By Chris A. Choat

Serious Stopping Ammunition from G2 Research

G2 Research announces a new subsonic .300 AAC Blackout-caliber round for hunting or tactical use. The new G2 Research 300 Ripout Round produces a massive wound channel that ensures hunters of an accurate, sure and swift kill. This new subsonic (suppressor-friendly), premium-grade, 200-grain .30 caliber round quickly expands at reduced velocities, creating a devastating, energy-depositing wound channel of one inch or more. Bullet weight retention is an astounding 98 to 100 percent, which creates more than 17 inches of soft tissue penetration. Free from the massively overdone hydrostatic shock prevalent in so many of today’s ultra-high-velocity loads, the sub-sonic G2 Research 300 Ripout Round will kill ‘em quick and quietly without turning good game meat into useless jelly. Individually manufactured in highly specialized CNC machines, each expensive-to-make bullet is precision machined to open up within the first two to three inches of impact, resulting in a controlled expansion of three large copper petals called tridents that make up the first half of the bullet. (A .30 caliber bullet, for example, will expand between 1 and 1.5 inches while the bullet shank remains attached for controlled penetration even at subsonic velocity.) The new Ripout round has a velocity of 1,020 feet per second and has a retail price of $54.99 for a 20 round box. You can get more information at www.G2Rammo.com.

IWI US Brings Back the Legendary Jericho Pistol

IWI US, Inc., a subsidiary of Israel Weapon Industries (IWI) Ltd., proudly announce the return of the Jericho brand of pistols to the U.S. market. The Jericho 941, designed specifically for the U.S. market, will be available in both steel frame and polymer frame models. Since it was originally designed based upon the highly regarded CZ-75 model, the Jericho has been imported into the U.S. under several names including Jericho 941 from KBI when first introduced, UZI Eagle from Mossberg and Magnum Research’s Baby Eagle. IWI US is pleased that the Jericho 941 has come full circle and arrived home. The Jericho 941 steel frame, semi-auto, short-recoil model will be available in full-size and semi-compact in 9mm, .40 S&W and .45 ACP caliber. The pistol features adjustable sights, an integral Mil-Std 1913 rail, an ergonomic grooved pistol grip and ships with 2 magazines in a lockable carry case. The Jericho 941 polymer frame with steel slide, semi-auto, short recoil model is also available in 9mm, .40 S&W and .45 ACP calibers in a full-size and semi-compact frame. All features are the same in the polymer version with the benefit of reduced weight. Unlike the Baby Eagle, UZI Eagle and earlier versions of the Jericho 941 imported by KBI that had a slide mounted de-cocker system, this new Jericho 941 utilizes the more desirable frame mounted safety, a la CZ75.
Jericho 941 pistols are used by civilians and elite forces around the world including the Israeli police. IWI US will also carry CO, CT, DC, HI, IL, MD, NJ and NY compliant pistols with 10-round magazines (no models available for CA and MA). For more information contact them at www.iwi.us.

Krebs Custom Flash Suppressor For AR Pattern Rifles

Krebs Custom is now producing its very effective 4-prong flash suppressor for installation on AR-pattern rifles. Threaded 1/2-28 for rifles in 5.56/.223 caliber, these 2.25-inch, 2.5 oz. flash suppressors are made from heat-treated 4140 steel for durability, with a black oxide finish. Flat sections on either side permit the use of a wrench, and a “crush” washer is included to keep the unit in place. Retail price for these new flash suppressors is $70. They can be reached at www.krebscustom.com.

New Techna Clip for Handguns Offer Ultimate Concealed Carry

Even the best conceal carry holsters add unnecessary bulk and weight. Techna Clip offers an excellent alternative for conceal carrying a gun that is even more comfortable. Gun belt clips also make any firearm much easier to truly conceal while in public. If you are ready for an incredibly comfortable and unbelievably discreet method for concealing your pistol – then witness the Techna Clip – a truly minimalist solution for those who conceal carry. It’s a concealable gun clip that easily attaches to your sidearm to deliver a secure, lightweight and discreet carry option – without a holster. The Techna Clip installs in just moments, with no modification to your firearm. Securely conceal your pistol in your pocket, inside your waistband, or even in the small of your back – with confidence. The “zero-bulk” design of the Techna clip allows users to securely attach a gun to their belt, pocket, or waistband. Users experience maximum comfort with these lightweight clips. The Clips are constructed of high quality carbon spring steel with a Black Teflon coat that will not mar the finish of the handgun. Techna Clip make these clips for a wide range of gun models. Techna Clips are 100% satisfaction guaranteed. For more information, visit their website at: www.Technaclip.com.

New Tripod Shooting System from Ashbury Precision Ordnance

Ashbury Precision Ordnance (APO) Manufacturing introduces the new RSTA-II Tripod Shooting System for Rifle Sports focusing on long range hunting, practical/tactical rifle competition, and professional marksmen. The RSTA-II Tripod Shooting System allows long gun users to shoot from a variety of alternate shooting positions while standing, kneeling or sitting whether on flat ground, rock strewn, steep mountainous or complex urban terrain. The 1.1 pound RSTA-II Tripod Head allows users to position long guns using the Rapid Control Handle (RCH), which can be set up for either right or left hand control. This versatile tripod head provides a positive locking ±35 degree head that can securely hold a 25+lb long gun using a 6 o’clock accessory rail grabber, Pig Saddle or APO AnyPoint Bipod/Tripod Mount. RSTA-II Tripod Shooting Systems offer users a maximum shooting height of approximately 68 inches and collapses to approximately 29 inches using Quick Power Lock leg latches. The standard duty RSTA-II Tripod Shooting System uses the stable, yet lightweight Manfrotto 190XPROB alloy tripod base that is suggested for long guns up to 15lbs. This tripod base uses 3-section legs that collapse into a highly portable field shooting platform at only 5.5 lbs. The extreme duty version of the RSTA-II uses the Manfrotto 055XPROB, a heavy duty tripod base with larger diameter 3-section tripod legs weighing 6.6 lbs. that flexes less under heavier loads of up to 20 or more pounds. The RSTA-II allows shooters to track, lock and when ready accurately engage distant targets without fatigue. In rugged field testing for more than 18 months RSTA-II Tripod Shooting Systems were live fire tested with a wide range of rifles including the M107 .50BMG. Long-gun shooters can interchangeably mount semiautomatic carbines, shotguns, and a wide range of hunting and tactical rifles on RSTA-II Shooting Tripod platforms. Variable power spotting scopes are also easily mounted on the RSTA-II platform using the common 1/4×20 detachable baseplate, or clamped snugly inside the Pig Saddle. One tripod system, many uses. For more information go to www.ashburyprecisionordnance.com

Recover Tactical Offers Rail Grip for Bereta 92/96

Recover Tactical is proud to announce the release of the new Recover BC2 grip and rail system for the Beretta 92/96 series of pistols. The Beretta grip and rail system follows on the success of Recover’s CC3 grip and rail for 1911s. The patented design of the BC2 adds a fully functional Picatinny rail to the Beretta and can be easily installed in about three minutes without a gunsmith. Just like Recover’s popular 1911 grips, the new Beretta BC2 grip and rail system was design by world renowned Israeli weapons designer Tamir Porat (Porat also designed the IWI Tavor assault rifle). The BC2 grip is manufactured in Israel from the same high-grade, glass-reinforced polymer used by many polymer gun manufacturers. The Recover BC2 will not scratch or damage your gun. Weighing in at only about 65 grams it will not significantly change the weight of your gun or the thickness of the grip. The Recover Beretta grip and rail system is currently available in black, desert sand, OD green and digital camo and comes with a limited lifetime warranty. Retailing for only $49.99, the BC2 is the easiest and most affordable way to add a full Picatinny rail to a Beretta. Visit them at www.recovertactical.com.

Italian Gun Grease Offers Tactical Lubricant for Extreme Conditions

Italian Gun Grease (IGG), leaders in the field of firearms lubricants and cleaners, offer shooting enthusiasts its Tactical Lubricant Formula. Italian Gun Grease’s Tactical Lubricant was engineered for use in extreme conditions, conditions that other lubricants simply can’t handle. In a combat situation or shooting competition it’s important that your gun shoots straight and fast every time. The Tactical Formula penetrates deep into the metal itself leaving a slick surface that inhibits carbon, copper and lead build up. Italian Gun Grease’s Tactical Lubricant reduces friction, increases muzzle velocity, lowers standard deviation, reduces malfunctions and extends the life of a firearm. The Tactical Formula uses state-of-the-art HSM Technology (heat seeking molecule) and it won’t burn off in even the most extreme temperatures. It has a working temperature of -40 to 1,000 degrees. The Tactical Lubricant Formula is available in various amounts starting at the 2 ounce size. The 2 ounce size MSRP is $7.95. For more information, visit www.italiangungrease.com.

Background Information Muzzle flash occurs when partial combustion products from the propellant emerge from the muzzle of a firearm and ignite in the atmosphere. The combustible products consist of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the deflagration of the fuel-rich nitrocellulose propellant along with partially consumed propellant particles. These gases and particles are expelled from the muzzle at high temperatures and pressure. Like any fuel, they must reach a satisfactory air-to-fuel ratio before they can be ignited. Flash suppressors interfere with this mixing process. Some additional factors dictating the presence or absence of muzzle flash and its character include barrel length, propellant type and chemical composition, the effectiveness of any flash retardants in the propellant, flame temperature, muzzle pressure, gas volume generated by the propellant, exhaust gas products and by-products and adequate mixing of these products with air. This mixing usually takes some time and distance. Consequently, photographs of muzzle flash from most small arms often show a non-luminous space between the fireball and the muzzle. Any small amount of flame present in or at the muzzle is likely due to the primer.

The size, character and color of muzzle flash can vary greatly ranging from virtually no visible light in front of the muzzle to a very large fireball. Color can vary from a dull to bright red, yellow-orange to yellow to nearly white with a slight lavender hue. The presence of muzzle flash is, of course, a serious problem in firearms intended for military and law enforcement.

Over the last 50 years, manufacturers of military firearms such as the M14, AR-15 and other similar rifles have developed muzzle attachments that attempt to reduce or even obviate muzzle flash. Flash suppressants in the propellant are also an important constituent of nearly all military and law enforcement ammunition. Nearly 20 chemical additives have been listed in the literature as flash suppressants. The most common are potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride in amounts up to about 2% but the presence of a flash suppressant is seldom if ever noted on canister propellants or, for that matter, on boxes of commercial ammunition.

Test-Documentation Procedures

The U.S. military under the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command has a Test Operations Procedure (TOP) for evaluating and measuring muzzle flash for a variety of small arms and larger weapons systems. TOP 3-2-045 (December 1983) contains a rather archaic procedure calling for the open shutter cumulative recording of twenty (20) shots with a 4×5 film camera positioned 4 to 5 feet out from the muzzle of the test firearm. A particular film speed and f-stop are also described. The testing is, of course, to be carried out in darkness. Strangely, no mention is made of the ammunition to be used or its composition or propensity to produce a muzzle flash with or without a flash suppressor attached to the firearm. This procedure not only seems awkward in the extreme but also self-defeating if one wants a realistic view of muzzle flash and some idea of its shot-to-shot consistency and reproducibility.

Contemporary digital cameras and a few chosen selections for f-stop and ISO settings comparable to those described here, along with a standoff distance on the order of 3 to 4 feet, provide the reader given to scientific testing a means for documenting and comparing muzzle flash.

While not absolutely necessary, a mechanical gun rest of some sort makes a very desirable addition to any set up since it keeps the rifle at the same standoff distance from the camera and area of interest immediately in front of the muzzle centered in the camera’s view. An outdoor location free of ambient light except for a full moon was chosen for the majority of this work. Alternatively, a small camp light placed on the ground and behind the camera will provide sufficient working light and will not interfere with the photographic process.

The authors used a Nikon D100 digital camera for the tests illustrated in this article but most any camera with a bulb setting or a built-in timer that will hold the shutter open for at least 4 to 5 seconds will accomplish the same end. If the bulb setting is to be used, a cable release will also be necessary and the cameraman will have to count off 4 or 5 seconds of exposure. The camera was positioned on a sturdy tripod so that it viewed the test rifle in profile from a distance of 4 feet with the test gun at the right edge of the frame. The remainder of the frame was reserved for any muzzle flash produced by the test shot.

The exposure time was set at 4 seconds, with Auto White Balance, an ISO setting of 400 and an aperture of f/5.6. With a little practice, this time interval allows for a strobe to be flashed followed by the discharge of the test rifle. A hand-held strobe was held near the camera and at such a position so as to properly ‘burn-in’ the pre-discharge image of the rifle. The rifle was then fired and any muzzle flash is added to the previous image. The immediate playback on the rear screen of the digital camera also allowed for the confirmation of a suitable image. A minimum of three shots with each rifle/flash suppressor/ammunition combination was carried out as a test and documentation of reproducibility.

It is important to realize that in this method all visible light is captured and integrated into the final image. The duration of a muzzle flash is on the order of 0.01 to 0.03 seconds and even less in some cases whereas the average duration of an involuntary eye blink is about 0.1 to 0.4 seconds. This means that it is possible that an eye witness looking directly towards a nighttime gunshot will not see the muzzle flash even though other witnesses see it and subsequent testing shows that the gun-ammunition combination consistently produces a large, bright muzzle flash.

Firearms

The first series of tests employed the following firearms:

• Olympic Arms MFR – 20-in. barrel
• Bushmaster XM15E2S – 14.5-in. barrel
• LAR15 Rock River – 7-in. barrel

All three of these firearms possessed a 1 in 9-inch twist

Ammunition

Two sources of .223Rem./5.56mm ammunition loaded with 55-gr FMJ-BT bullets were used in these tests. These consisted of Norinco .223Rem ammunition (Chinese manufacture – no lot number – headstamps “C J 8”) and Federal brand XM193 ammunition bearing the Lake City headstamp “LC 07”.

Flash Suppressors

The flash suppressors tested were as follows:

• A1
• A2
• Phantom A1
• Phantom A2
• Vortex
• Early Vortex

Test Considerations and Results

The essence of the Scientific Method in any testing protocol is to only change one variable at a time. The combined use of six flash suppressors and three barrel lengths allows a number of comparisons to be made. For example, one can isolate barrel length and ammunition (hold barrel length and ammunition constant) and study the effect of the six flash suppressors as well as the total absence of a flash suppressor. Alternatively, the effect of barrel length can be isolated by holding ammunition and flash suppressor constant. Finally, any difference due to the ammunition used in this study can be assessed by inter-comparing the appearance of any muzzle flash where the ammunition is the only variable.

Observations and Interim Summary – Phase 1

• 1. With only a few exceptions, muzzle flash, when present, was consistent and reproducible in appearance and size for each ammunition-barrel length-suppressor combination.
• 2. The muzzle flashes with both sources of ammunition were consistently yellow-orange in color. They invariably possessed a non-luminescent space between the muzzle and the actual fireball.
• 3. The Federal ammunition appears to contain a more effective flash suppressant than the Norinco ammunition (based on the results of the 20-inch rifle without a flash suppressor).
• 4. As expected, barrel length played an important role in the presence or absence of muzzle flash. The longer the barrel the less the muzzle flash, keeping the other variables of ammunition and flash suppressor constant.
• 5. Of the six flash suppressors employed in this study, the Vortex units far exceeded all other makes and models in their ability to suppress muzzle flash.
• 6. This technique or some simple modification of it will allow the reader to record and study muzzle flash. For those involved in ammunition selection, the inclusion of a scale at the gun position will allow quantitative measures of muzzle flash and criteria to be established for large quantity ammunition purchases. It also provides a means to study and compare the effectiveness of other existing or future flash suppressors.

Results and Observations According to Barrel Length

• 7. The Federal ammunition only produced a significant muzzle flash in 1 out of 3 shots with the 20-inch Olympic rifle without a flash suppressor. All of the flash suppressors were effective with this rifle and ammunition combination.
• 8. The Norinco ammunition produced a large muzzle flash with all 3 shots with the 20-inch Olympic rifle when this rifle lacked a flash suppressor. All of the flash suppressors were effective with this rifle and ammunition combination.
• 9. The Federal ammunition produced a large muzzle flash for all 3 shots with the 14.5-in. Bushmaster rifle without a flash suppressor. All of the flash suppressors were effective with this rifle and ammunition combination with the exception of the A2 suppressor that failed to totally suppress the muzzle flash for one of the three shots.
• 10. The Norinco ammunition produced a large muzzle flash with all 3 shots with this rifle when it lacked a flash suppressor. All of the flash suppressors were effective with this rifle and ammunition combination.
• 11. The Federal ammunition produced a large muzzle flash for all 3 shots with the 7-in. LAR15 rifle without a flash suppressor. The A1, A2 and Phantom A1 flash suppressors were only slightly effective with this rifle and ammunition combination. The Phantom A2 was partially successful in that it suppressed the flash in 2 out of 3 shots. Both Vortex suppressors were completely effective in suppressing muzzle flash with this rifle-ammunition combination.
• 12. The Norinco ammunition produced a large muzzle flash with all 3 shots with this rifle when it lacked a flash suppressor. The A1 and Phantom A1 were only partially successful in reducing muzzle flash. The A2 flash suppressor prevented 2 out of 3 flashes and the Phantom A2 only prevented 1 out of 3 flashes. Both Vortex flash suppressors were completely effective with this rifle and ammunition combination.

Phase 2 Tests

The ‘C J 93’ Norinco ammunition was used in combination with a Stag Arms 18-inch AR-15 to evaluate the flash suppressing capabilities of the 3-prong flash suppressor that came as original equipment on very early M16s. These results were compared to the current A1 “birdcage” flash suppressor and two types of Vortex suppressors. These tests were carried out in Forensic Science Service’s range using a black drop cloth behind the muzzle area of the rifle. A CED chronograph with infrared detectors was used to record the velocity values of each shot measured 10 feet downrange. The camera-to-muzzle distance for these tests was 3.5 feet and the aperture changed to f/6.3 due to the shorter standoff distance.

The two types of Vortex flash suppressors totally negated any muzzle flash whereas the 3-prong and A1 suppressors were reasonably effective, allowing only a small amount of flash to occur.

Summary

This work provides a method and some photographic parameters that will allow the reader to carry out and document muzzle flash tests. Some representative examples of muzzle flash, muzzle flash suppressors and muzzle flash suppression by these devices have been provided in the numerous figures contained in this article.

Special thanks are extended to David Fisher of Fisher Enterprises, Tempe, AZ for his assistance and the use of his Bushmaster XM15E2S.