A*B Arms Polymer Picatinny Rails – M-LOK.

The A*B Arms Polymer Picatinny Rails – M-LOK are designed and engineered for military, law enforcement, and firearms enthusiasts. Compact and lightweight, the A*B Arms Polymer Picatinny Rails – M-LOK come in a three-rail combo pack, along with the individual four, five and seven slot configurations. All rail packs include the appropriate M-LOK hardware.

These rails are designed and manufactured in the USA by a veteran-owned company and feature a proprietary formula of heat stabilized nylon reinforced with high strength fibers. Each set includes M-LOK manganese phosphate coated t-nuts and 10 x 24 – ½-inch flat top screws.

MSRP: $20

abarms.com

DRD TACTICAL

DRD Ambidextrous Safety Selectors

The DRD Ambidextrous Safety Selectors are visual improvements over the standard. They offer improvements such as ambidextrous manipulation and are AR-15 and AR-10 compatible. The Safety Selectors come in two styles: Traditional, which offers one short and one long lever, while the Tactical has ribbed anti-slip levers. Additionally, the positive lock dovetail design ensures the product won’t loosen once installed. A pin-punch is also included for disassembly purposes.

MSRP: $59.99

drdtactical.com

MEOPTA

Optika5 2-10×42 PA Riflescope with Side Parallax Adjustment

The new Optika5 2-10×42 PA riflescope with side parallax adjustment from 10 yards to infinity delivers image focus at close ranges – a feature rimfire and air rifle enthusiasts will appreciate – and gives hunters and target shooters the ability to dial in the focus at longer ranges.Engineered to withstand heavy recoil, this newest addition to the Optika5 series is also designed for superb performance on centerfire, muzzleloader, and slug guns – making it an excellent choice for hunting a variety of species from varmints to big game.

The Optika5 2-10×42 PA features a 1-inch main tube, 5x zoom, zero-reset turrets, and advanced lens coatings for true color representation and unsurpassed. Meopta’s proprietary MeoBright lens coating delivers maximum light transmission per lens surface while suppressing reflection and glare. Meopta’s MeoDrop hydrophobic lens coating repels water and makes it easy to wipe off grease, skin oils, and dirt.

Capped hunting turrets are made of rubber-armored metal for the perfect combination of durability and functionality. The rear-facing magnification display allows for easy viewing of the power setting from behind the scope, and the zoom ring comes with a throw lever for quick adjustment of the power setting in the field or on the range. Windage and elevation adjustments are ¼ MOA. Two second focal plane reticles are available – Z-Plex or Z-Plus.

MSRP: $349.99

meoptasportsoptics.com

DRD TACTICAL

ARES Rifle Retention System

The DRD Tactical ARES is an Adaptive Retention System for rifles. This locking retention system is simple to operate and ensures rifles stay secure while offering an ergonomic, easy release. The ARES reduces fatigue and strain by spreading of the rifle’s weight across armor carriers or tactical vests while reducing undesirable movement allowed by slings. The product installs easily on any MOLLE system carrier and is compatible with AR rifle platforms and a wide variety of firearms with QD sling attachment points. Additionally, an integrated adapter ($24.99) is available separately as an upgrade to the end plate.

“We’re excited to be able to offer accessories which allow our customers to customize and optimize their firearms. We offer a premium brand and now we’re also able to offer the premium furniture and accessories to match,” said CEO Larry Williams. Williams continued, “It’s rewarding to be able to dive headfirst into projects like this which allow us to leverage our capabilities while enhancing the experience for our customers.”

MSRP: $124.99

drdtactical.com

APEX TACTICAL

Failure Resistant Extractors

Apex Tactical Specialties released two new models of its Failure Resistant Extractors, one for the SIG P320 that covers 9mm, .40 S&W and .357 SIG, and one for the slim Glock models G43, G43X and G48.

The Apex Failure Resistant Extractors are designed with a more robust extractor claw and improved geometry to produce a more durable extractor that delivers consistent extraction and a uniform ejection pattern. It’s machined from a billet of heat-treated stainless steel and the critical engagement surface features Apex’s custom extractor hook geometry. The extractors are black Melonite finished for enhanced durability.

MSRP: $59.95

apextactical.com

WARCAT TACTICAL

Appendix IWB Holster

Warcat Tactical, a new name in the firearms accessories and tactical gear market, launched its brand with the debut of the new Warcat Tactical Appendix Carry Holster. Designed with a minimalist approach and aiming for peak performance, Warcat Tactical has created a thinner, lighter, and stronger holster than the industry standard Kydex holsters currently available.

Using 3D modeling, precision injection molding, and specially blended polymers, Warcat Tactical holsters are made entirely in the USA for much less than competing brands. Warcat Tactical was born out of a necessity for a professional grade holster at an accessible price.

warcat.com

Adams Arms

AA19 Handgun

Adams Arms, industry leading pioneers of piston-driven AR platform firearms, announced the AA19, a performance-driven compact 9mm Luger handgun. The AA19 combines Adams Arms years of experience with handgun barrel and slide innovations with its mission of elevating firearm reliability and performance.  

“Adams Arms is known for its slides and barrels for custom handguns, and now we’ve brought all of our expertise into one complete pistol,” Steve Green, Adams Arms Vice President of Sales and Marketing said. “Our customers have been asking for an Adams Arms handgun for years, and now it is ready. The new AA19 incorporates design elements that refine its ergonomics and performance. Every detail on the new AA19 adds upgrades that maximize its potential for both EDC and competition.”

Specifications

• Enhanced front and rear cocking serrations
• •   Double undercut trigger guard
• •   Vickers Tactical Carry Trigger
• •   Ameriglo Defoor EDC sights
• •   Profiled and lightened slide
• •   Threaded 1:16in twist barrel
• •   Aggressive grip texturing
• •   1913 Picatinny rail
• •   Billet extractor
• •   OAL 7.6in
• •   Weight 1.26lbs.

The AA19 comes with two Magpul G19 magazines, a hardcase, and cable lock. The slide is cut for optics, and plates are plates available in all popular footprints, including the Trijicon RMR, Leupold Deltapoint, Shield RMS, Burris Fastfire 3, Vortex Venom/Viper, Vortex Razon, C-More STS. The gun is made in the USA and is backed by Adams.

MSRP: $999.99

adamsarms.net

By Todd Burgreen

Adams Arms has sought to engineer a complete solution to the deficits they felt are found in the direct impingement AR family of rifles and carbines. Adams Arms was an early innovator in the piston AR surge; even offering piston retro fit kits for direct impingement ARs. The principle improvement offered by the Adams Arms gas piston system comes from eliminating the venting of hot, carbon-laden gases into the receiver and bolt carrier group. This reduces the cleaning requirements associated with direct gas-impingement ARs. It also means the bolt carrier group and associated springs are not subjected to the searing heat of the tapped gasses; this being one of the major causes of small parts failure. Other attention to detail components further round out the Adams Arms EvoLite rifle evaluated in this article such as Mil-Spec forged 7075-T6 upper and lower receivers Type III hard coat anodized with beveled magwell, M4 feed ramps, 1913 Picatinny rail flat top with dry lube internal finish and laser engraved T-markings. An Ark Defense adjustable buttstock, trigger, Ergo pistol grip, and Samson Evolution free float light weight modular rail system with two 2-inch rail sections flesh out the EvoLite.

The Adams Arms EvoLite focuses on providing an accurate well handling light weight piston driven AR that is controllable during rapid shot strings while maintaining reliability. This is accomplished through design intent, fit/finish, sights, trigger, and barrel. Adams Arms starts with their Ultra Lite Voodoo 14.5 inch 1:7 barrel. This 4150 CMV (Chrome Moly Vanadium) is precision honed with special attention paid to the gas vent hole. A VDI Jet Comp is permanently affixed to the 14.5 inch barrel allowing it to be considered a rifle versus an NFA short barrel rifle (SBR). Adams Arms then incorporates their patented mid rifle length inverted adjustable gas piston system. The longer dwell time offered by mid length piston allows for a smaller gas port minimizing the amount of energy being applied to the piston to cycle a round. All these things add up to a soft recoil pulse as touted by Adams Arms.

Adam Arms’ ARs have from the beginning addressed reducing carrier tilt, cam pin wear and carrier bounce. Proponents of piston-driven ARs point to greater reliability in adverse conditions and less reliance on routine maintenance compared to the direct impingement operating method. At the heart of the short stroke gas operating system is an operating rod, three-position gas block and forward venting gas plug that retains the piston. The piston can be accessed through the front of the gas block without removing the handguard so optical sights or laser devices do not need to be zeroed after routine maintenance. Adam Arms’ piston system uses a port on the barrel to tap gas to operate their inverted gas piston. The tapped gas is directed into a drive rod sleeve. The gas is harnessed inside the drive rod sleeve and pushes the bolt carrier rearward via an operating rod using the gas pressure to cycle the action. Total forward and rearward movement of the piston is approximately 1/2 inch. Once the action is cycled the remaining gases are pushed out of the front of the gas block, purging and cleaning the system while keeping the gases out of the face of the user and the receiver. The Adams Arms gas piston components and gas block are Melonite treated and the bolt carrier is ion bonded for increased parts endurance. All of the parts that operate the rifle come with a lifetime warranty. The Adams Arms gas block has three settings – normal, suppressed, and closed/single shot. With this said, the pinned flash Jet Comp on the EvoLite limits options in terms of adapting over to a suppressor. Other Adams Arms rifle models take full advantage of the suppressor capability. The Adams Arms EvoLite weighs less than 7 pounds and measures 32 inches stock fully collapsed and 35.25 inches extended.

It was crucial to verify functioning reliability with the Adams Arms EvoLite. A variety of 5.56mm and .223 Rem rated ammunition was tested from Black Hills, Federal, Hornady and Winchester. No reliability issues were encountered. Accuracy test protocol consisted of three 5-shot groups with each ammunition type. Velocity figures ranged from 2,600 fps to 2,800 fps over a RCBS chronograph from the 14.5 inch barrel. For this evaluation, a Meopta Meostar R2 1-6x was mounted on the EvoLite to assist in determining the rifle’s intrinsic accuracy. The EvoLite kept all loads tested at 2 inches or better at 100 yards included the Federal XM193 55gr FMJ and Winchester 55gr FMJ. This accuracy level will justify too many leaving a magnified optic such as Meopta MeoStar R2 1-6x scope. This scope selection is certainly not that common or well known to many shooters.

Most have no idea what they are missing in terms of rifle scope optics offered by Meopta. Many in our community hold strongly to preconceived notions regarding rifle scope optics. There are times when one must get past these comfortable set beliefs to truly appreciate what another product may offer. Granted, we all deal with budget pressures either as individuals or as a work entity. This does not change performance ratings; only what we are willing to pay for to best get the job done. Meopta optics may be beyond reach either for reasons of economics, more pressing equipment needs, or upon reflection, a lack of understanding of what Meopta offers in terms of capabilities. Meopta is a leading European and American optics manufacturer that has been in existence since 1933. Meopta produces one of the most diversified high performing line-ups of rifle scopes on the market. The new 30mm MeoStar R2 1-6×24 RD is not only the first in the R2 line, but also Meopta’s first riflescope with a 6x zoom ratio. The true 1x magnification, wide field of view, edge-to-edge clarity and illuminated reticle options allow for extremely fast and accurate target acquisition. The versatile Meopta R2 is also excellent for close quarter situations on an AR platform and much longer shots depending on the caliber being used and the shooter’s proficiency.

Another optic choice for the EvoLite, and one that would be considered more “standard” in comparison to the Meopta R2, would be the Aimpoint T1 red dot sight. The T1 is superior in facilitating engaging targets at close distances with the red dot easy to pick up rapidly. The Aimpoint T1 red dot sight offers the capability to engage multiple targets in rapid sequence compared to open sights, while at same time providing adequate accuracy out to a couple hundred yards. This is due to the red dot superimposing an aim point on the target while not totally obscuring the target due to the dot not being that large. As many “maturing” shooters can attest to the single focus plane with the red dot is easier to shoot accurately than coordinating front and rear sights.

The T1 weighs 4 ounces including the quick detach mount used. The Aimpoint T1 is one of the most durable red dots available and features the longest lasting battery on the market and it has an adjustable intensity 4 MOA dot. Aimpoint uses a special coating that only reflects the red dot’s specific frequency of light allowing almost 100% of all other radiation straight through, which provides superior clarity for both daylight use and if night vision devices are employed. The Aimpoint T1 has 12 intensity settings – 4 night and 8 daylight.

A US Palm (US Primary Armament Logistical Manufacturing) Agile Combat System (ACS) chest rig/plate carrier with High Speed Gear “Taco” pouches affixed was used in evaluating the Adams Arms EvoLite. US Palm is a company helping equip our military, law enforcement, and private security contractors (PSC) as well as not forgetting/ignoring civilians. The ACS plate carrier evolved out of US Palm’s Desert Tracker and Ronin plate carriers and ingeniously allows for the combining of several different US Palm products to create the ACS that best suits individual needs. The ACS evaluated for this article joined the US Palm Hardened Back Pack (HBP) with Desert Tracker Plate Carrier (DTPC) via the U.S. Palm Enhanced Harness System (EHS) “horse collar” shoulder straps. The HBP pack is a small assault pack with a dedicated internal pocket designed to hold ballistic armor, while maintaining utility as a pack. The HBP also accommodates a hydration bladder. A multitude of MOLLE panels allows you to adapt the HBP to any mission need. The HBP is made from 1000d Cordura and measures approximately 18 inch x 14 inch x 6 inch adding up to a listed 1,800 cubic inches of storage. The front plate carrier panel can be configured any way a user wants thanks to its own MOLLE panels with magazine pouches or other gear selection. This is how the HSG “Taco” pouches were incorporated. The HSG magazine “Taco” pouch allows for multiple types of magazines to be utilized without having to switch out – a very convenient feature.

Both the HBP pack and front carrier can be fitted with either hard or soft armor depending on user preference and mission profile. US Palm developed the ACS around rapid “plug-and-play” mission driven adaptation. As stated by US Palm, “Things change, and you’re trained to adapt – your gear should too.” This is what drove the R&D for the ACS. The ACS’s modularity allows mission specific US Palm components to be combined along with choosing a level of ballistic protection that always has an impact on weight. If you are riding or flying to contact or patrolling, it has an effect on how you load out. The increased protection associated with Level III and Level IV armor comes at the expense of weight and greater rigidity in armor construct. Even in the best condition this increased weight affects operator performance and efficiency; the degradation in performance is further enhanced if the individual does not utilize a properly designed armor and plate carrier system.

Initial impression of the EvoLite was favorable based on handling and feel from the box. There is a reason why the M4 profile AR is preferred by our troops who get a voice in the matter. What is not to like with a lightweight, compact, reliable, well handling rifle? While the EvoLite’s standard trigger was serviceable with a pull weight over 6 pounds, it was decided to take advantage of an opportunity presented by installing a Tactical Fire Control Tac-Con 3MR Trigger. Much of the buzz surrounding the Tac-Con 3MR Trigger System is its three modes/positions of operation. The modes are Safe (selector horizontal at 9 o’clock), Match-grade Semi-Automatic (selector vertical 12 o’clock), and the Tac-Con patent pending 3rd Mode of operation (selector horizontal at 3 o’clock). The 3rd mode provides an alternate type of positive reset that reduces split times between shots. The positive reset characteristic is achieved by transferring the force from the bolt carrier through the trigger assembly to assist the trigger back onto the front sear enabling split times that rival automatic rates of fire once familiarized with operation. Both semi and 3rd mode positions feature a non-adjustable 4.5 pound trigger pull weight with zero over travel. The drop in Tac-Con 3MR trigger is simple to install by anyone with rudimentary AR maintenance skills taking only a few minutes and instantly enhances shooter to rifle interface. The only nuance needed is to tilt the trigger group up while sliding under the Tac-Con provided safety lever. Tac-Con designed the 3MR not as a finicky fragile match trigger, which can be less than hardy under robust conditions, but rather as single stage 4.5 pound trigger with a short reset suitable for all conditions of use. The Tac-Con 3MR meets or exceeds military specifications for drop safety –something that “match” triggers usually can not represent as doing. All in all, the 3MR allows for multiple rounds to be sent downrange quickly/accurately and for precise longer range shot placement better than your standard trigger unit; yet retains reliability lacking from some of the other trigger units on the market.

It was decided to expand normal T&E protocol by running both the Meopta R2 and Aimpoint T1 through Echo Valley Training Center’s (EVTC) 360 and “Jungle Walk” ranges. Training scenarios involving team tactics along with patrolling to contact allowed the Adams Arms EvoLite to shine in terms of potent firepower and accuracy, especially when augmented with the Tac-Con 3MR trigger. No surprise with the pros and cons of the two different sights. The Aimpoint T1’s red dot is not dependent on a specific eye relief distance to be effective in accurately placing rounds on target in a rapid fashion. Firing from unorthodox positions while working around range vehicles showed why the light weight EvoLite combined with the Aimpoint T1 is such an effective combination. The Meopta R2 enabled target identification and more precise fire. Close range engagement of targets is still a viable proposition with the R2; just not as seamless as the Aimpoint T1. The Meopta MeoStar R2 1-6x is a combination of a red dot optic and magnified scope. It was developed for use at short and medium distances. With a low magnification setting the illuminated dot inside the reticle can be used like a red dot sight. The Meopta MeoStar’s variable magnification settings allows CQB speed at lowest power setting and enough magnification to make headshots at 200 yards or more. The illuminating unit offers eight illumination stages for the use in broad daylight no matter the background. Conversely, the T1 can place accurate fire at greater distance than anticipated for a non-magnified optic; obviously not as precise as a 1-6x scope like the Meopta R2. However, not being a prisoner to a defined eye relief distance offers a certain advantage.

While the Adams Arms EvoLite is not going to be issued to our military services or law enforcement agencies, civilians could easily consider using the rifle for multiple roles. There are an overabundance of AR style rifles vying for consumer attention. The EvoLite is worthy of consideration based on attention to detail and quality of materials used in its manufacture. The cliché of buy right the first time comes to mind with the Adams Arms EvoLite being a good example.

Sites of Interest

Adams Arms
www.adamsarms.net

Meopta U.S.A., Inc.
www.meopta.com

Tactical Fire Control, Inc.
www.tacfirecon.com

Aimpoint Inc.
www.aimpoint.com

Echo Valley Training Center
www.echovalleytrainingcenter.com

Small Arms Review is proud to announce several new product releases planned for the 2009 SHOT show, scheduled to take place in Orlando, Florida from January 15-18, 2009. As the largest domestic firearm industry trade show, admission to the Shooting, Hunting, and Outdoor Trade show is limited to those that work within the firearms industry.

Interordnance

Interordnance announced several new rifles for the U.S. civilian market. The STG-22 is a full sized .22 LR caliber AK-style rifle. Manufactured entirely in the U.S., (including the receiver and barrel) the fire control parts are identical to full sized AK rifles. With the increasing cost of 7.62×39 ammunition, the ability to fire cheap and available .22 LR from an AK platform should be welcome to many hard core shooters. The STG-22 uses a proprietary magazine that appears to be related to the East German .22 caliber magazines that are commonly available within the U.S. civilian market. A retail price has not been announced as of press time.

Small Arms Review previously reported the manufacture of semiautomatic MP40 carbines by Sport System Dittrich of Germany. Manufactured to the same original manufacturing dimensions and specifications as the originals, parts and magazines reportedly fit the Sport System Dittrich replicas. Interordnance announced that they have agreed to act as the exclusive U.S. importer for the semiautomatic MP40 carbine. Retail price is expected to be about $6,000.

Century Arms

Century Arms has several newly modified firearms available for the civilian market. The Goryunov SGM (SG43) belt-fed machine gun has been converted to semiautomatic function only using newly manufactured U.S. made receivers, barrels and Polish parts. A Russian designed machine gun chambered in 7.62x54R, the firearm is sold complete with caisson mount, and unique non-disintegrating belt. Century also has three semiautomatic light machine guns – the DP28, DPM, and DTM. Fed from a pan magazine similar to a Lewis gun, these three firearms are also manufactured with new U.S. made receivers, barrels and Polish parts and are chambered in 7.62×39.

The Sterling submachine gun was used with great success by the British Army. Until recently, there were no semiautomatic versions available for sale in the U.S. Century Arms designed and produced a semiautomatic Sterling that qualifies as a non-NFA firearm. Complete with a U.S. made 16-inch barrel and folding stock, the firearm is not an exact replica, but is very close in appearance. The Century Arms Sterling is compatible with existing Sterling magazines, and other accessories.

Adams Arms

Adams Arms revealed an AR-15/M16 piston system at the 2008 SHOT show. For 2009, Adams Arms has a new 7.5-inch AR-15/M16 upper receiver utilizing the gas piston system. Fans of short barreled M16 rifles know that 7.5-inch upper receivers are finicky, and difficult to make run properly. The Adams Arms team reports that their 7.5-inch upper receiver works flawlessly. Retail price for the complete upper was not available as of press time.

Fabrique Nationale

FN has two new rifles that will excite SAR readers. The first new rifle is the FN-AR. Based upon the Browning BAR system, the FN-AR is a .308 caliber, semiautomatic rifle available in a light or heavy barreled configuration. Representatives from FN indicate that law enforcement officers requested a semiautomatic .308 rifle that would fit within a patrol vehicle. With a 20-inch barrel, the FN-AR delivers as requested. FN makes two guarantees of the FN-AR: a 10,000 round barrel life (compared to the 3,500 round barrel life of the Browning BAR) and guaranteed MOA accuracy. The FN-AR utilizes a proprietary 20-round magazine. According to FN representatives, original BAR magazines will not function with the new FN-AR rifle. The FN-AR rifle also uses the ambidextrous magazine release designed for the SCAR rifle system. Retail price for the FN-AR rifle is expected to be $1,399.

Scheduled for public release in mid-December 2008, look for the civilian legal SCAR light rifles from FN. Frequent readers of SAR know that the SCAR rifle system has been under development by FN for several years for the U.S. military. According to FN representatives, the civilian version of the SCAR rifle will be virtually identical to the military version. Two obvious changes to the civilian SCAR rifle include semiautomatic only function and an 18-inch barrel with standard A2-type birdcage flash hider. Suggested retail price as of press time is $2,499.

Serbu Firearms Semiautomatic .50 BMG Rifle

The long anticipated Serbu semiautomatic rifle is reportedly in production. Featuring steel and aluminum construction, the rifle reportedly weighs 25 pounds making the Serbu rifle considerably lighter than many competing semiautomatic .50 caliber rifles. Overall length is reportedly 52.5 inches, with a 26-inch barrel. Utilizing a gas operated, three lug bolt with dual ejectors, the rifle uses standard M82 10-round magazines. Suggested retail is currently $6,700.

American Tactical Imports

Known for importing the GSG-5 carbine, look for the GSG-5 pistol to be on display at SHOT. Manufactured by German Sport Guns of Germany, the GSG-5 variants are near perfect replicas of the full scale 9mm Heckler and Koch versions. Look for a full review of the GSG-5 pistol in a future issue of Small Arms Review.

ATI is offering a dedicated .22 caliber M4 type AR-15/M16 upper receiver with a 16-inch barrel that utilizes Mad Dog .22 caliber magazines. Utilizing a modified bolt and recoil system based upon the Atchisson .22 LR system, the ATI upper receiver will reportedly retail for $300. Unlike other .22 caliber conversions, the ATI conversion utilizes a .22 caliber barrel and eliminates the .223 chamber spacer employed by caliber conversion kits. The kit is reportedly made and manufactured in Italy, and imported exclusively by ATI.

The firearms industry has recently seen many new modifications and caliber offerings in the AR-15 system. ATI has a new .410 caliber shotgun based upon the AR-15 design. Unlike the USAS-12 12-gauge shotgun, the T-14 shotgun is the same size as an AR-15, and makes use of the same fire control parts found on the AR-15. Equipped with a 10-round magazine, the T-14 has an MSRP of $799.

For Glock owners, ATI has secured newly manufactured after-market 15-round and 17-round 9mm Glock magazines. Identical in fit and finish to the original Glock 9mm magazines, a pair of magazines is sold with a magazine pouch for $39.99.

PTR-91, Inc.

PTR, long known for its Heckler and Koch type .308 rifles, has a new rifle available for the U.S. civilian market. The new G3 based rifle is chambered in 7.62×39. Designated the PTR-32, the rifle is available with a 16-inch barrel, Navy-type polymer trigger group, HK-type birdcage flash suppressor, and either a standard or collapsible stock. Most importantly, the rifle reportedly accepts AK-type 7.62mm magazines which are easy and inexpensive to obtain. Suggested retail is $1,240 for the standard stock model, and $1,355 for the collapsible stock model.

The SHOT show is the largest domestic firearm trade show of the year, and visitors can expect to find many new product releases during the show. Please bear in mind that while the information within this article was accurate as of press time, changes within the industry and political climate may result in changes to the final retail price, product offerings, and configurations.