelines and fits discreetly in a bag, briefcase, desk or under a vehicle seat. The NanoVault features an easy-to-operate key lock system, 21-gauge steel construction and 1.25-inch thick memory foam interior. Each unit comes standard with a 1,500-pound test security cable. When the cable is wrapped around any fixed object and slid over the lock receiver inside the security box, both the NanoVault and any valuables will be securely attached. The retail prices for the vaults are $29.99 (NV100) and $34.99 (NV200). You can contact them at GunVault, Dept. SAR, 19949 Kendall Drive, San Bernardino, CA 92407. Phone: (800) 222-1055. Fax: (909) 382-2042. Website: www.gunvault.com.

Bronze Sculptures from Dave Venell Studios

Realizing a life-long dream, Dave Venell began sculpting in 2004. He is a self-taught artist and has always had a passion for all forms of art. He also loves history and his ideas come from his passion for military history. He pays special attention to historical accuracy and detail in depicting the proper uniforms and equipment on the sculptures. Dave strives to create unique and dynamic sculptures that express a snapshot in time.

To create the bronze sculpture, the process begins with creating a clay maquette, which is then molded with silicone. Once the mold is cured, it is removed from the maquette and is ready for a wax pour. The wax is poured into the mold and after it has hardened it is removed from the mold and touched up. The wax is then gated (a method to vent the gases from the bronze pour) for the ceramic shell dip. This process can take up to a week to complete. The shell can be as thick as 1/2 inch. Once the shell has hardened it is ready for a burnout, (the wax is burned out of the ceramic shell). When the burnout is complete, the shell is then ready for the molten bronze to be poured into it. Once the metal has cooled, the outer shell is hammered off and the welding and chasing (cleaning up the metal and fixing any imperfections) begins. After the bronze is finished and cleaned, a patina is then applied with heat and pigmented acids to achieve the desired effect, then it is sealed with wax or lacquer to prevent any further oxidation to the metal.

The results of this painstaking process are bronze sculptures that are highly detailed and are true works of military art. Dave has created a number of military sculptures depicting scenes from the old west, World War II, Korea and Viet Nam. He is currently working on creating depictions of World War I in commemoration of the upcoming 100th anniversary of that war. For more information on these beautiful works of art, contact Dave Venell Studios, Dept. SAR, 2306 N. Pyrite, Mesa, AZ, 85207. Phone: (602) 448-3354. Website: www.davenell.com.