Most of the collection comes from the CITEFA, nowadays known as the CITEDEF, which is a research and development agency for the Argentine army. Some pieces were also donated by private citizens. Interesting to note that the guns that came from CITEFA were certainly tried and tested by Argentina. Many prototypes are present, of course.

Entering the museum, you’re greeted with a beautiful circular room, covered in marble and with a statue of General San Martín, Argentina’s national hero and founder. To enter the museum, there’s a fee of 2,000 pesos, around $2 USD in 2024. The staff was accommodating, but nothing out of the ordinary.

Now to the interesting bit, the museum itself. After paying, you’re greeted with the first room, consisting of swords, some replica armor, and two very interesting crossbows. The room itself is very well decorated and mostly nicely presented. Next, you go down a ramp and you’re greeted with the first indication this museum is going to be worth it; a room completely filled with gun cabinets full of very interesting and unique firearms including but not limited to:

One of the first interesting prototypes this museum has to offer, the Criollo rifle. Despite its odd name, its inventor was Angél Chiesanova. Made around the late 1800s, it chambers the 7.65x53mm Argentine cartridge and it operates in a very unique manner.

A second prototype I wasn’t even aware existed; an Argentine pattern Rolling-Block rifle modified by the Buenos Aires Arsenal, using the system patented by one Costa de Argibel.

There’s a lot in this room to appreciate, some other things of note was the variety of rare single shot, breech loading rifles they displayed, like the Mylonas rifle from Greece, a Robert II prototype from France, and an extremely unique Herteleup patent underhammer rifle. Also of note were Dreyse rifles and carbines, two Hall breech-loading rifles, a Russian Karlé needle-fire rifle, a Gewehr 98 trench rifle, and a Gewehr 98 in a grenade launcher mount.

The next exhibit is a progression of the Argentine firearms throughout history. Present are many flintlocks, including a replica of the first manufactured firearm on Argentine soil. There are Rolling Block rifles and carbines of all sorts of lengths, patterns, and models along with Argentine Mausers, sniper rifles and prototypes, and, finally, the FAL. There were also a few other miscellaneous rifles like a Spencer carbine, some breech-loading/single-shot rifles used by Argentina, and a Berdan I, Albini-Braedlin, Robinson, B.S. Roberts, Tabatiére and a few others. Also present were some heavy-machine guns.

A wall of Rolling Block rifles, including many carbine variants used by different branches of the army.

Argentine Mauser rifles, complete with a sniper variant and a prototype carbine that uses a bayonet system, similar to the Carcano.

The next room is an exhibit about the Falklands war, or as the Argentines prefer to call it, “Guerra das Malvinas.” As it is still in recent memory in Argentina, I won’t delve much into the conflict or the exhibit. Of note, there’s a silenced Sterling submachine gun and a cabinet of the guns the Argentine marines captured when first landed in Port Stanley from the garrison stationed there. Here, the museum deviates into four rooms, only one of which I will be able to cover here. On your left is a room, again, full (from floor to ceiling) with gun cases, all with interesting pistols. Of note are a prototype 1911 pattern Steyr-Hahn in its case (complete with accessories), a prototype Astra semi-automatic dating to around 1921 in 9mm Largo, two Webley-Fosbery revolvers, a rare Celmi pistol from Uruguay, and many others including different patterns of Lugers, pocket pistols, presentation pieces, Spanish copies, etc.

Apart from pistols, continuing on you’ll have a couple of cabinets with submachine guns of various nationalities and dates ranging from the Villar Perosa all the way to the PAM-2, an Argentine copy of the American M3 Grease-gun. There are all sorts of other firearms, including a Vollmer V.P.K, an MP28, a ZK-383 and an MP-34, all used during the Chaco war. An original 1921 Thompson, complete with a selection of different barrels, and even a Maxim silencer! Possibly the exact gun that was tested by the Argentine military, an Italian FNAB-43, and a Walther MPK which was allegedly owned by Salvador Allende, Chile’s deposed president. And last but not least, there’s a Swiss MP43/44, a licensed copy of the Suomi KP/31.

At the back of this room, there are a couple of hand-operated machine guns including one I didn’t even know existed prior to visiting this museum, the Bavarian “Feld”. Dated to around 1870 and designed by Johann Feldl, it functions very similarly to a Nordenfelt as far as I could ascertain. It was chambered in 11mm Werder and being of such rarity that there hasn’t been a photo of an example on the internet yet published, so it is my pleasure to present this rare beast.

Also present are a collection of other European machine guns, dated to around the first world war. Included are an MG08/15, Fiat-Revelli M1914, and a Hotchkiss Mle 1914. Next to the machine guns, mounted in the wall, is a very interesting piece of Argentine military history, a locally manufactured Panzerfaust clone nicknamed “PAPI”, which stands for “proyectil anti-tanque para infantería.”
And finally, there’s a very out of place (in my opinion, but still interesting to check out) Japanese collection of Sengoku period armor and weaponry.

If you’re not sold already, look for a future article where we’ll check out the biggest room of the whole museum and briefly introduce another museum I visited while in Buenos Aires, the “Museo Historico Del Ejercito Argentino”.

By Robert G. Segel

Argentina was an early user of the Maxim water-cooled machine gun, ultimately purchasing English and German made Maxims under three separate contracts. The first order was placed by Argentina’s Navy Purchasing Commission in 1895 for 50 World Standard Maxims manufactured by the Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company Limited (MNG&ACL) in England. These first 50 guns were given Argentine serial numbers 1-50 and chambered in the 7.65×53 Belgium Mauser caliber. The nomenclature information on the fusee spring cover included the MNG&ACL information and the 1895 year of manufacture. In 1898 a second contract for the World Standard Maxim was placed, this time with Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM), a licensed Maxim manufacturer in Germany, from the Argentine Army Purchasing Commission for 130 guns still chambered for the Belgium Mauser 7.65×53 caliber. These guns were serially numbered 51-180. The DWM nomenclature information on the fusee spring cover included the 1898 year of manufacture. The third and final contract signed in 1900 brought in another 20 World Standard Maxims from DWM and were serial numbered 181-200. All of these World Standard Maxims had brass water jackets and brass fusee spring covers except for the last twenty DWM guns, which were fitted with steel water jackets and fusee spring covers. Interestingly, most South American countries adopted the French Hotchkiss machine gun, yet Argentina had 200 of these early Maxims in their inventory.

Beautifully made with its water jacket, feed block, fusee spring cover, receiver floor plate and rear grip plate made of brass, the World Standard Maxim Models, often just called “Brass Maxims,” were a stunning, and lethal, piece of the firearm maker’s craft that was also esthetically pleasing to the eye. These guns had the early straight style of crank handle, an 1889 style lock and wooden roller belt assist located within the brass feed block. The gun is mounted on an Acland tripod that can be mounted on a wheeled field carriage.

All 200 of Argentina’s Maxims were originally chambered in the 7.65x53mm 1891 Belgium Mauser caliber and the long sight bar affixed to the upper receiver was calibrated for this heavy, round-nosed, high trajectory bullet. Each gun was fitted with a brass data plate on the top cover over the feed block reading, “Cartucho Mauser Argentino 1891” indicating the use of the 1891 Mauser cartridge. In 1909, Argentina adopted the new 7.65x53mm Spitzer round with the pointed bullet and flatter trajectory. All of Argentina’s Maxims were then sent back to DWM to be rebarreled for the new cartridge, have the long rear sight bar shortened to match the high-speed, flatter trajectory of the new cartridge, an optical sight bracket was attached to the left side of the receiver for attaching a commercially made 2×12 optical sight made by Carl Zeiss of Jena, Germany (that also fit the Swiss Maxim MG11), and provision was made also on the left side of the receiver for a removable shoulder brace made of steel and wood. The original brass cartridge data plate riveted to the top cover over the feed block had the “1891” milled out and “1909” engraved in its place to reflect the updates and change in cartridge use.

Though well equipped, Argentina did not participate in any major conflicts during the period that the Maxims were in their military inventory up to 1929. After that, they were given over to the police where they remained until 1959 when they were declared obsolete and sold.

It wasn’t until the turn of the century that Maxim water jackets were made of steel rather than brass. While there were many brass-jacketed Maxims made and sold around the world in the 1880s and 1890s, very few made it into the U.S. at the time and of course can’t be imported in now. Thus, these early brass Maxims of any vintage or type are rare in the U.S. and highly desired by collectors. To our good fortune, Sam Cummings of Interarmco in Alexandria, Virginia was able to import 91 of the guns into the United States in 1960. Those that remained in Argentina were used to decorate various officers’ clubs, donated to museums or sold to Argentine collectors. Of the 91 guns imported into the U.S., 8 were exported, 28 ended up in government custody for museums, storage or destruction, and the remaining 55 are now mostly owned by collectors.

Maxim Operating System

The Maxim operating system used in the World Standard is the basic operating principle employed in all Maxim guns. The gunner inserts the tab of a loaded cartridge belt into the feed block from the right, pulling it to the left, until it is secured by the belt holding feed pawls. The gunner then manually pushes the crank handle forward and holds it there while pulling on the protruding end of the belt, then releases the crank handle to return to the rear under spring tension. This allows the extractor on the T-slot to grip the first round in the belt. The gun is now in the “half load” position. Rotating the crank handle forward again, pull the cartridge belt tab once more to the left and let the crank handle fly back under its spring tension. The gun in now loaded with a cartridge in the chamber and is ready to fire.

Upon pressing the trigger, that actuates the trigger bar releasing the sear; the firing pin is released and goes forward igniting the cartridge driving the bullet down the barrel. The barrel and the bolt are securely locked at this point. After recoiling three-quarters of an inch, the bolt is unlocked and the crank engages the unlocking cam, breaking the toggle joint and freeing the bolt. The recoiling forces are now able to accelerate the bolt assembly to the rear and rotate the crank. This winds the actuating chain, loading the extension-type driving spring while the recoiling mechanism completes its rearward stroke.

After unlocking of the bolt from the barrel, the sliding boltface (T-slot) begins simultaneous extraction of the empty case from the chamber and withdrawal of a loaded round from the belt. Continued rearward movement engages cams in the receiver to force the sliding boltface downward, bringing the loaded round in line with the chamber and the empty case in position for the ejection tube.

Also during recoil, a cam lever action moves the entire feed block slide to the right. The top feed pawls move over to engage the incoming round in the belt, at the same time compressing the barrel return spring. After completing its full recoil stroke, the forward action of the barrel and barrel extension returns the feed block slide to the left, bringing the next live round in the belt into position against the cartridge stops for engagement by the sliding T-slot.

The complete force of recoil having expended itself, the extended driving spring starts the movement of counter recoil. As the bolt moves forward, the cartridge to be fired is positioned for chambering. When this happens, the T-slot rises, “wipes” itself clear of the spent case and slips over the rim of the incoming round in the belt.

When the bolt has reached its extreme travel forward, the toggle joint is forced slightly below the horizontal by the connecting rod. At this securely locked position the sear is depressed and disengaged from the firing pin, removing the safety feature, so that continued pressure on the trigger permits full automatic fire.

What’s in a Name?

Question: Which of the following is the proper name for the Argentine brass Maxim?
Model of 1895;
Model of 1898,
Model of 1909.

Answer: None of the above.

It is common and convenient among collectors and other interested parties to refer to Maxims as relating to a “model” number based upon the year of manufacture that is typically stamped on the fusee spring cover as part of the manufacturer’s nomenclature. While this is actually quite helpful, this is in fact, technically, incorrect. While the military may designate a model number (German MG 08, Swiss MG 11, U.S. Model of 1904, etc., usually based upon the year of adoption for service), Maxim in England, and all the other licensed Maxim manufacturers, did not use model numbers for their commercial sales.

The top cover of the Argentine contract World Standard Maxim showing the brass plate riveted over the feed block that originally read “Cartucho Mauser Argentino 1891” for the round nose, heavy, high trajectory Belgium Mauser 7.62×53 round. In 1909, the Spitzer round was adopted, and its much flatter trajectory necessitated the much shorter rear sight as shown here. The old ë1891í was milled out on all the converted guns and ë1909í stamped in its place. Also notice the original rear sight holding slot (in front of the word ‘Argentino’) that was used to help hold in place the lowered much longer sight bar when using the old Belgian Mauser round. The difference in length between the two sights shows how dramatic the improvement of trajectory was with the newer pointed-nose Spitzer round. The small brass plate affixed to the brass fusee spring cover denotes the fusee spring tension for blanks and the new ammunition.

Maxim’s first guns dating from 1884 to 1887 were really hand-made prototype affairs. As sales increased during this time period, so did the learning curve experience in manufacturing techniques and methods, operational efficiencies, weight and material used to make his product better. Outgrowing his little shop in London due to increasing sales, Maxim merged with the Nordenfelt Gun Company, which greatly expanded his production capabilities and Maxim was able to then incorporate his improvements on a production line scale. Every bit the salesman he was, Maxim named his guns the World Standard in 1888 as a marketing tool to imply the epitome of firearm development in his sales presentations and literature. (The name World Standard was never marked on the guns themselves.) Thus, a Maxim produced after 1888 is properly called a World Standard with the year of manufacture being noted as an aside. As years progressed and further improvements were made in the lock, feed block, crank handle, etc., these advancements can fortunately be tracked as the production or contract years are duly noted on the guns. So while a gun produced in 1898 may have certain features not present on guns produced in 1895, they are both correctly just called World Standard. The same holds true for the 1909 date as that appears on the top cover brass plate on the Argentine contract guns. The year designation helps determine what improvements can be expected to be found on the gun. The shorthand for this in the collector’s world is to call it as a model number. All these dates properly place the weapon in a linear time line, and are convenient in noting the introduction of certain product improvements.