By Teresa G. Ficaretta, Esq. & Johanna Reeves, Esq.

Compliance Programs for Federal Firearms Licensees: An Important Step in Protecting Your Business

Despite what some in the media and urban policy centers would have you believe, the firearms industry is heavily regulated. On any given day, operations of a firearms business are subject to the oversight of several distinct federal agencies, each with their own set of rules, regulations and policies. First is the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), the agency charged with administering and enforcing the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), the National Firearms Act (NFA), and the permanent import provisions of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA). If the company engages in the business of exporting or importing, the company is also subject to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Government contractors must also comply with the Federal Acquisition Regulations and the Department of Defense supplement known as the Defense Acquisition Regulations System, and public companies must adhere to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act.

Each of these regulatory regimes are complex, and regardless of the best intentions of management, employees, and corporate boards, mistakes will happen. When a regulatory violation occurs, the government’s response will depend on the intent of the persons involved. Was it a case of simple human error, a misunderstanding of the regulations? Or does the violation rise to the level of willfulness, reckless disregard or an intentional attempt to subvert the law?

The government considers the mindset of the people involved in the violation as a crucial factor in determining whether the company or individuals should be subject to enforcement, such as fines, penalties, license revocation or suspension, exclusion from future government business, debarment from importing or exporting, or criminal penalties. Furthermore, federal enforcement action against a firearms business will often receive primetime, front page media coverage.

Federal investigators, regulators and prosecutors will likely have a skeptical approach, compounded by the fact that they will have interests and priorities that differ from the company’s management and personnel.

An effective compliance program can be one of the most valuable tools in convincing government regulators, investigators, prosecutors and judges of the good faith and intent of the company in light of a compliance violation. This article focuses on the advantages to adopting a GCA/NFA compliance program and the essential elements to ensure the program is likely to be viewed as a mitigating factor by regulators.

I. Why Should FFLs Adopt a Compliance Program?

As outlined in our article published in Volume 19, No. 10 (“Compliance Inspections under the Gun Control Act—Know ATF’s Limitations and Boundaries”), ATF has the statutory authority to conduct annual warrantless compliance inspections of a Federal Firearms Licensee’s records and inventory. ATF attempts to inspect FFLs at least once every five years, but its resources often result in far less frequent inspections. If a licensee has not experienced an ATF compliance inspection in more than five years, one is likely to occur sooner rather than later. When ATF shows up at the licensed premises, most likely without any advance notice, the licensee is well advised to have its records and inventory in order. If not, it may be on the receiving end of enforcement action.

Companies who have in place an effective compliance program will stand a better chance of mitigating penalties than companies who either have no program or have a program that is not effective. This holds true for criminal prosecution as well. In a speech before compliance officers in New York on November 2, 2015, Leslie Caldwell, Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice, outlined the factors the Criminal Division considers in determining whether to prosecute companies for securities and commodities fraud, health care fraud, and violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. One of the factors mentioned by Ms. Caldwell is whether the company has an effective compliance program.

Even though Ms. Caldwell did not specifically mention companies who violate the federal firearms laws, the same rationale would apply. We are aware of a number of instances where ATF considered or proposed revoking a license, but the adoption of an effective compliance program convinced the agency to give the FFL another chance. Indeed, evidence of an effective compliance program may help protect against ever reaching the point of a proposed revocation.

An effective compliance program also will help protect against GCA and NFA violations from occurring and may deter employee misconduct, even if that misconduct does not present an obvious regulatory risk. Even though not required by law, a regulatory compliance program is a sound investment for virtually every FFL.

II. Elements of an Effective GCA/NFA Compliance Program

A. What Makes a Program Effective?

To avoid the “paper tiger” syndrome, compliance policies must be fully embedded in the corporate culture, supported by corporate policies, procedures, systems and documents, and embraced from the top down. A compliance program that is treated as mere window dressing is meaningless and likely will be recognized and called out by the regulators. As Leslie Caldwell noted in her November 2, 2015, speech, when the Department of Justice reviews compliance programs during a criminal investigation, “[t]he department looks closely at whether compliance programs are simply ‘paper programs,’ or whether the institution and its culture actually support compliance. We look at pre-existing programs as well as what remedial measures a company took after discovering misconduct – including efforts to implement or improve a compliance program.”

As indicated by Ms. Caldwell’s remarks, drafting a written compliance program is only the first step. The company must implement the program, evaluate it periodically, revise it as necessary, and enforce it for the program to have any meaning. The company must allocate resources necessary to make the compliance program meaningful and effective.

B. Corporate Commitment

An essential element of an effective compliance program is commitment to compliance from the top down. The commitment should be documented in corporate policies that set out the clear objectives of the program. The policies should clearly describe the consequences for employees who fail to abide by the compliance program and/or who fail to abide by the requirements of federal law.

The corporate policies should address reporting requirements and identify the names, titles, and principal responsibilities of company personnel responsible for compliance. When deciding who will be responsible for compliance within the company, it is important to give compliance officers a significant stature in the company. Assigning the responsibility to low-level clerical employee sends a signal to employees and the government that compliance is not a priority. It also makes it more difficult for personnel to report violations of law, regulations, or company policy up through the chain of command. As discussed further below, it is essential that FFLs create a culture where all employees feel free to report violations to management so they can be addressed and corrected. Placing responsibility for regulatory compliance at a low level in the organization gives the program less visibility and credibility. It also makes it more difficult for compliance personnel to communicate effectively through multiple levels of the organization when they discover a problem. The ideal structure gives compliance personnel direct access to upper management.

To ensure that compliance is embraced by all employees, it is essential the company creates a culture where reporting violations is expected, encouraged, and rewarded. Remember, the operative word for compliance programs is that they are effective. If the company discourages reports of violations, makes it difficult to make such reports, or punishes employees who make reports, the ability to discover weaknesses in the compliance program will be severely hampered. If violations of the law are not discovered until an ATF compliance inspection is conducted, it may be too late to avoid citations against the company.

C. Communication and Training

To effectively implement a compliance program, employees must be adequately trained in the federal rules governing operations. It is also important for employees and third parties doing business with or on behalf of the company have an understanding of the corporate policies and procedures.

The statutes and regulations are complex and ATF policies can and often do change. Consequently, annual refresher training should be required for existing employees in addition to new hire training. The training should be provided by someone knowledgeable and experienced in the area of GCA and NFA compliance, and it should be tailored to the audience. For example, training for engineers will cover topics not pertinent to sales personnel.

Federal firearms licensees should create and retain records of all employee training sessions. The record should include the names and qualifications of the persons providing the training, a copy of the training presentation, and a list of all employees trained.

D. Regular Audits and Monitoring

Internal monitoring is essential to gauge the effectiveness of the compliance program and to discover violations. Even with the most robust compliance program, mistakes can and will be made. If a violation is discovered, the compliance program should set out the procedures for investigating the incident, preserving relevant materials, and taking the necessary remedial and corrective action. Also, whether the violation warrants a disclosure to the government should be carefully considered.

Should a company choose to use a non-attorney consultant, it is important to note that such consultants are not subject to the work product and privilege doctrines available to a licensed attorney. As such, a consultant’s communications, reports, findings and recommendations may be discoverable by the regulator or prosecutor.

E. Documentation – The Compliance Manual

A key part to making a compliance program effective is a written compliance manual that contains the corporate policies and implementing procedures to guide employees in their daily responsibilities and activities. The written manual should include an overview of pertinent provisions of the GCA, NFA (if the company manufactures, imports, or deals in NFA firearms), and import provisions of both statutes and the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), if appropriate. The manual should include sections on licensing and qualification, marking firearms, importing firearms, transferring firearms, records required by the GCA, and registration of firearms under the NFA.

The manual should include detailed processes for employees to follow, examples of forms required under the GCA and NFA, and lists of firearms products manufactured, imported, or distributed by the FFL and how each is regulated by ATF. The manual should also include references to relevant ATF rulings and other ATF compliance information. The manual should be comprehensive, outline all the licensee’s responsibilities under the federal firearms laws, and provide step-by-step guidance to employees on regulatory compliance.

A written compliance manual that outlines processes and procedures prevents mistakes in accounting for and transferring firearms. For example, having all records reviewed by more than one person will ensure accurate records AND protect against false or fraudulent records intended to cover up employee theft.

The written compliance manual should be reviewed and revised on a regular basis to ensure employees are using up-to-date information and that the manual accurately reflects the company’s product lines and business. The compliance manual should be distributed to all employees responsible for regulatory compliance and posted to the company’s internal website. It should not be provided to ATF representatives unless the company’s counsel directs such disclosure.

III. No “One Size Fits All” Program

Licensees are well advised to use caution when purchasing a pre-fabricated or “off-the-shelf” compliance program as there is no such thing as a “one-size-fits-all” compliance program. An effective program must be fully embedded in, supported and embraced by the company. Consequently, it must be tailored to the company’s structure, products, market, risks, and business practices. What works for a large company manufacturing destructive devices for the military will not work for a small company that customizes pistols for sale to consumers. Each FFL must create its own program based on the unique business needs of the company.

IV. Conclusion

Federal firearms licensees who devote resources to creating and implementing an effective compliance program will reap long-term benefits. A robust compliance program will aid in preventing violations of the federal firearms laws, deter employee theft, and, in the event ATF cites the company with violations of the law, make it less likely ATF will propose license revocation. The Department of Justice has recognized the importance of a compliance program in the securities, health care, and financial fraud area and may apply the same standards to regulatory compliance under the federal firearms laws. Compliance programs tailored to the business and product lines of the licensee are a sound investment that should be considered by all manufacturers, importers, and distributors of firearms.

The information contained in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not intended to be construed or used as legal advice or as legal opinion. You should not rely or act on any information contained in this article without first seeking the advice of an attorney. Receipt of this article does not establish an attorney-client relationship.

About the authors

Johanna Reeves is the founding partner of the law firm Reeves & Dola, LLP in Washington, DC (www.reevesdola.com). For more than ten years she has dedicated her practice to advising and representing U.S. companies on compliance matters arising under the federal firearms laws and U.S. export controls.

Teresa Ficaretta is one of the country’s foremost experts on ATF regulations under the Gun Control Act, the National Firearms Act, the Arms Export Control Act and Federal explosives laws. Before joining Reeves & Dola in 2013, Teresa served as legal counsel to ATF for 26 years, followed by two years as Deputy Assistant Director in Enforcement Programs and Services. They can be reached at 202-683-4200.

By Chris A. Choat

STREAMLIGHT INTRODUCES TLR-6 UNIVERSAL KIT

Streamlight® Inc., a leading provider of high-performance lighting and weapon light/laser sighting devices, has just introduced a Universal Weapon Kit for its TLR-6® handgun light that includes a light/laser module and six interchangeable housings to fit a variety of sub-compact handguns. The housings are designed for use with more than 18 different models of Glock®, M&P Shield™, KAHR®, SIG SAUER® and Kimber® handguns. The TLR-6, the first light with an integrated red aiming laser for sub-compact handguns, is designed to maximize visibility and targeting capability in a variety of home defense and tactical applications. Streamlight introduced the light, an industry first, 2015 with a housing designed to fit the trigger guard of Glock® 42 and Glock® 43 handguns. They now have expanded the versatility of the TLR-6, with additional body housings that quickly and securely attach to the trigger guard of additional types of sub-compact handguns. Now even more tactical and home defense users can attach this light/laser module to their sub-compact handgun of choice and benefit from its targeted bright light, as well as its powerful red aiming laser. Importantly, with the light and laser combination attached, users can more readily identify a potential threat before taking any action. The TLR-6 uses the latest in C4® LED technology to deliver 100 lumens, 2,000 candela and a beam distance of 89 meters. Its parabolic reflector produces a balance of beam and peripheral illumination. The light features three lighting modes: LED Only, LED/Laser, and Laser Only, with operating run times of one hour for the LED Only or LED/Laser modes, and 11 hours for the Laser Only mode. All modes automatically shut off after ten minutes to conserve batteries. The light also uses an integrated 640-660 nm red laser which has an operating temperature range of -20°F to +120°F, permitting usage under a wide variety of weather conditions. The TLR-6 is powered by two 3 Volt CR-1/3N lithium coin batteries. It features an integrated battery door that permits batteries to be replaced while the light remains mounted on the gun, and eliminates the need to re-sight the laser after a battery change. The TLR-6 Universal Kit is available at a price of $210.00. It includes one LED/laser module and six interchangeable body housings. Visit them at www.streamlight.com.

NEW FIX IT STICKS FOR FIREARMS

Fix It Sticks were originally introduced for cyclists who wanted quality tools that could be carried with them on the bikes. The company has now introduced their products into the world of firearms and these are tools that you just cannot be without. If you have ever tightened a scope ring screw just a little too tight and heard that sickening “snap” of the screw breaking you will definitely want a set of these high grade tools. The tools are available individually or as a complete set. The complete set includes sixteen replaceable bits in various sizes of Torx, Hex, Square and Screwdrivers bits, 2 double ended bit drivers that can be locked together to form a “T” handle, a ½ inch socket for tightening scope mounting nuts and 4 torque limiters. Torque limiters are basically very small torque wrenches. They are each specifically made for a set number of inch pounds for the shooters specific need. You can get them in 15, 25, 45 and 65 inch pound settings. In the future, they are also bringing out limiters in 70 and 80 inch pounds setting for installing and removing barrels such as in the Bren 805, SCAR and Desert guns. All this comes in a zippered pouch with Velcro on one side and Molle clips on the other so that you can attach it to your gear and always have it with you. The bits are held in the driver handles by Neodymium magnets. The bits are all replaceable and come in sizes to fit and screw whether it is metric or SAE. For more information on these “must have” tools contact them at www.fixitsticks.com.

ATN ANNOUNCESNEW SMART HD OPTICS ACCESSORIES

ATN, innovators of advanced night vision, thermal imaging and digital Smart HD optics for hunters, outdoor enthusiasts, military and law enforcement, is pleased to introduce their new Smart HD accessories line, compatible with ATN Smart HD Devices. The first products to roll out from the Smart HD accessories line are the ATN IR850 Pro and the ATN Power Weapon Kit. With the new high powered ATN IR850 Pro infrared illuminator, the user will have 300 meters of effective range aiming in total darkness. It includes an adjustable windage and elevation mount, an 18650 rechargeable battery and an 18650 rapid wall charger. Retail price is $149.00. The ATN Power Weapon Kit provides the user with plenty of juice whenever and wherever it is needed. The kit provides up to 22 hours of continuous use and is easy to recharge. It can also power other devices. It comes with a 16,000 mAh battery pack, USB to Micro USB with L shaped connector, a water resistant rubber seal and an adjustable buttstock pouch. The price of it is just $99.00. To see ATN’s full line of accessories, visit ATN’s Accessories and Kits webpage at www.atncorp.com.

LARUE TACTICAL ANNOUNCES THEIR MBT-2S AR TRIGGER

LaRue Tactical has introduced their new MBT (Meticulously Built Trigger) 2S (two stage) trigger. This new trigger is made from S7 tool steel plates that have been machined to almost a mirror finish. The trigger has a 4.5 pound trigger pull (a 2.5 pound first stage followed by a 2 pound 2nd stage. The trigger breaks like a glass rod and is perfectly consistent. The trigger is perfect for competitors as well as being battlefield rugged. The unit comes complete with trigger, disconnector, hammer, springs and pins. In short, everything that you need for a drop-in installation. The new trigger fits any mil-spec AR lower receiver and will make any “off the shelf” AR-15 shoot even better. For more information contact them at www.larue.com.

AUTO ORDNANCE NOW HAS GOLD AND CHROME “CHICAGO TYPEWRITERS”

Auto Ordnance is proud to introduce an exciting and classy look to their century-old Thompson, historically referred to as the “Chicago Typewriter”. The Thompson 1927A-1 semi-automatic carbine is now offered in a Titanium Gold finish and also a Polished Chrome. Either of these time-honored reproduction semi-auto carbines will undoubtedly impress your friends when you take it out to the shooting range. These guns are offered in .45 ACP and have a 16.5” finned barrel (18” with compensator), with a 1 in 16 right-hand twist. The frame is constructed in steel with either a Titanium Gold finish or a Polished Chrome finish. The gun weighs 13 lbs. and has an overall length of 41”. Other features include a pinned in front blade and an open rear adjustable sight. The stock is fixed and is made from luxurious American Walnut and has a vertical foregrip. These two new models each ship with one 50-round drum and one 20-round stick magazine. The magazines are also plated in either polished gold or chrome. The uniquely iconic look, combined with the history of the ‘Tommy Gun’ has always had an extremely strong appeal among gun owners. Both the Titanium Gold (Model Number T150DTG) and the Polished Chrome (model number T150DCR) carbines are shipped in a protective hard case which features both the distinctive Thompson logo and the words, “Chicago Typewriter”. To truly capture the 1920s gangster era, an aftermarket violin case can be ordered for the Gold or Polished Chrome Tommy Gun. For a limited time only, the introductory MSRP is $2963 for either the Polished Chrome or the Titanium Gold. The cost of the violin case is an additional $221.00. Find out more at www.auto-ordnance.com.

MID-EVIL INDUSTRIES 360 VFG (Vertical Fore Grip)

The 360° VFG is a brand new evolutionary product which gives the shooter the ability to adjust their vertical foregrip 360 degrees, at any angle with a simple locking handle. It is capable of mounting on bottom or side rails – giving the shooter more versatility and ergonomic positioning for optimum user comfort and control. It can be angled forward, to the rear or any position in between. This is great for weapons with a drum magazine. The 360° VFG is available in three models; one for the 1913 Picatinny rail, one for M-Lock forearms and one for Key-Mod forearms and has been precisely engineered with the male extensions necessary to ensure that the grip locks into place and will not come loose. Although this benefits all Picatinny applications, this modification is especially important to accommodate the plastic Picatinny rail systems for the Kel-Tec KSG and DP-12 shotguns. The foregrip offers ergonomic “on the fly” adjustability and has a storage compartment in the handle. The 360 VFG is also available in Cerakote colors. You can contact them at www.mid-evilindustries.com.

ALLEGIANCE INC. ANNOUNCES NEW SILENTSTRIKE SUBSONIC 223 AMMUNITION

Allegiance Inc. has now introduced their new 223 subsonic ammunition that is the world’s only lead free frangible full functioning subsonic round that functions in the AR-15/M-16, M-4 and the H&K 416 series of firearms. The new round fires at a very quiet 975 feet per second and does not require any modifications to the weapon that its used in. The ammunition uses lead free frangible 110 grain bullets and it will work in semi as well as full auto modes. Allegiance uses powder metal technology to achieve what others said couldn’t be done. Excellent for hunters or operators needing maximum performance in a stealth required situation. You can take the shot without giving up your position with full function of your select-fire weapon. Tungsten powder metal gives you the ability to penetrate at lower velocity to reach the vitals. To find out more or to place an order go to www.allegianceammo.com.

FIREARMS SERIALIZATION AND MARKING REQUIREMENTS

Firearms and how they are marked are regulated by Title 18 United States Code, Chapter 44, which is also known as the Gun Control Act (GCA). Additionally, Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) gives further guidance on how to apply markings, where they should be applied, and in the case of the serial number, how deeply they must be applied. There are also ATF rulings that clarify the regulations and statutes.

The history of the requirement to serialize firearms is held in the National Firearms Act (NFA), the GCA, and the military requirement to mark firearms. Generally, it is stated that serial numbers were not required until the passage of the GCA in 1968. Though this date is a drop dead requirement under United States Code, that all firearms made in the United States or imported into the United States would be required to be serialized, the serial number requirements go back to the founding of our nation. In 1775 through 1778, when the first martial arms were produced at Springfield armory, an attempt was made to mark all of the lock pieces and barrels of the muskets being produced. This method of marking was abandoned and then later implemented after 1812. (Lewis, Berkeley R. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Volume (Whole Volume), Small Arms and Ammunition in the United States Service, (With Plates).

The NFA was enacted in 1934, and it required the registration of certain firearms such as machineguns, silencers, and sawed-off weapons. As part of the registration process, a serial number was required. This is, most likely, the first U. S. regulation that required serial numbers on a category of firearms.

There was still not a requirement for all commercial firearms to have a serial number, nor was there a structure that must be followed. Though it was not required, most manufacturers were applying serial numbers on firearms they produced. Many of these firearms manufacturer’s serial numbers were duplicated or used over again between models. A manufacturer could make a pistol and a shotgun and use the same serial number on both firearms. These serial numbers were basically for record keeping purposes for the manufacturer.

In the 1958, the Federal Firearms Act of 1938 was amended. The Federal Firearms Act was part of the CFR, not the law. This amendment required the following markings be applied on firearms:
A. Name of the manufacturer or importer on the firearm (could either be the manufacturer’s or the
importer’s name)
B. Country of Origin (on all imported firearms)
C. Serial Number
Location of serial number was not specific
Duplication by the manufacturer not prohibited
Regulation did not require serial numbers on
shotguns or .22 caliber rifles

The serial number was not required to be on the frame or receiver of the firearm. For firearms that had serial numbers on the barrel there was not a penalty to remove the serialized barrel.

With the passage of the GCA in 1968, specific definitions of firearms were implemented and the requirement for a serial number was formalized.

It is important to understand the definition of a firearm to understand how firearms must be marked. A firearm is defined under Title 18, United States Code, Section 921(a)(3) as (A) any weapon (including a starter gun) which will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; (B) the frame or receiver of any such weapon; (C) any firearm muffler or firearm silencer; or (D) any destructive device. Such terms do not include an antique firearm.

In short, a firearm is defined according to the statute as a weapon, and the frame or receiver of a weapon is also a firearm. Title 18, U.S.C., Section 923(i) states that “licensed importers and licensed manufacturers shall identify, by means of a serial number engraved or cast on the receiver or frame of the weapon, in such a manner as the Attorney General shall by regulations prescribe, each firearm imported or manufactured by such importer or manufacturer.”

This section specifically states that each firearm, which once again includes the frame or receiver, must be serialized. It does not in any manner imply or state that only completed firearms must be serialized. Section 923(i) is very specific on what must be serialized. It does not spell out that if the receiver is not complete that it should not be serialized. Again, we refer back to the definition of a firearm as defined by 921(a)3(A) to be a weapon and the receiver of the weapon is a firearm. (ATF ruling 2012-1).

Under Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations, the marking requirements are further clarified:
§ 478.92 How must licensed manufacturers and licensed importers identify firearms, armor piercing ammunition, and large capacity ammunition feeding devices?
(a) (1) Firearms. You, as a licensed manufacturer or licensed importer of firearms, must legibly identify each firearm manufactured or imported as follows:
(i) By engraving, casting, stamping (impressing), or otherwise conspicuously placing or causing to be engraved, cast, stamped (impressed) or placed on the frame or receiver thereof an individual serial number. The serial number must be placed in a manner not susceptible of being readily obliterated, altered, or removed, and must not duplicate any serial number placed by you on any other firearm (Emphasis added). For firearms manufactured or imported on and after January 30, 2002, the engraving, casting, or stamping (impressing) of the serial number must be to a minimum depth of .003 inch and in a print size no smaller than 1/16 inch; and
(ii) By engraving, casting, stamping (impressing), or otherwise conspicuously placing or causing to be engraved, cast, stamped (impressed) or placed on the frame, receiver, or barrel thereof certain additional information. This information must be placed in a manner not susceptible of being readily obliterated, altered, or removed. For firearms manufactured or imported on and after January 30, 2002, the engraving, casting, or stamping (impressing) of this information must be to a minimum depth of .003 inch. The additional information includes:
(A) The model, if such designation has been made;
(B) The caliber or gauge;
(C) Your name (or recognized abbreviation) and also, when applicable, the name of the
foreign manufacturer;
(D) In the case of a domestically made firearm, the city and State (or recognized abbreviation thereof) where you as the manufacturer maintain your place of business; and
(E) In the case of an imported firearm, the name of the country in which it was manufactured and the city and State (or recognized abbreviation there of) where you as the importer maintain your place of business. For additional requirements relating to imported firearms, see Customs regulations at 19 CFR part 134.

The serial number applied must include at least one numeric. If a person would like unique number with his name as part of the number they must include a numeric. Such as “RICK 1.” “The serial number adopted must be comprised of only a combination of Roman letters and Arabic numerals, or solely Arabic numerals, and can include a hyphen, that were conspicuously placed on the firearm.” When a manufacturer places a serial number on a firearm, that number becomes dead. Serial numbers cannot be used on other models. If a manufacturer makes more than one model or different types of firearms (pistols, rifles), the serial number used on one model cannot be used on a different model. There have been instances in which manufacturers have received firearms from customers for replacement for a variety of reasons, and have erroneously used the same serial numbers of the destroyed/defective firearms on the new firearms. This practice is completely prohibited.

Adopting serial numbers of other manufacturers:

There are many manufacturers that utilize receivers made by other manufacturers that are already serialized and marked. Because section 923(i) indicates all licensed manufacturers and importers must apply a serial number, many of these “secondary manufacturers” were adding thier serial number on receivers they used to build their firearm. It is acceptable to follow this practice, however, these multiple serial numbers and markings could impede a successful trace of a firearm. ATF passed ATF ruling 2013-3 that authorizes secondary manufacturers to accept the original serial number, and other markings, on receivers they purchase with complete markings to manufacture a new firearm.

“ATF Rul. 2013- Held, pursuant to 27 CFR 478.92(a)(4)(i) and 479.102(c), ATF authorizes licensed manufacturers and licensed importers of firearms, and makers, to adopt the serial number, caliber/gauge, and/or model already identified on a firearm without seeking a marking variance, provided all of the following conditions are met.” Ensure you download and read the entire ruling.

Unlawful processes:

The GCA also makes it a felony to remove, obliterate, or alter the serial number in any manner. As established in Title 18, U.S.C., Section 922 Unlawful Acts:
(k) It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly to transport, ship, or receive, in Interstate or foreign commerce, any firearm which has had the importer’s or manufacturer’s serial number removed, obliterated, or altered, or to possess or receive any firearm which has had the importer’s or manufacturer’s serial number removed, obliterated, or altered and has, at any time, been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.

If you are working on a firearm performing gunsmithing, polishing, or some type of modification, DO NOT tamper with the serial number. There are numerous incidents in which gunsmiths have polished off or moved the serial number on a firearm for their convenience. DO NOT continue this practice. You could be charged with a violation of section 922 (k) of the GCA and your customer will lose his firearm.

With the passage of the GCA, the NFA became Title II of the GCA and regulations pertaining to serial numbers were also more firmly established as follows:
Title 26, Chapter 53, § 5842 Identification of firearms.
(a) Identification of firearms other than destructive devices. Each manufacturer and importer and anyone making a firearm shall identify each firearm, other than a destructive device, manufactured, imported, or made by a serial number which may not be readily removed, obliterated, or altered, the name of the manufacturer, importer, or maker, and such other identification as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe.
(b) Firearms without serial number.

Any person who possesses a firearm, other than a destructive device, which does not bear the serial number and other information required by subsection (a) of this section shall identify the firearm with a serial number assigned by the Secretary and any other information the Secretary may by regulations prescribe.

Additionally, the NFA also provides prohibited acts pertaining to serial numbers:

§ 5861 Prohibited acts.
It shall be unlawful for any person—
(g) to obliterate, remove, change, or alter the serial number or other identification of a firearm required by this chapter; or
(h) to receive or possess a firearm having the serial number or other identification
required by this chapter obliterated, removed, changed, or altered; or
(i) to receive or possess a firearm which is not identified by a serial number as required by this chapter; or …

Conclusion:

Under the GCA licensed manufacturers and importers are required to apply a serial number and other markings on all firearms made or imported.  There is nothing in these statutes or regulations that requires an individual to apply a serial number to a firearm that is made for themselves. If you are planning to make a firearm regulated by the GCA (Title I- rifles, pistols, shotguns, etc) for personal use, it is a good practice to mark it in some manner.  It may be lost or stolen, and this way you could accurately report it to law enforcement.  Under the NFA (Title II- Short Barreled Rifles and Shotguns, Silencers, Any Other Weapons, Destructive Devices) an unlicensed person is a “maker”, and all persons to include licensees, are required to apply a unique serial number to all NFA firearms they make or manufacture.

About the Author

Mr. Vasquez was a former Marine and State Department employee for 24 years prior to joining ATF in 1999 where he was intimately involved with regulations governing firearms manufacturing, the National Firearms Act and firearms import and export policy for the past 15 years. While with ATF at FTB (where he served as a Specialist, Assistant Branch Chief and Branch Chief), Mr. Vasquez developed their Standard Operating Procedures, created firearms identification courses for law enforcement, wrote, reviewed and approved numerous firearms rulings, and provided firearms briefs for Congress. Mr. Vasquez was also instrumental in reviewing the National Firearms Act Trade and Collectors Association (NFATCA) for accuracy, and trained Customs and Border Protection (CBP) on the intricacies of importation guidelines and the recognition of unlawful imports.

SOG

Zoom S30V: The Zoom S30V is a lightweight, compact folder that is quick to open and durable. Utilizing SOG’s patented assisted opening technology, the blade opens quickly with a simple push of your thumb. The contoured, anodized aluminum handle w/ carbon fiber inserts and stainless steel liners make the knife balanced and strong. Its thin profile and a reversible pocket clip make it a perfect choice for an everyday carry.

Model: Zoom S30V
Species: Assisted Folding Knife
Manufacturer: SOG Knives & Tools
Website: http://www.sogknives.com/zoom-s30v.html
Lock Type: Button Lock
Blade Length: 3.6”
Length Open: 8.3”
Length Folded: 4.7”
Grind: Drop Point
Blade Steel: S30V
Blade Thickness: 0.100”
Weight: 4.5 oz.
Handle: Aluminum w/ Carbon Fiber Inserts
Special Features/
Designations: Assisted opening
MSRP: $229

Quake: Just by opening this knife, you’ll know how it got its name. With just a push of a thumb, the thick blade propels open powerfully. Instead of a thumb stud, the cross guard folds in when closing the knife and is used as the lever to assist with the opening motion. Combined with a dual-tone VG-10 blade, forged aluminum handles, full length stainless steel liners, the Quake is one formidable knife that packs a punch.

Model: Quake
Species: Assisted Folding Knife
Manufacturer: SOG Knives & Tools
Website: http://www.sogknives.com/quake.html
Lock Type: Button Lock
Blade Length: 3.5”
Length Open: 8.5”
Length Folded: 4.8”
Grind: Clip Point
Blade Steel: VG-10
Blade Thickness: 0.126”
Weight: 5.8 oz.
Handle: Aluminum
Special Features/
Designations: Rotating cross guard, Assisted opening
MSRP: $191

CRKT

CRKT cares deeply about our returning veterans and saw a way to give back to the community. These are mission ready tools, designed by veterans, with 10% of the CRKT net profits of the program donated to the veterans’ charity of choice.

The Clever Girl tactical knife features a black, powder coated upswept blade with an injection molded, glass-reinforced nylon handle that sits comfortably in a sheath that’s MOLLE-compatible for multiple carry options. Austin’s charity is The Green Beret Foundation.

Model: Clever Girl (model # 2709)
Species: Fixed
Manufacturer: CRKT
Website: www.crkt.com
Lock Type: N/A
Blade Length: 4.600”
Length open: 10.125”
Length Folded: N/A
Grind: Hollow
Blade Steel SK5, 54-56 HRC
Blade Thickness: 0.158”
Weight: 6.3 oz.
Handle: G10
Special Features/ Designations: Gear Compatible Sheath w/ MOLLE Compatible Gear Clip
MSRP: $125.00

Gerber

Proudly built in Portland, Oregon, the Propel has proven automatic action that is unmatched. With its premium-grade S30V steel construction, you can count on it for all its intended uses and then some—like opening that crate, now—without compromising its integrity. The reliable plunge lock and safety switch keep the blade locked while in use and safely closed when stowed.

The partially serrated tanto-style blade with black oxide coating takes on stubborn materials and adverse conditions like a good soldier, while the composite G-10 handle balances the knife’s handling and provides all-conditions security. You can even customize the belt clip to meet your carrying preference.

Model: Propel Downrange Auto
Species: Automatic Folding Knife
Manufacturer: Gerber
Website: Gerbergear.com
Lock Type: Plunge Lock
Blade Length: 3.5”
Length Open: 8.52”
Length Folded: 5”
Grind: Tanto
Blade Steel: CPM-S30V with black oxide Coating
Weight: 4.28oz
Handle: G10
Special
Features/
Designations: Automatic
MSRP: $194

DPx Gear

In 2012 DPx Gear released a limited run of 500 of the HEST/F 2.0 Triple Black Special Edition which went on to win that year’s Blade Show’s Most Innovative Imported Design award. The limited run came with a unique skull tool constructed with an embedded, handmade Pyser SAS compass. Due to the overwhelming demand for that knife, DPx Gear has now added the HEST/F Triple Black to its production line of knives but this time around, the knife requires no special tool for adjustment. Not only does this allow for easier field adjustment, it reduces the cost of the knife so this unique hard use folder is accessible to even more customers.

The HEST/F Triple Black is an extremely low-profile knife designed for law enforcement and military use where a superior cutting edge and low visual signature are priorities. The 3.14” German Niolox corrosion resistant blade is matte black TiCN PVD coated to increase hardness and concealability. One side of the frame is scaled in grip textured black American G10 polymer. The other slab is 6Al4V titanium alloy that is black TiCN PVD coated.

Like the other DPx HEST/F models, the Triple Black comes with the patented RotoBlock to lock the folder open. Three sizes of wire strippers serve as unique and slip-proof jimping. A removable glass breaker screws into the butt of the knife, and the hex driver in the handle may be used with the knife open or closed.

Model: DPx HEST/F Triple Black Serrated
Species: FOLDING
Manufacturer: Lionsteel Italy
Website: https://www.dpxgear.com/shop/knives/dpx-hest/hest-f/hest-f-triple-black-serrated-edge.html
Lock Type: liner
Blade Length: 3.14”
Length open: 7.63”
Length Folded: 4.38”
Grind: convex
Blade Steel: Niolox
Blade Thickness: 0.19”
Weight: 4.85oz
Handle: Black G10
Special Features/
Designations: low profile blade with TiCn PVD black Coating on blade, hex driver, serrated blade, wire stripper jumping, titanium handle
MSRP: $250

U.S. Patents: http://www.dpxgear.com/patents

Features:

• Black TiCN PVD Coated Sterile German Niolox steel blade in either plain edge or serrated edge options
• Sterile design – no visible logos on blade
• Sandblasted, gunmetal black TiCN PVD coated 6Al4V Grade 5 titanium alloy frame lock
• Black TiCN PVD coated combat pocket clip with Mr. DP logo
• 7/64” sockets in RotoBlock and pivot screw so no special tool is required
• Tungsten carbide glass breaker with hex base and round replacement screw if needed
• Patented LionSTEEL RotoBlock system with new single spoke design and 7/64” hex socket
• American heavy grip black G10 scale
• 1/4” hex socket driver
• Wire strippers jimping
• Thumb grip/bottle opener on blade

Raven Crest Tactical

At Raven Crest Tactical, we take a three tier approach to our business. Our goal is to “wow” every RCT customer and we do that by staying focused on product quality, product innovation and customer service. Raven Crest Tactical has become a leader in offering affordable highly functional OTF knives that continue to be used by operators and civilians alike.

Model: mini Raven
Species: OTF
Manufacturer: Raven Crest Tactical
Website: Ravencresttactical@gmail.com
Blake Length: 2.75 inches
Length open: 17.78cm / 7 inches
Length Folded: 4.25 inches
Blade Steel: 440c
Blake Thickness: .11 inches
Weight: 5.17oz
Handle: Zinc Alloy
Special Features /
Designations: Safety feature when blade hits something as it’s expanding or deploying blade will free float
MSRP: $169.00

Spyderco

PATTADA – A member of Spyderco’s elite Ethnic Series, the Pattada is a modern expression of the classic Sardinian resolza folding knife made with state-of-the-art materials. It features a full-flat-ground blade crafted from premium N690Co stainless steel. The handle’s full stainless steel liners form the foundation of a sturdy LinerLock mechanism and are capped by meticulously machined G-10 scales. A deep-pocket wire clip provides convenient tip-up access and is reversible for left or right-side carry.

Model: Pattada
Species: Folding
Manufacturer: Spyderco
Website: www.spyderco.com
Lock Type: LinerLock
Blade Length: 3.92”/100mm
Length open: 8.69”/221mm
Length Folded 4.77”/121mm
Grind: Full-flat
Blade Steel: N690Co
Blade Thickness: .138”/3.5mm
Weight: 4.2oz/119g
Handle: G-10
Special Features/
Designations: Ambidextrous tip-tip carry
MSRP: $289.95

SOUTHARD FOLDER BLACK BLADE – The Southard Folder Black Blade is a stealthy, non-reflective version of Spyderco’s first flipper-style opener. Its hollow-ground CTS 204P blade rides on ball-bearing pivot washers for an ultra-smooth action. The handle combines a textured G-10 scale and titanium liner on one side with a solid titanium scale on the other that serves as the basis of the knife’s stout Reeve Integral Lock mechanism. All metal parts are cloaked in a durable black titanium carbonitride coating.

Model: Southard Folder Black Blade
Species: Folding
Manufacturer: Spyderco
Website: www.spyderco.com
Lock Type: Reeve Integral Lock (aka Frame Lock)
Blade Length: 3.46”/88mm
Length open: 7.96”/202mm
Length Folded: 4.50”/114mm
Grind: Hollow
Blade Steel: CTS 204P
Blade Thickness: .157”/4.0mm
Weight: 4.1oz/116g
Handle: G-10
Special Features/
Designations: Flipper opener, TiCN blade
and handle coating
MSRP: $439.95

5.11

Designed in collaboration with Kyle Lamb, highly decorated U.S. Army Special Operations veteran, sought–after shooting and tactical instructor, and accomplished hunter, 5.11’s new Game Stalker Folder provides outstanding versatility for outdoor and tactical users. The Game Stalker Folder features a satin finish AUS8 steel blade and textured Fiberglass Reinforced Nylon (FRN) handle for improved grip. IWB sheath sold separately.

Species: Folding
Manufacturer: 5.11
Website: http://www.511tactical.com/game-stalker-folder.html
Lock Type: Liner lock
Blade Length: 3.8”
Length open: 8.7”
Length Folded: 4.9”
Grind: Flat (Compound double bevel)
Blade Steel: AUS8 Stainless steel hardened to HRC 57-59
Blade Thickness: 3mm
Weight: 5.6 oz/159 gm
Handle: FRN
Special Features/
Designations: -Unique thumb rest adds comfort and aids precision
-Textured for a secure grip in all environments
-Hexagonal lanyard hole accommodates 1/4” hex bits
-Additional jimping on the front spine of the blade
provides superior control
-Compatible with Game Stalker fixed blade sheath
MSRP: $94.99

Microtech

A favorite of law enforcement, military personnel, and first responders, the Combat Troodon is built for a broad spectrum of utility and close quarter combat situations. With a contoured shape and radical design elements, this piece feels substantial, yet is suitable for every day carry.

Model: Combat Troodon D/E
Species: double action OTF
Manufacturer: Microtech Knives
Website: Microtechknives.com
Lock Type: NA
Blade Length: 3.75”
Length Open: 9”
Length Folded: 4.25”
Grind: Double Edge symmetrical
Blade Steel: Bohler ELMAX
Weight: 5.50 oz
Handle: 6061-T6
Special Designations: “best knife ever”
MSRP: $460

When Spyderco produced their first knife back in 1981, they literally defined the modern tactical folder. Although clip-carried, one-hand opening folding knives with optional serrated edges are commonplace now, Spyderco did it first. And in the process, they also earned a loyal following among savvy military personnel who won’t trust anything else.

That loyalty is not limited to Spyderco’s folding knives. It also applies to their broad selection of fixed-blades, and most notably their Aqua Salt™ model. Originally introduced in 2008, the Aqua Salt was a versatile, do-everything knife with a uniquely shaped drop-point blade. It featured a deep hollow grind that created outstanding edge geometry while maintaining the strength of a full-thickness spine. The grind was accented by a swedge (unsharpened bevel) on the back of the blade that guaranteed an acute, very capable point without sacrificing structural strength. Available in both conventional (“PlainEdge”) and fully-serrated (“SpyderEdge”) edge configurations, the Aqua Salt’s blade was paired with a durable fiberglass-reinforced-nylon (FRN) handle that was injection molded directly onto the tang. Offered in both black and high-visibility yellow, the handle featured Spyderco’s high-traction Bi-Directional Texture™ pattern, which complemented the handle’s ergonomic shape to guarantee a rock-solid grip, even with wet or cold hands.

As a member of Spyderco’s “Salt Series,” the most distinctive thing about the Aqua Salt was that its blade was made from H-1®, an extraordinary nitrogen-enriched steel that is completely impervious to rust.

Traditional steels are produced by adding carbon to iron. This changes the molecular matrix of the metal and gives it the ability to be altered through heat treatment to produce hard, durable tools like knife blades. Unfortunately, carbon-based steels have a fatal flaw: they are vulnerable to rust. While modern high-chromium stainless steels are less susceptible to corrosion than carbon steels, they are not immune to it—especially when used in saltwater environments. Since H-1 uses nitrogen instead of carbon to create the material’s steel-like properties, it eliminates the primary “ingredient” of salt-water corrosion.

H-1 is also an “austenitic” steel that does not require a conventional heat treating process. Instead, the mechanical processes used to shape the blade “work harden” it. Those areas—like the cutting edge—that are “worked” the most become the hardest. The result is a blade material that holds an excellent edge, is incredibly strong and flexible, and is completely impervious to rust.

Users of the first-generation Aqua Salt—including many commercial fishermen and military special operations personnel—absolutely loved it. Although military end users would have preferred non-reflective black-bladed versions, they carried them anyway, often spray painting the blades themselves to subdue them.

Despite the high degree of end-user satisfaction with the knife, it was not a brisk seller and Spyderco ultimately discontinued it in 2010. As soon as they did, its legions of die-hard fans—especially those in the military community—protested and asked that it be brought back. Based on that demand, Spyderco listened and listened well. In 2015, they not only reintroduced the Aqua Salt, they brought it back with a durable black titanium carbonitride (TiCN) coating on the blade.

Like the original version, the new all-black Aqua Salt comes complete with an injection-molded, snap-fit polymer sheath and an angle-adjustable G-Clip™ attachment that supports a wide range of belt and inside-the-waistband carry positions. Eyelets in the sheath also allowed it to be lashed or flex-tied to personal flotation devices, load-bearing vests, packs, and other platforms.

Truly “back in black,” the Spyderco Aqua Salt is an extremely capable, completely rustproof knife that offers proven high performance in some of the world’s most demanding environments. To learn more about it, visit www.spyderco.com.

“Martial Blade Concepts (MBC) is an edged-weapon system specifically designed to meet the needs of today’s concerned citizen and armed professional. Based on Michael Janich’s extensive analysis of the Filipino martial arts and many other systems, MBC takes combat-proven tactics and adapts them to modern tools, threats, and legal concerns. The result is a practical, easy-to-learn system that is ideally suited to modern self-defense.” (www.martialbladeconcepts.com/)

SAR was given the unique opportunity to not only attend a course, but to interview Michael Janich. He broke down the logic of MBC and emphasized the main difference between it and traditional martial arts knife systems – its focus on self-defense.

He explained that the roots of MBC can be found in the Filipino martial arts – a culture that was forced to establish defensive techniques due to several periods of occupation by invaders from Spain and Japan. The arts of Kali, Eskrima, and Arnis he explained, “are based on some of the most extensive research and practical application of edged weapons in history.” Unlike other cultures that used swords – such as Europe and Japan – the Filipino arts focused heavily on utilizing easily concealable knives. This technique was the best foundation for the use of today’s modern defensive knives, such as tactical folders.

Understanding the Logic

“MBC’s logic not only forms the core of the ‘why’ of what we do; it also forms the foundation of the system’s strength as a moral, ethical, and legally defensible approach to using a knife for personal defense.”

Understand the destructive power of your actual carry knife

First, understand that you’ll fight with the knife you carry. Knife laws vary from state to state, but for most, a legal, practical carry knife will be a lock-blade folder with a blade 3-4 inches in length. Historical tactics using a KA-BAR or a tanto with a 6-inch blade thrust into a torso could easily penetrate deep enough to inflict stopping power, however, the same thrust with a 3-inch blade – especially against an adrenalized attacker – may not have the same stopping effect.

Understand that “Stopping Power” is the goal of all self-defense

Like firearm tactics, stopping power is the main goal. However, a knife causes damage differently and not nearly as immediate as a bullet. Unlike battle, in self-defense we don’t shoot to kill; we shoot to stop. Conceptually, the defensive application of the knife is the same. The goal is to stop the attacker from delivering violence to you.

This is where the tactic of “defanging the snake” (common in the Filipino martial arts) against contact-distance weapons emerges. By cutting the flexor tendons of the attacker’s weapon-wielding arm, you disable it and ideally disarm him — instantly. “We don’t have to stop the life-supporting functions to stop the attack; we just have to stop the mechanical function of the limbs that enable the attack.”

Have an understanding of human anatomy

“Once you understand the type of damage you can do with your carry knife and relate that to an attacker’s body, the next step is to figure out which parts of your attacker’s body you can realistically target to achieve reliable, predictable stopping power.”

If “defanging the snake” (as referenced earlier) isn’t successful, the next target is the bicep and triceps muscles of the upper arm – if the attacker can’t articulate his elbow, he can’t swing again.

The ultimate stopping target is the quadriceps muscle, just above the knee. About the same size as a sirloin steak — ¾-inch thick and approximately 4-inches wide – it is easily cut to the bone with a 3-inch blade. Severing this muscle destroys function instantly and the attacker will collapse to one knee – allowing you to create distance and escape.

When most people think of knife fights, they tend to imagine scenes from Hollywood – glorified martial art fights that have not only been choreographed, but with unrealistic end results. They also tend to think of military-style knife fighting – especially the tactics from WWII combat manuals. Unfortunately, many of the common misconceptions about knife tactics appeared during this period; a time in U.S. history where young men from various backgrounds (i.e. accountants, translators, teachers) were thrown into a war and told, “You will need to kill.” To build confidence in these neophyte soldiers, instructors often exaggerated the effects of the tactics they taught.

Michael explained that many of the misconceptions about blood loss in knife fighting can be traced back to the classic “Timetable of Death” published by British close-combat legend, W.E. Fairbairn. Michael, along with the late Christopher Grosz, a former law enforcement officer and defensive tactics instructor from Littleton, Colorado, challenged the veracity of this timetable, worked with medical examiners, and concluded that it was, in fact, inaccurate. Through joint research with the assistance of recognized experts in both the medical and tactical fields, a modern and medically accurate version of Fairbairn’s timetable was constructed. Unfortunately, Christopher passed away and Michael wrapped up the research in a published book, “Contemporary Knife Targeting: Modern Science vs. W.E. Fairbairn’s Timetable of Death”. (All royalties go towards Christopher Grosz’s family)

Establish training techniques with clear purpose and structure, utilizing a system of movements consistent with instinctive reactions to stress

Most martial arts consist of several thousand techniques which take a lifetime to learn, let alone learn well enough to use reflexively. In a life-threatening fight, your body will naturally react with power survival instincts. “Unless you are incredibly trained, instinct will take precedence and you will do ‘it’ before you do anything else.” That is why MBC uses instinct and instinctive reactions like the “startle response” as the foundation of their skills.

Additionally, the best way to do something well is that of repetition. Once you can perform a drill fluidly, you and your partner increase the speed, intensity, and energy of the drill. This challenges your reflexes progressively and accurately replicates the type of stress you’d experience in a real encounter.

Emphasize practical knife deployment tactics

As Michael candidly explained: the first rule of fighting with a knife is to have a knife. Many knife-training systems focus exclusively on training with knife-in-hand or base their deployment tactics on classical means of carry.

“If you are attacked at close range, your first reaction should not be to draw your knife but to minimize injury to you through any means possible. Typically this means defending yourself with empty-hand combative skills to buy the time and the opportunity to draw your blade.” Also, because producing your knife in stressful conditions can prove to be extremely difficult, MBC emphasizes deployment methods utilizing gross motor skills to eliminate complex movements. It also helps to “practice your draw regularly until it literally becomes second nature”.

MBC – Edged-Weapon Training for Today’s World

In addition to providing a system of easily learned, highly effective tactics that work with legal-to-carry knives, MBC also emphasizes the legal aspects of personal defense. Its tactics are medically sound and emphasize stopping, not killing, and are therefore more morally and legally defensible that traditional knife systems.

Personal Note from Author:

“Like many of the other students in the class, I realized that although I’ve carried a knife religiously during most of my adult life, I really had no clue how to fight ‘effectively’ with it. This course changed all that. It not only taught us usable skills to defend ourselves in close quarters, but also addressed the legal and moral aspects of using a knife as a weapon. Michael Janich truly has a gift for teaching and his passion for the logic and skills of MBC is contagious. I am extremely grateful to Michael for introducing me to MBC and to the seminar host, MBC Affiliate Instructor Uli Gebhard, for allowing me to attend. I can’t wait to do more training!”

MBC has a network of instructors and study group leaders nationwide and in several foreign countries. Michael Janich and his certified instructors also teach MBC seminars all over the world. The “Instructor Locator” on the www.martialbladeconcepts.com web site can help you find an instructor near you. If there isn’t one, MBC also has an on-line Distance Learning Program and a complete library of training DVDs on MBC and Janich’s related self-defense systems.

Some would have you believe we have arrived at the end of the submachine gun (SMG) as a viable weapon class. They point to the SMG’s steady relegation to the sidelines in terms of use since the end of WWII. The first impetuous steps along this path occurred with the rise of the assault rifle, characterized by controllable select fire capability with its intermediary round compared to the full powered main battle rifles of the early 20th Century. The relatively recent appearance of Personal Defense Weapons (PDWs) would seem the final death knell of the SMG. The PDW is characterized by its compact size, much like an SMG, though centered around new cartridge designs facilitating the penetration of body armor out to several hundred yards. The PDW search was stimulated when NATO had images of body armored Spetsnaz troops running amok in rear echelon areas. The FN 5.7x28mm and H&K 4.6x30mm are some of the more prominent examples of these new cartridge types. Times and threats have changed breathing new life back into the SMG genre. While certainly not comparable to a rifle cartridge, a 115-147 grain 9MM instills more confidence than a PDW’s 23 grain .22 caliber bullet (or smaller) when having to put down an opponent in close quarters.

The SMG’s most prominent role, indeed its raison d’être stretching back to the WWI trenches, is as a CQB weapon. Ease of sound suppression is another important SMG advantage that has come to the forefront. The increase in terrorism, organized crime, and drug smuggling with the resultant militarization of law enforcement teams to deal with these well-armed opponents has created a new need for the SMG. The SIG SAUER MPX is poised to reassert SMG potency and viability.

SMGs have evolved since their early 20th Century introduction and are loosely categorized by generation labels tracking this progress. Most first and second generation submachine guns (MP18, Thompson, MP38/40, Grease Gun, Sten) fire from an open bolt with a differentiation by manufacturing methods setting the 1st and 2nd Generation apart. The Uzi is considered a premier example of a 3rd Generation SMG utilizing a telescopic bolt allowing for shorter overall length with magazine fitted into the pistol grip. In comparison, the H&K MP5, poster child of the Fourth Generation SMG, fires from a closed bolt with a design dating back to the 1960s. Most SMGs use blowback or recoil operating methods; this is where cartridge pressure is used to overcome the bolt’s mass pushing it to the rear and action recoil springs returning it into battery stripping a fresh round from the magazine to operate the weapon. SIG SAUER designed the MPX to reboot the SMG class of weapons.

The SIG SAUER MPX was a much heralded introduction at the 2013 SHOT Show. SIG’s goal with the MPX was to provide an updated replacement for aging submachine guns found worldwide. The MPX operates via a scaled down short-stroke gas piston adapted for use with pistol caliber cartridges. The use of a fully closed and locked rotating bolt is another enhancement. This sets the MPX apart from previous SMG designs which operated via blowback, recoil or roller delayed methods. MPX operating controls and basic ergonomics are similar to the ever so prevalent AR15; an important consideration for training/orientation purposes. AR-like ambidextrous magazine and bolt release, along with the centrally located non-reciprocating charging handle will be instantly familiar to any AR user. An AR M4 flat top upper allows for any AR type sighting system. This AR centric theme is reinforced by using an AR type fire control system.

The MPX is available in a number of configurations. There is the standard MPX model. The MPX-P (P=pistol evaluated herein) is configured as a pistol using an 8-inch barrel with no buttstock. The MPX-SD model utilizes an 8-inch ported barrel that is integrally suppressed. The MPX-K utilizes a 4.5-inch barrel. All models except the MPX-P are available as select-fire or semiautomatic weapons with either a folding or collapsible buttstock. SIG SAUER is currently concentrating on producing 9mm MPXs. The MPX will be adaptable to .40 S&W and .357 SIG once conversion kits are available.

No weapon, no matter theoretical advantage offered, is worth considering if not reliable. As with most automatics, magazines are a crucial linchpin. Reports indicate SIG SAUER worked with Lancer to develop the polymer magazines for the MPX. Lancer took advantage of their experience with AR15 magazines to create a translucent magazine with steel reinforcing inserts at the feed lips and magazine catch slot. The MPX magazines are designed to present the next round almost directly in line with the chamber. This serves to enhance reliability with the full auto MPX versions’ high cyclic rate. Another benefit of this is allowing for the use of non-FMJ profile bullets i.e. JHPs; something important for law enforcement or personal defense considerations.

The SIG SAUER MPX-P evaluated features an 8-inch barrel contributing to an overall length of 16.8 inches. The MPX’s recent emergence compared to its 1950-60s SMG brethren is evident by the inclusion of a forend that accepts rail sections so a user can configure as needed. The MPX weighs only 5 pounds thanks to its upper and lower aluminum receivers. An AR type flash hider is threaded on the barrel via 13.5mm threads. The MPX pistol arrived with 1-30 round translucent magazine. 10 and 20 round magazines are listed on the SIG SAUER website. SIG equips the MPX with low profile foldable removal AR type iron sights. Installation of an optic of some sort is the natural inclination facilitated by railed flat top upper receiver.

The SIG SAUER MPX’s non-discriminatory handling of several types of 9MM ammunition was a pleasant surprise. Winchester 9MM NATO loads were initially tested based on experience with older 9MM SMG designs requiring the higher pressure NATO loads to operate reliably. The MPX functioned flawlessly not only with the Winchester 9MM 124 grain NATO FMJ loads, but also with Winchester 147 grain PDX 1 JHP, Hornady steel case 125 grain HAP and 147 grain TAP, Black Hills Ammunition 115 grain FMJ and 124 grain JHP. The ability to feed the JHPs was a totally unexpected bonus and a credit to the MPX design and further increases its potency as a CQB weapon.

We might as well speak about the gorilla in the room when it comes to weapons turned into pistols from designs more associated with stocked SMG or rifles. What does a pistol like SIG SAUER MPX-P offer? Many will question the utility of employing a handgun the size of the MPX-P, relative to more traditional pistols, with the plethora of assault rifle models available for use. The answer here is nebulous based on user expectations and intentions. For many, a non-traditional pistol like the MPX-P, while enticing due to firepower potential, lacks much in terms of accuracy past normal handgun ranges with an added negative of weighing twice as much as a typical handgun. However, this can be tempered by utilizing certain techniques of deployment such as an SAS sling method and two-handed grip. Another possible method could be derived from how certain European special operation units run their weapons. The end of the weapon is floated on the cheek providing three points of contact for more stability and thus accuracy. While not optimum and not nearly as effective as a true stock cheekweld, the alternate methods proved superior to merely attempting to hold via the traditional pistol method, especially when the goal is rapid fire rounds downrange with a semblance of accuracy. Attentive training will pay dividends in finding what works best for individual users.

The SIG SAUER MPX-P was tested at Echo Valley Training Center first by establishing iron sight and red dot zeros. The irons and SIG SAUER Mini Red dot did co-witness once the SIG red dot was mounted on a rail riser. Several 30 round magazines were fired rapidly downrange. The MPX has a non-reciprocating cocking handle that is very similar in appearance and function to the AR15. The ambidextrous safety and magazine levers were found in familiar places to anyone who has operated an AR.

Magazine changes with the MPX proved a smooth affair indicative of AR-like ergonomics. The closed bolt MPX does have a bolt hold open device which is different than most SMG designs, aiding in swifter reloading. The MPX has an AR style non-reciprocating charging handle for manual bolt manipulation. The balance of the MPX combined with firing 9MM in a 5 pound weapon minimizes any recoil or muzzle climb. This is especially important in the MPX-P’s select fire brethren with cyclic rates over 1000 rounds per minute (rpm). The piston operated rotating bolt MPX contributes here as well. Strings of fire consisting of multiple rounds sent downrange had no problem keeping rounds smacking steel due to minimal muzzle climb and blast especially when assuming a supported position i.e. around a barricade or vehicle.

When everything is stripped away in terms of its design innovations, aesthetics and ergonomics aesthetics, at its core the SIG SAUER is a 9MM SMG intended to put rounds on target in a hostile environment. The MPX is lighter and better handling than its full-powered assault rifle brethren. While not as prevalent of late, there is an economic advantage in terms of the amount of 9MM that can be purchased versus a rifle cartridge. This economics can be taken advantage of with more training; not to mention the ability to access indoor ranges with a pistol caliber weapon such as the MPX. Training regimen is further enhanced by 9MM ability to be used with steel plate targets without having to resort to specialty frangible rifle loads. Also, less experienced shooters will find the lower recoil impulse and muzzle blast of a pistol caliber easier to manage, which often times will translate into better accuracy potential.

Many individuals and entities will be attracted to the SIG SAUER MPX for the reduced recoil and muzzle blast represented by the 9mm cartridge in lieu of the increasingly popular short barreled rifles chambered in 5.56mm, 6.8 SPC, or 7.62×51. Others point to it for the ease of suppressing the 9mm. The MPX’s barrel is threaded allowing for easy installation of a suppressor of choice. The SIG SAUER MPX is an interesting introduction to the market, especially considering its ability to convert over to .357SIG or .40 S&W if desired once kits are available. The SIG SAUER MPX represents the revival of the SMG. Most engagements happen well within a 100 yard range, especially in LE, MOUT, or civilian settings, with handling and reliability playing more of a factor in quick, reactive engagements than specific caliber used. The SIG SAUER MPX will force a reevaluation of SMG use for law enforcement or direct action military units. Along these same lines a civilian concerned with home defense will find the MPX hard to resist with its high capacity and great handling. The muzzle blast differential between a 9MM versus obnoxious rifle muzzle signature is further accentuated in confined spaces—such as inside a home. Will a rifle cartridge hit with more authority than a 9MM? Yes, of course, but mission specifics may dictate when the SIG SAUER MPX is a more practical choice of weaponry.

The MPX-P proved durable during testing at the Echo Valley Training Center with nearly 700 rounds fired over multiple range visits. Most importantly the SIG SAUER MPX-P demonstrated reliability —a must for any weapon considered for carry into harm’s way. The opportunity to handle the MPX-P was viewed as an opportunity to experience the overall MPX platform. It will be interesting to observe if SIG SAUER MPX models are widely accepted and adopted by LE and military units in the coming years as their older model SMGs are phased out. This will no doubt influence private citizens to consider it a viable option. No matter how appealing the adaptation of the short stroke gas piston into SMG platform; no individual wants to be the test subject for an unproven design. Time is on SIG SAUER’s side as increased user experiences will provide both empirical and anecdotal evidence of the MPX’s viability.

SITES OF INTEREST

SIG SAUER
www.sigSauer.com

Federal Cartridge Company
www.federalpremium.com

Black Hills Ammunition
www.black-hills.com

Echo Valley Training Center
www.echovalleytrainingcenter.com

HornadyMfg.Inc
www.hornady.com

Winchester Ammunition
www.winchester.com

When you think of Remington, pistols don’t immediately come to mind. The name Remington conjures up images of the iconographic Model700 or the equally legendary 870. Pair Remington with pistols and you’ll point to the half decade old R1 -1911. Beyond that visions of Remington compact pistols get fuzzy with the short lived and less than stellar R51. Remington, however, redeemed their non-1911 shortcomings with the introduction of the sub-compact RM 380 chambered in the titular .380ACP. This all metal hammer fired micro-pistol is a welcomed contrast to its trendy polymer framed, striker fired brethren.

The .380 round, having been developed in 1908 by John Browning, is nothing new. It is and was from its inception, a self-defense round made to be eaten by small “pocket” pistols. Originally designed for Browning’s Colt pocket sized hammerless Model 1908, the .380 is a rimless low powered cartridge, usually fed into blow-back style pistols. The diminutive .380 and the smaller pistols using the round quickly became popular for concealed carry, often as a secondary firearm. The resurgence of .380 usage in recent years has seen more and more people carrying a .380 chambered compact pistol as their primary weapon.

The RM380 is not a wholly new design, rather it’s a re-work of a Rohrbaugh R9. As with other companies (Para and AAC come to mind) Remington acquired Rohrbaugh and assimilated their culture and designs into the larger Remington family. The challenge this time however was to take a niche market, $1200 pistol and re-work it into a mass marketable but quality sub $450 .380. Remington has exceeded expectations in achieving these goals.

The design of the RM380, as a whole, still adheres to the basic principles of the Rohrbaugh R9. In a “same mother, different father” manner the two firearms have very similar dimensions. The Remington is only slightly lighter (by 1.3 oz.) and a little taller (by .16 of an inch). The liberties Remington took with the original only prove to enhance the platform and increase its fit form and function. Most notably the RM380’s grip and mag release location are dramatically improved over the original.

Picking up the RM380 I immediately surprised at how comfortable it felt. I’m used to shooting full size 1911’s and expected the Remington to feel more like a toy than viable a defensive weapon. At a little more than 12 ounces, the understandably slim single stack sat firmly in my hand. The addition of a small beaver tail allowed my hand to get up high on the grip to be more inline with the axis of the barrel, allowing for better recoil management. Front strap checkering provides increased purchase for a positive and secure grip. The original Rohrbaugh had a magazine release on the heel of the grip; Remington wisely relocated an ambidextrous magazine release on the grip just behind the trigger guard for quick easy reloads. Other design differences include a slide stop and a smaller more easily manageable trigger guard.

The RM380 is purpose built as a highly discreet carry weapon, whether you choose IWB holstering or pocket carry. There are are no sharp corners or protruding controls. The slide catch/release is extremely low profile as is the mag release. The RM380 can comfortably be carried in your pocket without worry of snags or dropping a mag on the draw. Without an external safety the long pull, 10-pound double action only trigger gives you the security you want in a pocket gun (though my preference is to holster the gun even when carrying in pocket).

At the range the RM380 surprised me again, with lower felt recoil and more accuracy than expected. The fixed barrel, high grip position and full length slide rails help the pistol shoot flatter and smoother than most in the category; making follow up shots less of a struggle than with snappier lighter pocket pieces. For 1911 shooters like me the all black fixed sights and long pull DOA trigger may take a few magazine loads to get used to. Once I settled in to the rhythm of the gun, however, I felt I could drive tacks at close, self-defense distances.

I started shooting at a closer defensive distance of 5 yards. In addition to the beaver tail allowing for a high grip position (and preventing slide bite), the undercut trigger guard afforded better grip for my supporting hand. This allowed me keep the pistol on target for follow up. The DAO trigger had a consistent smooth break, so adjusting for better trigger control is easy from the get go. Serrations on the slide made for quick and effortless racking and press checks. The slide stop is small but fully functional and, if you’re not riding the slide, locks open after the last round in the magazine is sent down range. As I pushed the target further out the accuracy remained acceptable. At 15 yards accuracy diminished very little remaining within “minute of bad guy”. Consistency and reliability are key in any pistol but especially so with a defensive carry pistol. The RM380 delivers in both regards.

Getting it back to the work bench and breaking down the RM380 couldn’t be easier. Simply pulling the slide back with the pistol rotated 90 degrees (around the shooting axis) allows the takedown pin to fall out. There’s no need for special tools or processes to field strip for cleaning. With the pin out the slide comes off allowing the barrel and recoil spring to be easily cleaned. Reassembling is as simple as lining up the take down pin holes on the frame and on the slide and re-inserting the pin. It’s that easy. Don’t worry about the pin sliding out during normal use. The slide cycles so quickly that even if you were shooting gangster style, the pin would remain well seated.

Though commonly called a “pocket” pistol, there are many holstering options available. Most notable are the those manufactured by Cross Breed and Alien gear. Cross breed offers IWB, OWB and ankle holsters. Having an Alien gear holster on hand I wore the RM380 IWB with a dress shirt tucked. The slim profile of the RM380 does not print, even when, like me, you have a little bit more inside the waist band than you should. The draw from Alien Gear’s kidded holster is smooth and fast.

If you’re looking for an easily concealable, reliable and accurate micro pistol, the RM380 should definitely be on your short list. The positive and high grip position provide an easily drawn pistol with highly manageable recoil. The long DAO trigger pull may take some getting used to but there’s a very shallow learning curve. The only potential down side I could find was that the all black fixed sights can be hard to acquire when drawing in lower light conditions. With a tilt of the hat to the $1200 Rohrbaugh R9, Remington has provided an equal performer at a third of the cost. Well Played.

In the Box

• RM380
• 2 6 round Magazines (one flush base and one base with pinky extension)
• Remington sticker
• Owner’s manual
• Lock

Remington RM380 Specs

Caliber: .380 Auto
Magazine Capacity: 6+1
Barrel Length: 2.9 inches
Barrel Type: 410 Stainless Steel
Twist Rate: 1:16
Overall Length: 5.27 inches
Overall Height: 3.86 inches
Overall Width: .94 inches
Sights: Fixed
Trigger Pull: Double Action Only (10-pound pull weight)
Average Weight: 12.2 Ounces (unloaded & without magazine)
MSRP: $417.00

Links:

Remington.com

Crossbreedholsters.com

Aliengearholsters.com

When one thinks of the AK-47 rifle you automatically think of the 7.62 X 39 round that it fires. Some people classify any firearm with that prolific profile as an AK-47 regardless of caliber whether it’s 7.62 X 39, 5.45 X 39 or even 5.56x45mm. But when you see an AK-47 type gun with a 9mm magazine protruding from the mag well it causes everyone to take notice. This author had known that there was a 9mm version of the famous, or infamous as one might say, AK-47 for years. YouTube has quite a few videos of home builders making 9mm versions of the rifle with varying degrees of success. There actually have been several factory versions of 9mm AK’s produced over the years. These included the Bizon and Vityaz PP-19 submachine guns both made by Ishmash as well as the Molot Vepr 9mm. Ishmash is now also producing their Saiga AK 9mm carbine. This gun was specifically designed for sale to the US market but it doesn’t look like that will be happening now. The Bizon uses a 64-round drum magazine. It is a helical feed style magazine much like Calico uses in the Liberty line of pistols, rifles and submachine guns. The magazine is mounted underneath the barrel and also acts as a forearm. It comes with either a side or top folding stock but is only available with a short barrel. The Ishmash Vityaz has a more conventional look and uses polymer stick magazines. It has a side-folding stock and comes equipped with the standard Russian left side mounted, quick attach scope mount. As none of these weapons can now be imported into the US regardless of their configuration, if you want a copy of these elusive weapons you are now left with only two choices. You can build your own or do what this author thinks is the best and purchase one of the new AKX 9mm guns from Atlantic Firearms, that is being built by Definitive Arms.

The new AKX-9 is a collaboration between Atlantic Firearms LLC () and Definitive Arms LLC ( Definitive Arms is one of several premiere AK builders in the US. They are known for their high quality builds and prior to the AKX-9 they pioneered magazine well conversions for the Russian VEPR and Saiga series of rifles in both .223 and .308. They don’t build mass produced guns but rather hand build each gun one at a time. This makes for a more expensive AK but it is a gun that will be the best functioning and best looking by far. They stand behind every gun they sell and if there is a problem they will correct it. Needless to say, they have few, if any, “do overs”.

The AKX-9 comes in four different models. There is a classic rifle version with laminated wood forearm, buttstock and wooden pistol grip. There are also two other rifle variations. Both have black synthetic forearms and MagPul MOE pistol grips with one model featuring a fixed black synthetic non-folding stock and the other a side-folding metal triangular stock. The fourth model is the AKX-9 pistol which naturally has no stock. All models feature a 1 in 10 twist barrel which is just slightly over 11 inches in length. On the rifle versions the barrel has a permanently attached barrel extension which brings them to legal length. The barrels on the AKX-9 are actually set back into the receiver so that only 8.5 inches of barrel sticks out of the front of the receiver. This gives the guns the impression of having a shorter barrel than they actually have. This also gives the guns increased accuracy and velocity. All of the barrels are threaded ½ x 28 with the pistol version featuring a removable muzzle brake. This muzzle brake appears to be an exact copy of the one used on the Ishmash Vityaz PP-19 submachine gun. While on the subject of the gun’s barrel, it should be noted that all of the AKX barrels have a full auto tapered chamber. This distorts or swells the empty brass slightly more than a straight wall chamber. It also improves the reliability of the guns with any ammunition used. The author ran some of the fired brass through a reloader sizing die to see if this caused problems reloading. The empty brass was sized easily with no problems at all. All models have a side-mounted optic rail and are finished in KG GunKote for a nice even dull black finish.

Other features of the AKX-9 include a last round bolt hold open, a left hand side bolt release and a right hand side AR-15 type push button magazine release all fitted into the machined magazine well. This mag well is also flared for rapid magazine changes. The gun uses Colt style 9mm stick magazines which are both inexpensive and plentiful. The magazines drop free even when empty when the mag release is pushed.

The gun that this author requested for this article was the AKX-9 pistol. I was interested in this model because it looked like the original Russian PP-19 Vityaz submachine gun sans the stock, of course. While the gun looked like the Russian subgun, internally it is very different. The AKX-9 was designed from the ground up to be a 9mm gun. It is not an AK-47 or AK-74 chopped up and converted to 9mm. All major components of these guns are blueprint designed and US made. They are not cobbled together using surplus parts. A note of interest here though is that the AKX-9 series of firearms are built on AK-74 receivers. In fact the receivers are so marked on the bottom, in front of the magazine well.

The pistol version of the gun comes with its rear trunion notched, drilled and tapped to accept any of the Pignose Ace style stock adapters. This makes turning this gun into a registered SBR a piece of cake. It also allows for the addition of a pistol stabilizing arm brace should the user not want the hassle or expense of turning it into an NFA weapon. Wanting to make the gun look more like its subgun cousin I chose to install a Shockwave™ Blade™ pistol stabilizer (www.shockwavetechnologies.com). This stabilizer is made from high-strength glass reinforced polymer and comes in either black or flat dark earth. It weighs just 5 ounces and will fit all AR pattern pistol buffer tubes. Best of all it is veteran designed, marketed and sold right here in the good old USA. It also has three sling mounting loops. The Blade was installed using an ACE Folding Stock Mechanism. This device has a threaded socket that accepts an AR-15 buffer tube.

For a buffer tube I used the KAK Shockwave model built by KAK Industry LLC ( This buffer tube was specially designed for the Blade stabilizer. The buffer tube has 12 divots milled into the underside of it. These divots accept a pointed hex head screw built into the bottom of the Blade to lock it into position. In fact it will lock it into any of 12 positions giving the user the adjustability of a collapsible stock. While by ATF rules you are not allowed to shoulder a pistol equipped with stabilizing brace, with this setup you can tailor it to fit into the crook of your arm at the elbow to lock it into position. It also gives the gun the look of having a stock but has been ATF approved as a pistol arm stabilizer. With these parts installed the arm brace can be folded to the left side of the weapon, when not in use, to make for a very compact gun.

The AKX-9 comes with standard AK front and rear sights. The rear is a common AK rifle sight adjustable out to 1000 yards which is quite a bit farther than the distance a 9mm pistol round is effective to. While the stock sights worked very well for the gun and it was as accurate as this type of sights allow, this author wanted a more precise aiming option. First I mounted a Russian side mount scope mount but found that it would not allow the side-folding arm brace to fold all the way against the side of the receiver. Not liking that option I installed a new rear sight rail that has just been released by Strike Industries ( Strike Industries makes accessories for both AR and AK platforms as well pistol and tactical accessories. They are now marketing a new AK Rear Sight Rail (AKRR2) which is an optic mount that replaces the AK’s rear sight with an optic mounting rail. This rail comes back over the dust cover to locate the optic down as close to the firearms’ bore as possible. The mount also comes with a short section of rail that mounts at a 45 degree angle off to either side of the mount. With this mount you can put a magnified scope on the mounts main rail and a red dot optic on the offset rail for close in targets. The mount in very innovative as it also has a slot cut through its center to act as a rear sight to use with the AK front sight. This gives a rudimentary back-up sight system. It is installed by simply removing the AK rear sight and replacing it with the AKRR2 with one screw. There are then three small hex screws which are installed from the mounts top side to lock it securely to the gun. These screws can also be used to adjust the angle of the base. All hardware is included with the mount. The host gun can still be disassembled with the mount in place.

To the mount I added one of Lucid’s M7 Micro Dot red dot optics. This small sight is a 1X optic that features a 2 MOA dot inside a 25 MOA circle. This low mount optic has an auto brightness sensor that senses ambient light and automatically adjusts the brightness of the reticle. The reticle can also be manually adjusted to any one of 7 brightness levels. The optic has a built-in rail mount that fit the Striker Industries mount perfectly. The tiny sight is waterproof, fogproof and recoil proof up to .458 Socom caliber. It also has a feature that every red dot optic should have. It automatically shuts down after 2 hours to help conserve battery life. This tiny scope runs on a single AAA battery. Its sight will also work with either of Lucid’s magnifiers if you need some magnification for that longer shot. Lucid also offers a Rail Riser so that you can use this sight with an AR-15. It allows the M7 to co-witness lower 1/3 with standard AR-pattern sights. Best of all the M7 retails at just $229.00.

When the author first received the pistol for testing it was shot with the original sights and no arm brace. Accuracy was about what you would expect from this type of gun. It was no tack driver but that was more of the shooter not being able to hold the gun steady enough. Several hundred rounds were put through the gun with no malfunctions. In typical AK fashion the AKX-9 just fired everything that was fed into it. It was not until the Blade arm brace, the Strike optic mount and the Lucid red dot sight were added that the AKX-9 really started to shine in the accuracy department. This 9mm pistol proved to be one of, if not the most accurate pistols this author has tested in a long time.

Most of the testing of the pistol was done from between 10 and 50 yards but it was also shot out to 100 yards. While this yardage is longer than your average 9mm pistol is used, the AKX-9 proved that it was capable of very good accuracy even past the 100 yard line. With an 11 inch barrel and a pistol stabilizing arm brace the gun shoots more like a short barreled rifle than a pistol. From a sandbag rest at 50 yards the gun would shoot 10 round groups of right at 1.5 inches regardless of ammunition used. On the subject of ammunition all types were used in the testing. We used 115 grain range grade practice 9mm as well as some of the hottest 9mm +P defense hollow point loads. Every type of ammunition we tried shot very well.

In fact, as this is being written there has been over 750 rounds of ammunition fired through the gun without a single failure to feed, function or eject. This gun functions just like all AKs, it just keeps on shooting no matter what. It’s a fun gun to shoot with 32-round magazines being emptied in short order. The gun works with all capacities of Colt type magazines from 10 round up to 50 round stick magazines. It will also work with 9mm drums such as the Beta C-Mag 9mm 100 round drum or the 50-round drum from X-Products.

The only issue that we had with the gun was very minor and is now being addressed by the manufacturer. The receivers that are used to make the guns have no detents for the selector lever to lock into. With no detent for the selector after about 30 rounds or so are fired the selector lever will vibrate up on the side of the receiver toward what would be the full-auto position on a select-fire gun. In doing so it would come in contact with the reciprocating bolt handle making the handle in turn contact the gun’s dust cover. It didn’t cause any malfunctions but did cause the bolt handle to dent the bottom edge of the dust cover. On future models this issue will be resolved by the manufacturer.

So whether you are looking for an AK style 9mm rifle or a copy of the Russian Vityaz submachine gun check out the Atlantic Firearms AKX-9. It is a little more expensive than most AK’s but it is highly accurate, built to perfection and never fails to go bang when you pull the trigger.

www.atlanticfirearms.com
www.definitivearms.com
www.mylucidgear.com
www.kakindustry.com
Mail to: info@strikeindustries.com

Gordon Ingram conceived his Model 10 submachine gun during 1964 while living in Southern California. Although the Model 10 would be the most successful of all Ingram’s weapons, he had a difficult time finding a company interested in producing it. He had written to every U.S. firearms manufacturer listing all the attributes of his new gun. Unfortunately for Mr. Ingram his Model 10 was rejected by all of those companies who even bothered to respond. The day of the submachine gun as a military weapon had passed, replaced by assault rifles like the AK-47 and M16. It seemed that Mr. Ingram’s Model 10 was destined to only exist as a footnote in firearms history, however his luck changed when he met Mitch Wer-Bell III.

Mitch Wer-Bell III was an OSS officer during World War II. After the war he started a Georgia based company called SIONICS, specializing in suppling equipment for “special” government operations. Sound suppressors were his primary product. When Wer-Bell met Gordon Ingram, and was able to closely examine the Model 10 submachine gun, he envisioned it as the perfect covert weapon for mounting one of his SIONICs sound suppressors. Soon, with the assistance of Wall Street financers, the Military Armament Corporation was formed. During 1971, Ingram’s submachine was placed in series production, most with threaded barrels for mounting a suppressor. Like the drum magazine in a Thompson submachine gun, the sound suppressor became a part of the Model 10’s image. Most foreign and domestic government sales of Ingram’s weapon, becoming known as the MAC-10, included a sound suppressor. The suppressors could even be ordered with the same serial number as its host submachine gun, except for the serial number prefix which identified the caliber: S-1 for .45, S-2 for 9mm and S-3 for the .380 caliber Model 11.

The Military Armament Corporation sold the M10 and M11 submachine guns and suppressors to over fifty foreign countries. The U.S. officials felt that any weapon that was fitted with a suppressor was an assassin’s tool, and didn’t want any U.S. firms offering such weapons commercially to overseas customers. During 1974, the United States Department of State placed an embargo on the export of sound suppressor devices to Latin America and other developing area and ordered a review be made of the situation. A study was undertaken, and a policy decision was released on Thursday 2 May 1974, resulting in the suspension of all munitions export license applications to developing nations involving suppressors, and automatic weapons designed to be equipped with suppressors. The rational for the decision was in part attributed to the concern “That the widespread dissemination of suppressor equipped automatic weapons in the Latin American region represented an undue threat to the safety of United States Government and host country officials. This would be especially true in the event that such weapons fell into the hands of terrorist groups or were used for unlawful purposes.” To illustrate just what an essential part the suppressor was to the MAC submachine gun, foreign sales virtually dried up after the ruling.

To prevent fitting a suppressor, all subsequent MAC submachine guns that were exported were fitted with permanently attached barrel extensions that covered the threads; an attempt to remove the extensions would destroy the threads. Later production guns lacked the barrel threads required for attaching a suppressor. The suppressor was what attracted many buyers to the M10 and M11 weapons, without it the MACs were just another submachine gun, competing with many more practical designs like the Israeli UZI, Italian Berettas and the popular German weapons of Walther and Heckler & Koch.

Mitch Wer-Bell’s suppressors for the Ingram Model 10 were a two stage design for both the 9mm and .45 caliber Model 10. The sound suppressor consisted of a primary tube that was 3.75-inches in length and 2.125-inch in diameter. The tube served as the gas expansion chamber, and was filled with aluminum or brass eyelets to provide maximum heat absorption. The secondary tube was 7-inches long and 1.625-inches in diameter. The front tube had a conical baffle to trap gases and absorb heat and direct the gases rearward, delaying movement into the next component. After the gases passed through the baffles, they encountered a helical diffuser that absorbed additional heat, and caused the gas to swirl around its left-hand twist design. The next component was another helical but, with a right-hand twist, that also absorbed heat, and slowed down the escaping gases, by reversing their direction. In the secondary tube was an encapsulator, which was threaded onto the tube used to secure the components in place. Positioned at the end of the tube was a replaceable module that contained several neoprene wiper discs and spacers. The neoprene wipe discs provided a gas seal as the bullet passed through them further delaying the exit of the propellant’s gas to the atmosphere. The service life of the wipes was relatively short, eroded away as the bullets passed through them, replacement wipes were available from the factory.

Although the MAC-10 suppressors were considered state of the art during the 1970s, they had quite a few shortcomings. One of the most glaring problems was the coarse barrel threads used to mount the suppressor, 7/8-10 threads per inch for the .45 caliber guns, ¾-10 TPI for the 9mm model and 5/8-11 TPI for the .380 caliber M11. The problem with the choice of threads was that the suppressor would loosen because of the heat and vibration generated by the rapid cyclic rate of the MAC submachine gun. This usually resulted in misalignment and baffle strikes, damaging the suppressor. The reason for choice of threads is unknown, but a plausible explanation could be that the coarse muzzle threads were not easily damaged when the suppressor wasn’t attached. Thus a thread protector was not required, nor was one available from the factory. Another possible reason for the threads was that the suppressor could be mounted or dismounted quickly. One fact that is known, the Model 10’s designer Gordon Ingram, disagreed with the choice of threads.

One of the standard operating procedures to prevent MAC suppressors from coming loose during firing, was for operators to place their weak hand on the device to keep it from rotating. To protect their hands from being burned by the suppressor, the early MAC suppressors were sold covered with a foam rubber sleeve. However, when the suppressor got hot, the sleeve would expand, become loose and slide off. During sustained fire, the rubber cover would begin to melt, and leave a sticky mess on the suppressor’s outer tube. Later suppressor covers were made of a heat and flame resistant material developed and manufactured by DuPont called Nomex. The Nomex covers were manufactured by Southern Textile of Atlanta. A spring was sewn inside the fabric to secure it to the suppressor’s tube. The Nomex covers eventually replaced the problematic foam rubber sleeves.

Another problem with the MAC suppressors was the neoprene wipes. The wipes would need replaced after firing approximately 200 rounds. Not only did they require periodic replacement, but they greatly affected accuracy. While not generally a concern while engaging targets at 10-15 feet, at distances over 50 feet accuracy was dismal. However, accuracy would improve slightly as firing would cause the center of the wipes to enlarge, but at the same time the report would get noticeably louder.

The Gemtech Viper

One of the founders of Gemtech, Phil Dater, procured his first Ingram submachine gun and suppressor, a .380 caliber Model 11 during 1976. After disassembling and studying the MAC suppressor, and Mitch Wer-Bell’s patents, Dr. Dater began to think of ways to improve its performance. The first problem he wanted to address was the inefficiency of the two helicals in the secondary tube. He replaced the helicals with a series of aluminum spacers and stainless steel washers formed into baffles. To address the problem of the wipes, he fabricating a wipe-less replacement end cap with a conical baffle profile. The upgrades significantly reduced the decibel level, while eliminating periodic replacement of the wipes. Much to the delight of MAC suppressor owners, “Doc” Dater began to market his wipeless endcap as the MAC-END. A few years later a complete upgrade kit consisting of baffles, spacers and the wipeless end cap were offered. The ATF ruling that made possession of suppressor parts a felony ended the availability of the kits.

While Ingram’s Model 10 and 11 submachine guns came from the factory suppressor ready, the weapons have been largely ignored by modern suppressor manufacturers. One of the first non-MAC factory suppressors was designed by Phil Dater and Lynn McWilliams during 1986. Designated as the M10A3 suppressor, they were manufactured by AWC of Houston, Texas. Basically, they followed the original MAC design, but improved it by replacing the eyelets in the primary tube with steel mesh, and the helicals in the secondary tube with stainless steel baffles. The module containing the rubber wipes was replaced by a wipe-less MAC-END. The M10A3 was approximately 2-inches longer than the original MAC cans. The M10A3 was available in 9mm or .45 caliber. There was also a .380 caliber model designated as the M11A3. However, the problem of the suppressor coming loose because of the coarse barrel threads remained. The M10A3 suppressor was superseded by the legendary MK-9 suppressor configured for the MACs.

During 1999 Gemtech began to offer a modern suppressor specifically designed for the MAC submachine guns and SWD’s M11/Nine, the Viper. The Viper was designed to address all of the shortcomings of the 1970 era MAC suppressors, and at the same time retain the classic look of the original. The Viper features precision CNC machined aluminum baffles and a domed front end cap. This wipeless design provides excellent performance in terms of both sound suppression and operational life. To mimic the appearance of the original MAC two-stage design there is an oversize knurled heat shield at the muzzle end of the suppressor. But the spring-loaded shield isn’t just for appearance, it serves as a non-slip grip surface, and is part of the system used to secure the suppressor on the weapon.

To address the loosening problem a unique locking system was designed. The system features a collar that is designed to slide over the narrow shelf, just aft of the barrel threads. The collar is secured in place by three set screws. The front of the collar has angled ratchet-type teeth are designed to mesh with similar teeth on the rear of the grip tube. When engaged, the system keeps the suppressor from working loose during firing. To remove the suppressor from the submachine gun, simply slide the heat shield forward to disengage the locking mechanism and unscrew the suppressor from the barrel threads.

The Gemtech Viper is available for all of the MAC-10 submachine guns in 9mm and .45 caliber and its clones, including SWD’s M11/Nine that has the same muzzle threads as the 9mm MAC-10. There is also a limited production Viper for the .380 caliber MAC-11. The only difference is the physical dimensions and weight. The .45 caliber Viper has an overall length of 9.3-inches the outside diameter of the heat shield is 1.9-inches; the diameter of the suppressor tube is 1.5-inches; weight is 12-ounces. The 9mm Viper has an overall length of 9.0-inches. The diameter of the heat shield is 1.8-inches; the suppressor tube is 1.4-inches in diameter; the 9mm Viper weight is also 12-ounces. The overall length of the .380 caliber Viper is 8.7-inches, the heat shield measures 1.7-inches, the outside diameter of the suppressor is 1.2-inches, weight is 11-ounces. The tubes are fabricated from 7075 aluminum and finished in a non-reflective flat black color. All of the Viper suppressor are rated for full-auto fire. The Gemtech Viper series are made to close tolerances, not possible during the 1970s. The suppressors are constructed of modern materials and are smaller, lighter, more efficient and safer than the original MAC suppressors.