The 40mm grenade launcher is a specialized firearm. It’s typically not the first firearm grabbed for an afternoon of fun, isn’t always economical to shoot, and isn’t conducive to typical “plinking.” Nevertheless, there’s something about a grenade launcher that draws smiles from the shooter and the surrounding crowd that inevitably forms when firing one on the range. Lewis Machine and Tool (LMT), long known for their high quality firearms and parts teamed up with ALS Technologies, long known for their extensive catalog of 37mm and 40mm caliber ammunition, to build a single shot 40mm grenade launcher.

Designed by ALS to be an affordable 40mm launcher, the unit was intended to overcome three major shortcomings of the current 40mm systems on the market: ease of use, cost, and weight. Dave Dubay of ALS explained: “We eliminated features that we deemed unnecessary from the launcher. Other than a sight, there aren’t too many accessories that will make sense on a 40mm launcher. As a result, we eliminated quad rails on the unit, for a significant weight reduction.”

Weighing in at about 4 pounds, the 40LMTS features an expandable stock and adjustable front vertical grip. A Picatinny rail mounting is provided to allow the user to mount an optic; bead sights are provided as standard equipment on the launcher for use with close range, less lethal munitions. The Picatinny top rail will accept nearly any enhanced optics/sighting systems, including the current Meprolight unit that incorporates a laser range finder and adjustable sight picture. Other units, like the side mounting L3 EOTech GL sight may prove more difficult, but not impossible to mount to the weapon.

The 40LMTS will fire standard 40mm Less Lethal ammunition, up to 4.8 inches in cartridge length (standard length for parachute flares and similar type signal rounds) as well as most medium velocity H.E. 40mm ammunition. This weapon (like all other shoulder fired 40mm systems) is NOT designed to fire 40mm high velocity ammunition. High velocity 40mm ammunition features a cartridge case that measures 53mm in length, and will not chamber within a 40x46mm low velocity 40mm system.

Three major features set the 40LMTS system apart from other 40mm systems currently in the market – the use of a true M4 collapsible butt stock, simplicity and ease of trigger mechanism, and the incorporation of an external hammer. “From an ease of use standpoint, incorporating an M4 collapsible butt stock was a no-brainer,” said Dave Dubay. “Everyone knows how to use an M4 butt stock, while also allowing the multiple length of pull to accommodate smaller shooters or law enforcement users wearing thick ballistic vests.” While the 40mm LV round does not produce significant recoil, shooters will want to have the firearm braced firmly when firing. Being able to adjust the length of pull on the system allows for more comfortable shooting, and greater accuracy – an important end result when using high explosive or less lethal rounds.

Internally, the system utilizes standard Smith and Wesson model 686 revolver parts. When examining 40mm systems overseas, parts availability is a major issue. Being able to use standard Smith and Wesson parts allows foreign end users to repair the launcher by potentially cannibalizing more common Smith and Wesson revolvers, rather than try to source hard to find parts made solely for the launcher. From a quality standpoint, use of Smith and Wesson parts likely means that failure of the trigger mechanism is very remote.

In the event that there is a misfire or the round does not initiate after the hammer drops, the external hammer allows the user to re-cock the weapon and fire it again. This feature has not been seen in a commercially viable 40mm system since the Heckler and Koch Model 69 launcher that also incorporated an external hammer. While this may seem odd, the incorporation of an external hammer creates a large advantage to the shooter in being able to fire the weapon without having to open the chamber on a live round.

Because the 40LMTS is double action, there is no external safety. The trigger pull in double action was not measured, but is significant. When firing 40mm high explosive, one wants to be positive that the trigger is being engaged via deliberate action. In single action, the trigger pull was crisp and manageable. The barrel release mechanism is ambidextrous, and allows easy one-handed opening with or without gloves.

Although a unit was not made available for test firing, the 14-inch barrel is predicted to provide sufficient accuracy and velocity. In a 40mm system, the shorter barrels (like the HK M320, 9-inch barrel) pose accuracy issues due to lack of barrel length to produce sufficient velocity. Future testing will measure projectile velocity from the 14-inch barrel, as well as test for accuracy. Fit and finish of the sampled weapon was impressive, as would be expected of an LMT product.

Suggested retail price for the 40mm unit is $699, and is available exclusively through ALS Technologies. A non-NFA version in 37mm is available for law enforcement agencies that do not wish to pursue NFA firearms, and for shooters that reside in non-NFA localities. Additional information may be found online at www.alstechnologies.com. Lightweight and rugged, the 40LMTS features precision machining and engineering found in every weapon system produced by LMT.

Specifications

As basic review, recall that the most recent variants of 40mm grenade systems are typically deemed “third generation” systems, following the design of the M79 40mm grenade launcher, the original first generation 40mm grenade launcher. Later second generation launchers are represented by the Colt M203, and the Heckler and Koch M69 launchers as systems that require mounting to the host weapon. The newest 40mm grenade launchers represent an entirely new system of weapons, representing the third generation of the 40mm grenade launcher. In general terms, third generation 40mm grenade launcher systems are defined as a multifunctional 40mm grenade launcher. That is, they are capable of functioning as a standalone unit or as part of an integrated rifle system. Third generation systems frequently feature the increased use of aluminum, composites, and polymers within the manufacturing process, and generally rely upon a side opening breech, rather than the M203’s slide forward breech mechanism. By opening to the side, the third generation systems are better capable of accepting 40mm rounds that are longer in length than the original M583 parachute flare round. This is a significant and important feature as increasing numbers of less lethal and medium velocity 40mm rounds enter the market. Finally, third generation systems all feature universal mounting solutions reliant upon Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails as a means of mounting the launcher to the host weapon. By presenting a universal mounting solution, third generation 40mm systems offer a unilateral cross-platform 40mm solution – that is, a single 40mm weapon system may be mounted on a host of primary weapons, without special tools in a quick and efficient manner. Mounting a third generation system to the host weapon typically requires the minimal use of common hand tools rather than relying upon specialized mounting hardware typically required to mount second generation 40mm systems to the host weapon. It should be no surprise that the Fabrique Nationale FN40GL system fits the definition of a third generation 40mm system nearly exactly.

The System

The FN40GL Enhanced Grenade Launcher is intended for integration with the Fabrique Nationale SCAR 16 and SCAR 17 rifles. Capable of firing all types of NATO standard 40x46mm low-velocity grenades, the FN40GL may be mounted under either rifle or may be configured as a stand-alone launcher.

When assembled on a Mk16/Mk17 host rifle, mounting is easily accomplished with a trigger adapter and dual locking clamp levers. The FN40GL easily mounts to the Picatinny rails at the 6 o’clock position on the host rifle. No special tools to mount or dismount the launcher from the host rifle are required as one merely flips the two mounting levers upward. The mounting system is as easily manipulated as any common Picatinny rail attachment. When mounted to the host rifle, the FN40GL is firmly mounted without any flex or movement, yet is easily removed quickly and without the use of tools.

Completely ambidextrous, the FN40GL utilizes a polymer receiver mated to an aluminum barrel for durability and light weight. Unlike other third generation 40mm systems, the 9.6-inch barrel swivels to the right or left for ease of loading and unloading from any firing position. This feature differentiates the FN40GL from other 40mm systems. While other systems allow the barrel to pivot to either the left or right, other 40mm systems force the user to choose one direction or the other. The FN40GL is currently the only 40mm system that allows the barrel to pivot in either direction at any time. While this may not seem significant, the ability to load the weapon from either the left or right allows left handed shooters to utilize a standard system without modification. More importantly, the design allows the shooter to load the weapon in any position – left or right – an important feature when loading from one side may prove difficult or impossible in the heat of battle.

The FN40GL may also be mounted to an alloy stand-alone stock assembly to allow individual use of the system. While the launcher is outfitted with Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails at the 12 o’clock position, the stand-alone stock assembly provides rails at the 3 o’clock, 6 o’clock, and 9 o’clock positions to allow the mounting of lights, lasers and other targeting devices. While this may not seem significant, recall than 40mm systems are being used in increasing numbers in a less lethal role. The ability to mount a forward grip, red dot sight, and laser aiming modules on the system may prove valuable on the battlefield, while the ability to mount ultra-bright LED lights and eye safe laser dazzlers may be more appropriate for use in situations involving civil disobedience.

Fabrique Nationale offers the FN40GL with a traditional folding leaf sight as standard sights. The application of optional after-market grenade launching sights or laser aiming modules is easily mounted to the system via the built in Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails.

At the Range

The FN40GL is a manually operated, single shot grenade launcher. Loading is easily accomplished by loading a 40mm grenade within the chamber of the weapon and closing the breech. The breech is a multiple lug rotating design. Unloading is easily accomplished by opening the breech via a lever on the left side of the weapon and removing the live round. The lever to open the breach is intuitive for right handed shooters, and is located in approximately the same location as the legacy M203 system. As the system opens to the left and right, an ambidextrous opening lever would be innovative, yet mechanically difficult to achieve with the current design.

The trigger of the system is unusually large and placed low on the weapon system. While the system was fired using the stand alone stock, it appears that the placement of the FN40GL trigger may allow the operator to keep the index (trigger) finger on the trigger of the host weapon, while using the shooter’s middle finger to fire the FN40GL. Regardless of finger placement, the FN40GL features a double action only trigger system that proved long and heavy. While firing the system was under ideal conditions, one must recall that most users will be firing the system under duress, whether a civil disturbance using less-lethal rounds, or on the battle field, firing high explosive rounds. The stress likely faced when firing the system necessarily requires a double action trigger as a means of preventing fratricide and unintended discharges of the weapon. When firing high explosive, one can never be too careful.

Accuracy of the system using the FN designed leaf sight was reasonable and targets at 250 meters were easily engaged within the kill radius of an M433 HE round. Presumably, accuracy would be better when used in conjunction with electronic or laser sighting systems. Muzzle velocity was approximately 250 feet per second.

Conclusion

The FN40GL is a highly capable third generation 40mm system. While the double action only trigger pull is not ideal, the long and heavy trigger pull is likely to prevent accidental discharges in high stress situations. It can be differentiated from others in the market in that the FN40GL is currently the only 40mm system that allows the barrel to pivot in either direction during the loading sequence. The system appears to be currently adaptable only to the FN SCAR 16 and SCAR 17, giving limited use on rifles outside of the FN family. Although tested with a standard leaf sight, accuracy of the system would presumably benefit with the addition of an aftermarket laser range finder, laser designator, or sighting system. Wide use of Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails allow the mounting of nearly any aftermarket sighting system. Additional information may be found online at www.fnhusa.com.

As black rifles become more mainstream within the domestic shooting community, the numbers of accessories and attachments have become greater and more varied in design. Butt stocks, fore ends, pistol grips, flash hiders, and other accessories are available from any number of sources to dress up and change the features and appearance of a black rifle. In addition, uncertainty within the political and economic future has resulted in a large number of .22 caliber black rifles that are inexpensive, easy to maintain, and cheap to shoot. Enter the Gemtech G5-22, a multifunctional .22 caliber suppressor built specifically for the black rifle market.

Long known within the NFA community, Gemtech is known for making high quality products. The G5-22 is no exception. Not to be confused by its big brother, the .223 caliber G5 suppressor, the G5-22 is a miniature version of the G5 in outward appearances. Measuring 6.6 inches in length, 1.37 inches in diameter, and weighing in at a svelte seven ounces, the G5-22 produced a sound signature measuring 117 decibels when measured from a .22 caliber Thompson Center single shot rifle. First round pop was not noticeable to the ear, and was statistically insignificant when measured via sound meter. When one considers that the actions of many semiautomatic .22 caliber rifles produce 125 – 130 decibels when the bolt slams into battery, the true benefit of the G5-22 becomes apparent – the sound signature will be that of the action, and not the muzzle blast. When trying to compare what a suppressor may sound like without actually being able to fire it, this proves to be an invaluable insight into the level of sound reduction capable from this efficient little unit.

Like the G5, the G5-22 was designed with black rifles in mind. Outfitted with a miniature Gemtech bi-lock flash hider, the G5-22 mimics the feel and performance characteristics of the larger G5 without the weight or cost of the larger .223 suppressor. For those readers unfamiliar with the Gemtech bi-lock system, the system allows the suppressor to be mounted to the rifle in the same repeatable manner, each and every time the suppressor is fitted to the rifle. This is an important feature, as thread-based designs common to many suppressor designs may not provide consistent and repeatable mounting between the suppressor and the host weapon. Accuracy (or lack thereof) and inconsistency between aimed suppressed and non-suppressed fire can sometimes be traced to variables in the suppressor mounting system. The Gemtech bi-lock system removes many of the inconsistencies through the use of two offset mounting tabs that force the suppressor to be mounted to the rifle in the exact same position every time it is used. More importantly, a suppressor using the Bi-lock system may be attached or removed from the rifle in a matter of seconds. The .22 caliber bi-lock, while smaller in size than the full sized bi-lock, provides the identical features as its larger full sized .223 caliber brethren, while preserving the tactical (yet diminutive) feel and appearance of a .22 caliber black rifle. For the G5-22 to follow in the footsteps of the larger G5 suppressor, the Bi-lock mounting system was a required feature.

For safety reasons, the G5-22 will not mount to a rifle using a traditional G5 bi-lock. Designed for use with the .22 LR cartridge, the G5-22 is not capable of withstanding the forces generated by the larger and more powerful .223 cartridge. As a result, the G5-22 Bi-lock is smaller in size, thereby preventing the use of the G5-22 on a full sized .223 Bi-lock mount (preventing a potentially catastrophic end result) while also excluding the G5 from being used on the G5-22 mount thus preventing the user from adverse lead build up within the sealed and non-serviceable G5 suppressor. For users with multiple .22 LR firearms, additional bi-lock mounts may be purchased.

For those with limited knowledge of how a suppressor works and functions, questions may arise why a new suppressor is needed when the Gemtech G5 suppressor (capable of firing the more powerful .223 cartridge) is fully capable of suppressing the lowly .22 LR cartridge. In simple terms, the answer is lead vapor. Most .223 projectiles have a full metal jacket, with only the lead base of the projectile exposed. In some cases, even the base may be enclosed, limiting the amount of exposed lead to the gases generated during the firing sequence. Less lead is exposed during the firing sequence of a .223 cartridge, resulting in less lead buildup within a dedicated .223 suppressor. The same is not true of .22 LR cartridges. Typical .22 LR cartridges are composed of lead with a waxy finish. During the firing sequence, the hot gases created from the burning propellant, combined with high temperatures generated via friction between the projectile and the barrel allows a small portion of the lead projectile to vaporize. Firing quick volleys of .22 LR (whether in semiautomatic or fully automatic manner) only exacerbates the problem, as the internal temperatures increase and the lead is more easily vaporized.

While generally safe to the shooter, the lead vapor will exit the muzzle and is directed away from the shooter. From a safety standpoint, this is ideal. Nevertheless, the lead vapor will quickly condense on any cool surface encountered, including the internals of a sound suppressor. While there are .22 LR cartridges that are “jacketed,” these rounds typically feature a copper wash over the lead projectile that measures only several thousandths of an inch in thickness. While the copper wash may lessen the amount of lead vapor generated, the issue of lead vapor and leading remains.

Why is the issue of lead vapor important? Typically, large caliber suppressors are sealed and are not user-serviceable. There is no need to service a typical centerfire suppressor. Remember – lead vapor is typically not an issue for centerfire caliber cartridges. The caveat of course comes when a centerfire suppressor is used to fire .22 LR cartridges. Build up of lead vapor within the centerfire suppressor will increase weight and degrade performance over time, without the ability to clean or remove the internal lead build up. While a G5 (or any large caliber centerfire suppressor) may be used to suppress the report of a .22 caliber cartridge, the centerfire suppressor is not intended, nor recommended for long term use with .22 caliber cartridges.

Designed for the .22 LR cartridge, the G5-22 may be disassembled and is fully user serviceable for internal cleaning. In practice, the G5-22 was easily disassembled without tools. The end caps were easily unscrewed by hand and without tools to expose an inner tube used to align the internal baffles. Removing the baffles from the inner tube was easily accomplished by unscrewing the outermost baffle with a coin. Once removed, the remaining eight baffles slide out of place for cleaning and maintenance. Reassembly of the G5-22 was easy by simply reversing the steps used in disassembly. With the exception of placing the blast baffle in the proper internal position, there were no baffle alignment or sequential internal assembly steps required.

Virtually identical in use and installation to the larger G5 suppressor, the G5-22 has the added benefit of allowing law enforcement SWAT teams to train at lower cost. When installed on a .22 caliber AR-15, M16, or M4 platform, the G5-22 allows the use of inexpensive .22 caliber cartridges, while maintaining the same muscle memory required for use of the larger .223 caliber G5. In stressful situations, one must train in the same manner as the fight; the G5-22 allows the user to train at a lower cost without trying to remember how different systems are used in varying situations.

Accuracy testing showed that the suppressor did not adversely affect accuracy of the host weapon. Partly due to the consistency in mounting, and partly due to physics, users will typically find that use of a suppressor will tighten a shot group. The effect is best described by the imagining the inner workings of the suppressor. Rather than allowing gases to escape from the barrel unimpeded, suppressors typically contain and direct the gases formed during the firing sequence, allowing the bullet to exit the bore with minimal disruption. The bullet exits a suppressed bore with less external influence from the muzzle blast, resulting in greater accuracy and tighter shot groups.

The G5-22 suppressor proved to be a quality product, in line with what one might expect from Gemtech. As the first Gemtech suppressor capable of full disassembly, the design is well thought out and designed for heavy use by serious shooters. Suggested retail price is $495. The $200 NFA transfer tax will apply for the transfer of the suppressor to non-licensed individuals or entities, making the suppressor as expensive (or potentially more expensive) than the host .22 caliber firearm. Nevertheless, the ability to train on the AR-15/M16 platform using inexpensive .22 caliber ammunition will easily provide an afternoon of shooting without breaking the bank, irritating the neighbors, or worrying about an errant centerfire .223 round leaving the firing range.

By Jason Wong

Until recently, the 40mm grenade launcher was almost exclusively dominated by the M203. With the recent adoption of the Heckler and Koch M320 by the U.S. Army, a look back at Heckler and Koch’s legacy 40mm systems is in order. First designed in the late 1950’s, the 40mm grenade system was a stop gap system to bridge the distance between grenades thrown by hand, and the employment of light mortars. Hand grenades are limited by the distance the infantryman can throw the grenade, typically about 25 meters. A mortar is capable of dropping rounds as close as 60 meters from the firing position, but the weight of the system and ammunition present logistical and load bearing issues for light infantry. Clearly, a smaller and lighter weapon system was needed to bridge the gap. Enter the 40mm grenade.

The HK69: The Original Heckler and Koch Grenade Launcher

The HK69 grenade launcher is a stand alone, single-shot, shoulder-fired, breech-loaded weapon. The receiver incorporates the barrel assembly, firing system, and trigger mechanism. Configured with a rifled barrel, the barrel is hinged at the front of the receiver and rotates upward and away from the receiver, much like an over/under shotgun. Like a shotgun, the oversized latch to the rear of the receiver (and what appears to be the weapon’s hammer) is actually the barrel release mechanism. By pushing the barrel release latch to the rear, the barrel is unlocked from the receiver, and springs open under spring tension. The system lacks an ejector because one is not needed; the additional engineering and weight was deemed unnecessary for a single shot weapon. Instead, the barrel breech is cut to allow the user to pull the spent cartridge from the breech of the barrel. This design element has continued throughout the HK 40mm system design, and can still be seen within the current M320 design.

Weighing in at 5.75 pounds, the HK69 distinguished itself from the XM148 and the M203 in that it utilized a break action, similar to a shotgun. This design proved fruitful, and has lived on as one of the most useful designs in 40mm systems. The M203 was limited to a round approximately 5.25 inches in length – if the round was any longer in length, the M203 receiver interferes with the loading of the 40mm round in the M203 barrel. Unlike the M203, the HK69 has no issue accepting oversized 40mm rounds. Because the barrel swings upwards and away from the receiver, the barrel is not obstructed by the receiver. This design element has also continued to the present, and can be seen with slight variation within the Heckler and Koch M320 weapon platform.

The safety mechanism on the HK69 is a lever system, on the left side of the receiver, with large markings to show whether the weapon is rendered safe, or ready to fire. The safety blocks the trigger bar from releasing the hammer; in this manner, the weapon may be safely carried loaded, hammer cocked, with the safety on. Not one to trust mechanical safeties, potential users may consider carrying the weapon in Condition 2 (hammer down on a loaded chamber) as a better alternative.

The hammer on the HK69 is external to the receiver and is exposed for manual manipulation. When needed, the hammer can be quickly cocked, rendering the weapon ready to fire. In the event of a misfire, the weapon can be quickly re-cocked by engaging the hammer. The trigger on the HK69 is surprisingly light. Given the design as a single action trigger, perhaps the responsive trigger should not be surprising. When shooting the family of Heckler and Koch 40mm weapons, the HK69 had the best trigger system, far exceeding the double action only triggers found on later Heckler and Koch systems.

The HK69 utilizes a polymer pistol grip, and a lightweight tubular telescoping metal stock. Sling swivels are available for use with a sling. The system is strictly a stand-alone unit, and cannot be mounted to a host weapon in the same manner as the HK79 weapon system, or other future HK 40mm systems.

Operation of the HK69

Loading and unloading the HK69 is intuitive and easy. To open the barrel, grasp and rotate the oversized barrel release mechanism to the rear. The barrel opens under spring tension. Loading the weapon is as easy as dropping the desired 40mm round into the breech of the barrel. Unloading the weapon is equally easy by utilizing the semi-circle relief cuts within the breech to grasp the cartridge base.

The weapon is cocked by retracting the hammer at the rear of the weapon. The manual safety on the left side of the receiver should be pushed to the “fire” position. The weapon is now ready to fire.

Two sight systems are employed on the HK69. The first system utilizes a small, fold down blade sight capable to engaging targets at 50 to 100 meters. For longer range accuracy, a folding ladder sight allows the user to engage targets out to 350 meters. With a little practice and experience, it is possible to engage targets beyond the listed maximum range.

Final analysis

Potential downsides of the HK69 included the all metal interface – the weapon seemed significantly heavier than any other 40mm grenade system, save for perhaps the HK79, when mounted to a G3 rifle. The steel receiver has a tendency to get extraordinarily hot when exposed to desert firing conditions. Presumably, the steel receiver would be equally cold if exposed to sub-freezing temperatures. The same issues were not observed when test firing other systems. Other downsides included the single-action only trigger. Although the single action trigger was extraordinarily crisp when compared to other 40mm systems, the weapon has no provision to fire as a double action. In the event the shooter forgets to cock the weapon, the weapon will not fire – the trigger simply releases the hammer – the trigger will not cock the hammer if the hammer is down. Adopted by the German army in 1974, the HK69 was popular within the European community, but saw limited commercial success in the United States. As a first generation 40mm weapon system, the HK69 is highly effective, easy to use, with the fire control mechanisms intuitive to most shooters. The HK69 was the primary model, and is generally offered and referred to as the HK69A1 in its modernized version. The HK MZP-1 is a police version of the HK69 with 50-100-150 meter sights.

The Heckler and Koch HK79 – Competitor to the American M203

Partially based upon the HK69 design, the HK79, together with the XM148 and M203, brought significant firepower to the individual infantryman. No longer limited to the engagement distance of hand thrown grenades, the individual infantryman could use his rifle as a mobile platform for indirect fire. Similar to rifle grenades of World War II, the 40x46mm grenade system offered a larger payload and more advanced safety systems. More importantly, rifle grenades of World War II relied upon blanked ammunition to launch grenades down range. With the advent of the 40x46mm grenade systems, the individual infantry soldier could engage the enemy with a 40mm grenade with follow on fire from his rifle. There was no longer a need for the soldier to carry ball and grenade launching rifle ammunition.

The HK79 was the German response to the M203. Designed to be attached to German battle rifles, the HK79 was most commonly seen mounted to the G3 and HK33 model rifles, but could be adapted for mounting to most European designed rifles. Because the system was based upon the design attributes of the HK69, there are design commonalities between the two systems. Most notably, the HK79 is made primarily of steel, resulting in a heavy addition to any battle rifle.

The HK79 grenade launcher is a single-shot, shoulder-fired, breech-loaded weapon. Like that HK69, the receiver incorporates the barrel assembly, firing system, and an unusual trigger mechanism. Configured with a rifled barrel, the barrel is hinged at the front of the receiver. Unlike the HK69, the HK79 barrel rotates downward and away from the receiver. The practical effect however is the same – the barrel extends away from the any obstruction created by the receiver, allowing extra length 40mm rounds to be easily chambered. Similar to the HK69, the barrel is released via an oversized latch on the left side of the receiver. By pulling the barrel release latch to the rear, the barrel is unlocked from the receiver, and allows the barrel to open under spring tension. Like the HK69 (and all HK 40mm systems) the system lacks an ejector – the barrel breech is cut to allow the user to pull the spent cartridge from the breech of the barrel.

Operation of the safety is achieved via a cross-bolt manual safety catch, a traditional round push through switch installed on the receiver, forward of the cocking mechanism. The “safe” and “fire” positions are marked with red and white rings respectively; the weapon can be loaded and cocked with the safety set at either position. Unlike the HK69, the fire control mechanisms on the HK79 are entirely different from any previous or subsequent 40mm grenade launcher.

Replacing the external hammer of the HK69 is the Hk79’s horizontal T-grip, at the rear of the receiver. Similar in size and shape to the charging handle on an M16 rifle, the HK79 hammer is set by retracting the charging handle to the rear. The charging handle also has the effect of resetting the trigger. Like the HK69, the system can be re-cocked without unlocking the breech, in the unlikely event of a misfire. In this respect, the HK79 is similar to the failed American XM148, which also used an external handle to charge the weapon. However, the HK79 system is much more refined than the XM148 system as would be expected from German engineering.

The trigger for the HK79 system is located in an unusual, but convenient location. Given the position of the shooter when firing the HK79, the trigger has been thoughtfully located on the left side of the receiver, just below the location of the G3 cocking handle. When considering that a shooter’s natural hand position will be on the forward grip while aiming the 40mm system, the trigger’s location is convenient and practical. Similar to the HK69, the HK79 trigger was crisp, light and responsive, if not unusual. Due in part to the unusual location, and unlike most firearms which utilize the pointer or middle finger to engage the trigger, the HK79 is fired by the shooter depressing the trigger with the weak handed thumb. As a single action only system, the trigger was as crisp as the HK69, but sufficiently different to prevent a direct comparison between the two systems.

Similar to the M203 system, the HK79 uses a quadrant leaf sight mounted to the right side of the weapon system. The sight is fairly typical for 40mm systems of the period, with graduated aiming points in 50-meter increments, out to 350 meters.

Operation of the HK79 Grenade Launcher

The fire control parts on the HK79 are not as intuitive as the HK69 fire controls. To open the breech, the release mechanism is located at the bottom rear section of the weapon. By pushing the latch forward, the barrel opens downward under spring tension. Loading and unloading of the weapon is intuitive; similar to the HK69, semi-circle relief cuts within the breech are present to assist with loading and unloading of the weapon.

Cocking the weapon is achieved by pulling the T-handle at the top rear of the weapon to the rear. Upon cocking the weapon, a red ring around the base of the cocking handle will be exposed as a visual display of the weapon’s readiness.

By supporting the foregrip of the weapon with the left hand, the shooter’s thump should be near the push button trigger. The HK79 utilizes a standard ladder type weapon sight. Accurate range estimation, combined with choosing the correct cutout within the sight will result in accurate round placement. As the test rifle and launcher did not have an assembled ladder sight, it was impossible to test the accuracy of the system.

Final Analysis

Practically, there is little room to manipulate the HK79 charging handle. Detailed photos demonstrate the close proximity between the charging handle and the G3 magazine. Loading and charging the HK79 under stressful conditions would be challenging, but not impossible. More importantly, the combined weight of the HK79 and G3 combination is a hefty 13.4 pounds (6.1 kg) unloaded. Nevertheless, the system was adopted worldwide by a number of countries, including Panama, New Zealand, and Norway. From available Heckler and Koch advertising, it appears that the HK79 can be adapted to a wide variety of battle rifles, including the Steyr AUG, Colt M16, and British SA80. The Heckler and Koch AG-C: A New Generation of 40mm Systems

Faced with improved engineering in the firearms industry, new manufacturing techniques and materials, and the need to replace an aging 40mm system resulted in the development of the Heckler and Koch AG-C. Initially developed for the G36 battle rifle, the AG-C represents the third generation of Heckler and Koch 40mm grenade systems, and features the use of plastics and aluminum – a far cry from the original steel construction of the HK69 and HK79 models.

The AG-C is a single shot, break-action launcher and utilizes many of the proven features found within the HK69 system. Similar to the HK69, the now ubiquitous breech cuts originally seen on the HK69 system are utilized within the AG-C system. The barrel of the AG-C unlocks and opens to the left – rather than upward for the HK69, or downward for the HK79.

By allowing the barrel to open to the side, the AG-C system replaces the HK69 as a stand-alone weapon, yet also permits mounting the AG-C system on a rifle, thereby replacing the legacy HK79 weapon system.

As a stand-alone weapon, the AG-C is fully self contained. The system utilizes an undersized pistol grip, a retractable stock and side mounted ladder sights graduated to 350 meters. An electronic range finding sight is currently under development for future precision applications. When used in the stand-alone configuration, the system appears to be a direct (and updated) replacement to the HK69.

Replacing the HK69 alone is not the most practical benefit of the AG-C. By removing the retractable stock, the unit mounts directly to a battle rifle fitted with Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails. As the sights are mounted off center, the ladder sights remain on the unit, eliminating the need to re-zero the system or mount new sights on the rifle. In addition, because the barrel unlocks and opens to the left (rather than rotating vertically with prior legacy models) the system allows flexibility in selecting ammunition. Like its predecessors, the ability to swing outward (rather than opening forward, as the M203) allows the weapon to chamber a greater range of long length 40mm rounds. With the advent of newly designed medium range 40mm rounds, which are typically longer than the standard M433 High Explosive round, the ability to accept longer length rounds is beneficial to the end user.

Issued with the double action trigger, the trigger pull on the AG-C is long and heavy. Compared to the HK69, the trigger on the AG-C is horrendous. In fairness to Heckler and Koch engineers, the length and weight of the trigger pull are not likely to be noticed by users in stressful situations, and one may want to be absolutely certain the trigger is being engaged when firing high explosive rounds. Nevertheless, there is no comparison between the trigger systems of the HK69 and the AG-C as the HK69 has a single stage trigger that is crisp and responsive, and is the better trigger experience by far.

Fitted with a rotating ambidextrous safety reminiscent of Heckler and Koch battle rifles, the AG-C looks and feels at home when mounted on an HK36 battle rifle. Given the ability to mount directly to any rifle outfitted with Picatinny rails, the AG-C was a natural choice and has been adopted for use with the British L85A2, and the Canadian Diemaco C7A1 rifle. When U.S. military trials were announced seeking a replacement for the M203 system, the AG-C was an automatic contender.

Operation of the AG-C and M320

Mechanically, the two weapons systems are virtually identical in the manual of arms. The barrel release mechanism is located at the upper forward corner of the trigger guard. By pushing upward on the release button, the barrel opens to the side under spring tension. By reversing the internal components, the barrel can be made to open to either the left or right.

Loading and unloading of the weapon is intuitive; the legacy semi-circle relief cuts within the breech are present to assist with loading and unloading of the weapon. By rotating the safety to fire, the weapon is ready to fire. There is no cocking mechanism within the AG-C/M320 system, due to the use of a double action trigger.

The Heckler and Koch M320 – Replacement to the M203

In 2004, the U.S. Army announced a requirement for a new 40mm grenade system. Part of the requirements called for the new system to be a commercial off-the-shelf solution, ready for use, or ready for use with minimal modification. The requirements within the solicitation called for the new systems to be: “…more reliable, more ergonomic, more accurate and safer than the M203 Grenade Launcher. The GLM shall be capable of firing all current U.S. standard 40mm x 46mm low-velocity ammunition. It must have a breach mechanism that is able to accept improved lethality munitions with longer payloads/projectiles than current 40X46mm munitions to accommodate system growth. The GLM must initially mount on the M4 Modular Weapon System with a mounting architecture flexible enough for adaptation to the M16A2 and M16A4 rifle as well as future rifles/carbines. The mounting hardware can differ for each host weapon; however, the basic launcher and sighting system must be able to mount to all host weapon variations with only minor modifications. When removed and replaced, the module will return to its normal bore alignment regardless of the host weapon interface.”

In May 2005, an announcement was made regarding the selection of the Heckler and Koch system as the winner of an open competition to provide a new 40mm grenade launching system. Designated the XM320, the system has been modified from the prior AG-C system to fit the needs of the U.S. Army.

Of immediate note is the shorter barrel and integrated folding front grip. During a discussion with Mr. Wayne Webber, President of Heckler and Koch USA, it was noted that the Army wanted a more compact package, resulting in the shorter barrel. Of course, the shorter barrel meant that the ballistics of a 40mm round fired from the short barrel of the M320 differed from the ballistics of a 40mm round fired from the longer AG-C barrel. As a result, the sights had to be reconfigured to allow accurate fire from the system.

Similar to the AG-C, the M320 weapon system can be used as a stand-alone system, or may be mounted to a battle rifle. The M320 is a lighter system than the M203 it replaces, and does not require special mounting interfaces or hardware that the M203 requires. Of course, the M203 was introduced in 1969, and is a nearly 40-year old system; the M320 is a modernized system that uses modern materials and manufacturing techniques to address the latest developments within the small arms industry.

According to Barbara Muldowney, U.S. Army deputy product manager for Individual Weapons (PEO-Soldier), the M320 provides a number of advantages over the currently fielded M203. “Currently, with the 203, in order for the soldier to put the munitions in, they actually have to turn over the whole system,” she said. “If it’s under an M4, for example, they have to make sure that it is upside down so that the breech is exposed. Then they put the munition in and pull the pump in so that it closes. With the XM320 they can always have their sight on the target while they put the munitions in, so they don’t have to take the two extra steps of inverting the weapon system and then turning it back over.” Approximately 71,000 M203s are currently in military inventories, although only about half are currently in service.

Given the progression from the HK69 to the M320 over a period of nearly 40 years, it’s no wonder that the M320 is a thoroughly modern 40mm grenade system. Nevertheless, when viewed through a historical lens, the features and attributes of the HK69 can clearly be seen throughout the lineage of Heckler and Koch grenade systems. Absent an electronic solution, the decidedly low-tech ladder sight is still the most effective means of aiming at multiple distances. The breech cuts originally found on the HK69 are still a proven feature of the M320 that has persevered through multiple design changes and modifications.

The engineers at Heckler and Koch have repeatedly proven to be insightful to the needs of military operators by producing highly capable weapon platforms. If prior acts are an indication of future performance, expect the M320 to excel and provide many years of service to the U.S. Military.

Founded in 1852, Smith and Wesson has become a household name. To those not associated with firearms, the name is likely to evoke images of revolvers. Fictional characters from Dirty Harry to John Wayne’s character in the movie McQ, have added to the lore of the brand. The company’s Model 10 revolver chambered in .38 Special has proven so popular, that the firearm has been in continuous production since it was introduced in 1899, and to date, over 6 million units have been produced.

The company was not always successful. Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson originally formed the company with the intention of marketing a lever action repeating pistol that could use a fully self-contained cartridge. This first pistol venture was not a financial success, and by 1854 the company was having financial difficulties. Forced to make the difficult decision to sell the company, Smith and Wesson found a shirt manufacturer by the name of Oliver Winchester that was willing to buy the failing company. In 1866, using the original lever action design created by Smith & Wesson, Oliver Winchester’s company became known as the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

Smith and Wesson tried again – forming a second partnership to produce and market a rimfire revolver capable of firing a self-contained cartridge. This revolver was the first successful fully self-contained cartridge revolver available in the world. Smith & Wesson secured patents for the revolver to prevent other manufacturers from producing a cartridge revolver – giving the young company a very lucrative business that grew significantly over the years.

Based in Springfield, Massachusetts with manufacturing facilities in Springfield, Houlton, Maine, and Rochester, New Hampshire, the company also provides professional training to private individuals, law enforcement, military and security professionals. The Smith & Wesson Academy has been dedicated to firearms training before firearms training became popularized. It should be no surprise that the Smith and Wesson Academy is America’s longest running firearms training facility in the country.

Small Arms Review was recently given the opportunity to tour the Smith and Wesson factory, located in Springfield, Massachusetts and presents the following photo array of the production methods and inside views of the Smith and Wesson factory.

Switzerland is well known for its exquisite time pieces, fine chocolate, and its highly professional banking practices. The firearms manufactured by the Swiss are of equal quality, bar none. Based upon the recent innovations at Brügger and Thomet, the new GL-06 may become the de facto leader in 40mm grenade launching platforms.

Basic History of the 40mm Grenade Launcher

The GL-06 heralds from a long line of 40mm predecessors. Elements of the M79, M203, and HK Model 79 grenade launchers are evident within the design of the GL-06, placing the GL-06 well within the third generation of 40mm systems. Three generations of 40mm grenade launchers? Indeed. The U.S. manufactured M79 grenade launcher was the first 40mm grenade launcher to be effectively adopted. Together with the Heckler and Koch HK69 grenade launcher, the two systems represent the first generation of 40mm grenade systems. Primarily made of steel, first generation 40mm systems tend to be heavy, are intended solely as a primary weapon, and are used exclusively as stand alone units. In addition, first generation systems cannot be mounted to a primary weapon.

Second generation 40mm systems moved away from operating solely as standalone units, becoming integrated systems that could be mounted on a primary weapon. The U.S. manufactured M203 and Heckler and Koch model HK79 are examples of second generation grenade launchers. Second generation launchers are still primarily made of steel and aluminum, with the inclusion of some plastics and polymers within non-key parts. The types of ammunition for second generation 40mm systems are usually limited to a maximum of 5.25 inches in length – the length of an M583 parachute flare. Ammunition longer than 5.25 inches in length typically cannot be used within second generation 40mm systems.

Third generation 40mm systems incorporated new materials, with the replacement of steel and aluminum for polymers and plastics. In addition, several third generation grenade launchers can be used in a dual capacity role – either mounted to a primary weapon, or used as a stand alone unit. Within third generation 40mm systems, the maximum length of the intended ammunition is no longer an issue, due to the chamber and/or barrel design. Finally, optical sights are generally incorporated into the system, replacing leaf sights or other iron sighting systems. The Brügger and Thomet GL-06 is an excellent example of a third generation 40mm system.

Use of the B&T GL-06

Intended as a secondary weapon, the GL-06 cannot be mounted to a primary weapon. In this regard, use of the GL-06 is necessarily limited to specific functions and missions. While this may appear to be a negative aspect to the design, the lack of mounting hardware forces the user to contemplate the requirements of the mission. With the ever increasing real estate for mounting options on battle rifles, weight considerations must be contemplated; if a 40mm system is not required, it need not be mounted and carried on the primary weapon. Unlike the mounted M203, the GL-06 requires the user to actively utilize the system as a secondary weapon, forcing the user to determine whether a 40mm system is required for the intended mission. Although designed as a secondary weapon, the GL-06 is capable of serving in a multitude of roles, whether as a platform for less-lethal munitions, or as a support weapon in land warfare.

Operation and Design

The GL-06 is a single shot, break action system. Like most 40mm systems, the GL-06 is designed with a double-action only trigger. This means that the trigger pull requires deliberate and conscious thought to engage – an important quality when firing high explosive rounds down range. The internal hammer also serves double duty as the firing pin, similar to the design of the Heckler and Koch Model 69 system. As a break action weapon, the system’s design heralds back to the original 40mm system – the M79 grenade launcher. Unlike the M79, the GL-06 is lightweight, offers better iron sights, the ability to mount optional optical sights, and provides features that were never considered when the M79 was produced.

Unlike the M79, the GL-06 will accept any type 40x46mm ammunition. This is an important feature due to recent advances in 40mm rounds with integrated camera and data transmission capabilities, advances in 40mm medium velocity rounds capable of firing 800 meters, and advances in the development of alternate payload 40x46mm rounds.

The GL-06 rear sight features a ghost-ring sight for fast and accurate target acquisition, combined with a protected front blade sight. The safety is a simple push through design that locks the hammer from forward movement, and prevents any accidental discharges. The system is fully ambidextrous, capable of left or right handed fire without modification. In addition, the system features both left and right side sling attachment points for added flexibility. Brügger and Thomet is known for its innovative aftermarket stocks, allowing various submachine guns to be used with a variety of equipment. The same stock designs are available for the GL-06.

When the barrel is closed against the receiver, two locking lugs lock the barrel to the receiver. The barrel release latch is located in the forward edge of the trigger guard, and rotates upward to unlock the barrel. Although this may seem unwieldy, the wide trigger guard provides sufficient clearance for easy operation with heavy gloves, without the user feeling restricted within the trigger guard. When unlocked, the two locking bars are released, unlocking the barrel. A spring between the barrel and the receiver provides tension, allowing the barrel to open under its own power. The user need not physically raise or lift the barrel to expose the breach.

In response to the needs of end users, a Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rail has been incorporated onto the top of the barrel, while three Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rails adorn the 3, 6, and 9 o’clock positions on the receiver. Unlike prior generation 40mm systems, the prolific use of Picatinny rails allow the user to mount optical sights, a forward grip, or illumination tools to the system. The ability to mount an optical sight alone presents an increase in accuracy from prior 40mm systems, and gives the user an easier sight picture to define when in a combat or stressful environment.

The allowance to add accessories adds further value to the system when faced with less lethal and crowd scenarios. The ability to effectively make a show of force may act as a deterrent and prevent the need to actually use force. The capability to mount any variety of accessories to the launcher gives the end user flexibility to configure the GL-06 to the intended mission.

Off to the Range

The GL-06 is a robust and hardy system that proved to be ergonomically simple and comfortable to shoot. Unlike earlier 40mm designs, the lack of large external metal parts ensured that the weapon could be effectively fired within the desert environment, and without the fear of being burned by exposed metal components. In comparison, other 40mm systems were almost impossible to fire effectively within the desert environment due to the need to place the shooter’s face directly on an exposed (and hot) metal receiver. This was not an issue with the GL-06.

The test unit was not outfitted with an optical sight. According to Brügger and Thomet, the iron sights are zeroed to 25 meters for use with standard 40mm ammunition. When used as an emergency backup sight for high explosive grenades at close range, Brügger and Thomet offered the guidelines in the included to adjust point of aim.

In practical use, the guidelines were effective. After firing several rounds, estimating both range and point of aim became intuitive and easy to achieve. This is not to mean that all rounds fell on target – to the contrary. However, firing the weapon and getting the round “close enough” was easily accomplished with experience and practice.

Real World Use and Experience

In 2008, the GL-06 chosen by the French National Police for use as a less-lethal 40mm weapons system. Karl Brügger, Managing Director of Brügger & Thomet AG commented, “B&T is very happy to be able to assist the French National Police in upgrading their public order capabilities. The addition of the GL-06 Less Lethal Launcher will lead to increased order and stability in France as well as a reduction of injuries to policemen and violent subjects. B&T will continue to focus on close cooperation with all police and military partners with this product and all the other products we produce. We are excited to work the French National Police and feel confident that the system will fill an important niche in their missions to maintain order and public safety.”

Brügger and Thomet was founded in 1990 to produce suppressors for the Swiss domestic market. Ongoing research and development by Brügger and Thomet has demonstrated that the company is highly capable of designing and building top quality products for the international market. The B&T GL-06 is no exception.

GL-06 Specifications

Designation: GL-06
Manufacturer: Brügger & Thomet AG, Switzerland
Product ID:
   BT-31000 black without access safety BT-
   BT-31000-2 yellow (RAL 1021) without access safety
   BT-31000-3 yellow (RAL 1021) with access safety
Caliber: 40 x 46 mm
System: Break-down single shot, double action only
Barrel length [mm]: 280
Twist rate [mm per turn]: 1200
Rifling: 12 grooves, right hand
Overall length [mm]: 590 (stock unfolded)
385 (stock folded) Overall width [mm]:
60 (stock unfolded) 95 (stock folded)
Overall height [mm]: 200
Weight [kg]: 2.05
Sights: Ghost ring iron sights (sight radius 339 mm), adj. in windage
Interfaces: 4 rails Picatinny Mil-Std 1913
Standard supply: Weapon complete with siderails, rail covers and carrying sling

The XM148 was a revolutionary weapon that allowed infantry soldiers to engage the enemy beyond the range of hand grenades without the weight and complexity of light mortars. Rifle grenades were employed as early as World War I and efforts to launch rifle grenades from the semiautomatic M1 Garand succeeded in 1943 with the introduction of the M7 system. Used with a specially manufactured blank cartridge, the semiautomatic feature of the rifle was temporarily disabled to allow all of the energy of the blank cartridge to be transferred into launching the rifle grenade. Although the M7 rifle grenade system proved to be combat effective, the system was time consuming and potentially life threatening, given that the semiautomatic feature of the M1 Garand was disabled to fire the rifle grenade. A simpler system was needed that resulted in the development of the M79 grenade launcher: a system dedicated solely to the firing of 40mm low-pressure grenades.

Prior to the XM148, a U.S. Army grenadier was issued an M79 grenade launcher as a primary weapon, and an M1911 pistol as a secondary weapon. While the M79 allowed for a dedicated grenadier within the infantry squad, each M79 grenadier necessarily removed a rifleman from the unit due to the weight constraints of carrying both an M16 and an M79. Following in the footsteps of the M79 grenade launching system, the XM148 was a complex and fragile weapon system when compared to the robust M79. Nevertheless, the XM148 effectively allowed the infantry soldier to retain the primary battle rifle in combat readiness while also permitting the use of the newly developed 40mm low-pressure grenade system.

Following adoption of the M79 it became evident that the 40mm grenade system was an effective intermediate weapon that should be pursued and developed for use on the battlefield. Nevertheless, grenadiers were forced to make sacrifices in exchange for the ability to launch grenades at targets 350 meters away. The fuse within the 40x46mm grenade required 30 meters to arm, thus firing a 40mm grenade at a target closer than 30 meters was ineffective. Armed with an M1911 pistol as a secondary weapon, grenadiers in Vietnam were also provided the M576 40mm buckshot round and experimental flechette rounds of dubious effectiveness. A better solution was needed.

In 1963, the Army Operations Research Office requested the adaptation of a grenade launcher to the existing M16 rifle. The Colt CGL-4 (which would later be type-classified as the XM148) was first displayed publically in May 1964, with an initial distribution of 1,764 weapons being delivered to all U.S. Army brigades deployed to Vietnam in mid-January, 1967. The XM148 was delivered to each maneuver battalion within Vietnam on the basis of two weapons per rifle squad. All other grenade launchers were also traded on a one-to-one basis, resulting in approximately 84 XM148 units being employed per battalion.

What can only be described as remarkably pro-active, in November 1966 (and prior to issuing the weapons to combat units) the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Force Development, U.S. Army, informally requested the assistance of command elements from U.S. Army, Vietnam (USARV) in collecting information about the performance of the XM148 in combat conditions. On December 25, 1966, USARV requested that an evaluation of the XM148 as employed with the 199th Light Infantry Brigade Operating (operating within the Rung Sat Special Zone within Vietnam) be conducted.

Data collection began on April 11, 1967, with five critical inquiries:

1. The effect the weapon had upon small unit tactics;
2. The performance of the weapon as intended under combat conditions;
3. A determination of failure and maintenance issues, with an emphasis on failure rates for specific parts;
4. A determination of whether the XM148 was desired by infantrymen as a replacement for the M79 grenade launcher; and
5. If adopted, a determination of what basic load would be appropriate for individual soldiers assigned to combat support and combat service support units.

The survey ultimately grew to include 12 units from seven brigades, in four separate divisions. From an analytical view, the units interviewed and their area of operations bears some import due to the varying terrain and fighting conditions encountered by each unit. The 12 units involved included:

1. 1st Infantry Division, located in Di An;
2. 4th Infantry Division, located in Pleiku;
3. 9th Infantry Division, located at Camp Bearcat;
4. 25th Infantry Division, located at Cu Chi;
5. 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, located at Pleiku;
6. 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, located at Kontum;
7. 173rd Airborne Brigade, located at Bien Hoa;
8. 196th Light Infantry Brigade, located at Tay Ninh;
9. 199th Light Infantry Brigade, located at Long Binh;
10. 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, located in Dau Tieng;
11. 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, located at Long Giao; and
12. 1st Air Cavalry Division, located in Binh Dinh.

Questionnaires received from the 1st Air Cavalry Division were received too late to be used within the official U.S. Army report, however interviews and data collected from the 1st Air Cavalry Division were used to validate and support the findings of the report.

The report found that M79 grenadiers used the weapons for an average of 8.9 weeks at the time of the survey, with some units using the weapon for only 3 weeks, while other units had used the weapons for nearly 16 weeks. Regardless, the amount of time the XM148 had been in active use and service at the time of the survey was extremely short.

The survey found that M79 grenadiers welcomed the combined rifle and grenade launcher concept, and lauded the XM148 in its ability to provide the dual capability of point and area fire within the same weapons system. Nevertheless, former M79 grenadiers found the system to be difficult to use with four central themes:

1. A decreased rate and quantity of fire;
2. Slower grenadier reaction time to firing at the target;
3. Hampered movement of the grenadier in dense vegetation; and
4. A need to devote an extraordinary care in keeping the weapon clean and functional.

In terms of small unit tactics, most respondents reported that employment of the XM148 did not change small unit tactics.

In recognition of the different types of terrains and situations encountered by the respective group, the targets most frequently engaged were concealed (or suspected) enemy positions and enemy combatants in the open. Nevertheless, respondents also reported engaging bunkers, sampans, foxholes, and huts. Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported the range at which most targets were engaged was 50 to 150 meters, with 11% reporting engagements under 50 meters, 20% reporting engagements between 150-300 meters, and 1% of respondents reporting engagements over 300 meters. (Due to rounding, the percentages do not total 100%) The majority of respondents (53%) reported that the rate of fire was unsatisfactory.

In terms of maintenance issues, users complained about a number of issues and perceived deficiencies within the system. Soldiers reported that removing the unit for routine maintenance was difficult and the small Allen screws and locking pins used to secure the XM148 to the M16E1 were easily lost. In addition, the small parts of the systems were hard to clean, screws would rust easily, and the pistol grip was easily broken.

Out in the field, the quadrant sight was prone to snagging in brush, and worse, the sight was difficult to use with any accuracy. Also listed as snag prone were the extended cocking and trigger bars. Users found that under combat conditions, these two external bars could be bent or broken when field stripping the M16E1. The cocking lever was unpopular due to the 30 pound (14kg) force required to cock the weapon.

There are two design factors that appear to be critical contributors to the failure of the XM148. The first design element is the exposed sear lever and fire control parts at the rear of the receiver. During the 1967 investigation, soldiers reported that the trigger could bind the sear lever, and prevent the weapon from being cocked. In addition, the trigger could be immobilized by objects caught, or inserted between the receiver of the M16E1 and the trigger of the XM148. While this may seem like a foreign concept, recall that the trigger of the XM148 is an external bar measuring several inches in length, running along the right side of the weapon system. Apparently, it was not uncommon for a weapon sling, twigs, or fingers from slipping between the receiver of the XM148 and the receiver of the M16 rifle, thereby preventing the weapon from functioning. The exposed sear lever had the unique distinction of being both unsafe, yet favored by soldiers. If the weapon is cocked and pressure is applied to the sear lever by an external force, the weapon will fire. It was reported that soldiers would fire the XM148 by using their left thumb to depress the sear lever rather than use the weapon’s trigger bar.

The second contributing design flaw appears in the construction of the barrel and receiver interface. Unlike the M203, the receiver of the XM148 is a tube. The barrel fits inside the receiver, and pushes forward to expose the breech of the weapon. To operate the XM148, the rear of the pistol grip is pushed forward, which unlocks the barrel from the receiver. The barrel then slides forward within the receiver to allow the loading and unloading of the weapon. Recall that soldiers complained that the pistol grip was prone to breakage. In the event that the pistol grip failed, it would be difficult for soldiers to load and unload the weapon. In addition, due to the large contact area between the receiver and the barrel, dirt, mud, and other sludge caught between the receiver and barrel would make the weapon system difficult to operate. Within a few months, units with the XM148 were clamoring to have their M79 reissued.

In July 1967, the Army launched the Grenade Launcher Attachment Development (GLAD) program with the intent to solicit interest in the development of an alternative grenade launcher to the XM148. Recall that the XM148 was initially issued just 6 months prior, in January 1967. For the Army to launch a new program and solicit new designs for an existing weapon system within 6 months is nothing short of remarkable. Seven companies expressed interest in the GLAD program, of which three companies were awarded contracts. The three companies – Philco-Ford, Aero Jet General, and AAI each proposed a radically different solution to the 40mm grenade launcher. Aero Jet submitted an SPIW-type semiautomatic grenade launcher. Nothing similar to the original Aero Jet design has since surfaced or been developed for use. Similar to the modern Heckler and Koch M320 system, Philco-Ford offered a design that featured a barrel that swung open to either side of the receiver. AAI offered a single shot weapon with a simple single shot, single action trigger, pump action design.

Surprisingly, Colt was absent from the competition. By July 1967, Colt had already delivered 27,400 XM148 units to the U.S. Department of Defense. In an attempt to retain the contract, Colt attempted to redesign the XM148 at no cost to the U.S. Government, but the offer was rejected. Nevertheless, Colt’s redesigned XM148 was deemed the CGL-5. (Recall that the original name for the XM148 was the CGL-4.) Drawings of the CGL-5 grenade launcher proposed by Colt can be seen in U.S. Patent 3507067. The CGL-5 grenade launcher appears to be a reworked XM148, with similar features, including the tubular receiver and use of the pistol grip as a means to lock and unlock the breach. In terms of design attributes, the CGL-5 would likely have suffered from the same malfunctions and failures as the XM148 as there appears to have been no attempt to rework the tubular receiver, nor the exposed trigger mechanism. In defense of the CGL-5, the trigger and cocking bar were replaced by a simple knob at the rear of the receiver.

In August 1968, the prototype submitted by AAI was selected and type-classified as the XM203. Authorization to build 600 XM203s was granted in December 1968, with initial units assembled and sent to Vietnam for fielding and additional testing. AAI built the first 600 XM203 weapon systems, only to have all future production contracts for the M203 be awarded to Colt.

The XM148 project was dead, and was being replaced by what would become the M203 weapon system. Nevertheless, the concept of the secondary weapon mounted to the infantry soldier’s primary battle rifle survived, with the XM148 serving as the model for present day 40mm low-pressure grenade systems. As a weapon system, it can be argued that the XM148 was a failure. In terms of demonstrating a viable concept, the XM148 proved that a grenade launcher and battle rifle could be an effective weapon system – a concept that continues today as demonstrated by the use of mounted 40mm grenade weapon systems by nearly every modern Army.

The show, held January 15-18 at Orlando’s Orange County Convention Center, comprised 715,000 square feet of exhibit space, with 1,800 exhibiting companies. According to preliminary figures, this year’s show attracted 25,384 attendees, 22,098 exhibiting personnel and a record 1,425 members of the media for a total attendance of 48,907.

“This has been a tremendously successful show from a number of standpoints,” said NSSF President Steve Sanetti. “Exhibitors and buyers were very upbeat, the products sold well, and I’d say the industry begins 2009 with a sense of cautious optimism in this challenging economy.”

Small Arms Review exhibited at the SHOT Show, and presents this overview to new products of potential interest to the NFA community.

Constitution Arms Palm Pistol

The Palm Pistol made a splash in the national news media outlets when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that it was revoking a prior determination that the pistol was a “medical device.” Whether accurate or not, a solid model of the pistol was available for examination. The model proved to be very ergonomic and easy to grasp. The design incorporates two independently operable grip safeties that are deactivated by firmly gripping the pistol. A loaded chamber indicator allows the user to quickly determine if the firearm is loaded while a Picatinny rail allows the attachment of a small flashlight or laser aiming device.

Similar to a rifle where the recoil force is directed rearward to the shoulder, the palm pistol directs recoil into the palm and through the forearm of the shooter. While a firing model was not available for examination, the solid model was a very effective demonstration tool to show that the firearm is a viable design, is comfortable to handle, and capable of wide market appeal.

Elite Iron Suppressors

Elite Iron Suppressors of Bonner, Montana showcased several new suppressors within their line up. The Tango Down pistol suppressor is offered in three calibers: 9mm, .40 S&W, and .45 ACP. Utilizing a 7075-T6 aluminum tube, the .45 caliber suppressor is capable of 19-22 dB reduction when fired dry or 33-35 dB reduction when fired wet. The suppressors also feature a removable recoil booster for Browning-type pistols, as well as a super tough Ceracote surface treatment. Owner Dale Poling explained that the Ceracote is more durable than anodizing and provides a superior surface treatment. With a limited lifetime warranty, the Tango Down suppressors weigh 11 ounces (without the recoil booster) and retail for $750.

Elite Iron also has two new rifle suppressors intended for .223, .308, .338 Lapua, .416 Barrett, or .50 BMG. The SERE features an oversleeve design and is intended for a 20-inch barreled AR-15 type weapon. Due to the oversleeve design, the suppressor is better able to capture residual high pressure gas during the firing sequence, is lighter in weight, and operates as a highly efficient flash suppressor. SERE suppressors are built to order and retail at $825 for a .223 suppressor, or $925 for a .308 suppressor. Brian boasted that he currently has over 70,000 rounds through the .223 suppressor design with minimal wear to the suppressor.

The Alpha suppressor is intended for .416 Barrett or .50 BMG rifles. Weighing just under four pounds, the Alpha provides hearing safe suppression on the .416 Barrett platform when shooting 438-grain projectiles at 3,200 feet per second. Field testing of the suppressor provided a 24-inch group at 3,000 meters. The Alpha suppressor retails for $1,395. All suppressors made by Elite Iron are 100% TIG Welded. Additional information on Elite Iron Suppressors may be found on the web at www.eliteiron.net.

Airtronic USA, Inc.

During a brief interview, Airtronic revealed that they are currently manufacturing all M203 grenade launchers for the U.S. Government, with over 22,000 M203s manufactured during 2008. Airtronic also currently manufactures 65% of all spare parts for the M2HB machine gun.

Airtronic displayed a 40mm stand-alone grenade launcher system. Intended to allow the use of an M203 without a host rifle, projected retail for the stand alone system without sights is $250. Future developments include a version without a buttstock for use as a breaching tool. Mr. Dockery reports that the recoil from a breaching round when fired without a stock is manageable. More information may be found online at www.airtronic.net.

SWR Manufacturing

SWR Manufacturing displayed their new A2RA suppressor. Rated for full automatic fire, the suppressor is intended for the M4 rifle system but may be utilized with any 5.56mm rifle that uses a standard A2-type flash hider.

The suppressor uses a proprietary mounting system licensed from SAI in Denmark. The design uses two locking rings – the first ring acts as a gas check while the second ring secures the suppressor to the weapon. With this design, the suppressor locks tightly to the host weapon but will not interfere with existing sling mounts or bayonet lugs. While conducting research into the design, it was noticed that some suppressors could not be securely mounted to the HK416 rifle due to dimensional differences between rifle manufacturers. The A2R2 suppressor eliminates this concern, and will operate effectively on either gas or piston operating systems.

The A2R2 features an inconel blast baffle, measures 1.5 inches in diameter, is 7.5 inches in length, and weighs 21 ounces. The suppressor is fully TIG welded, and cannot be disassembled. Projected retail price is $795, with full production available in Summer 2009.

Smith and Wesson

Whether due to commodity prices on the world market or a shortage of ammunition due to uncertain political conditions, the cost of shooting has increased. Enter the Smith and Wesson M&P 15-22. A dedicated full sized AR-15 type rifle, the M&P 15-22 is a dedicated .22 caliber rifle.

Both the upper and lower receiver is engineered from high strength polymer. The rifle’s operating features, functionality and durability are true to the standard AR-15 design, offering all of the features found on an AR-15 or M16 rifle. The M&P 15-22 features a 16-inch barrel with a 1:15 twist. The M&P 15-22 comes standard with a six-position collapsible stock and an A3 style flat top upper receiver with a quad-rail hand guard.

Similar to a full sized AR-15, the bolt and charging handle are fully functional. The fire control parts feature standard AR-15 parts in the expected locations on the rifle. Reportedly, the internal fire control parts (with the exception of the springs) are standard AR-15 parts and after firing the last round the bolt locks to the rear allowing the user to easily load a new 25-round magazine.

The unloaded weight of the rifle is approximately 5 pounds; measures 31 inches with the stock collapsed and 34 inches with the stock fully extended. The M&P 15-22 is designed to accept all 1913 Mil-Std rail adaptable accessories, Mil-Spec carbine stocks and most standard after-market AR-15 pistol grips.

When asked, Smith and Wesson representatives indicated that the entire system was designed from the ground up and that the upper receiver will not function on a standard AR-15 lower receiver. S&W representatives were also unable to comment on whether the system could be converted to a post-86 restricted machine gun.

The M&P 15-22 is well suited to recreational shooting while also being an extremely viable training firearm for law enforcement and military personnel and has a retail price of $449. 25-round magazines will retail for $29.95.

Wylie X

Whether a recreational shooter, active military, or a member of law enforcement, gloves should be considered as important as eye protection. Accidents happen – barrels get hot, out of battery detonations occur, and targets may have sharp edges. Wearing gloves while shooting protects the shooters hands and may reduce the possibility of injury. Wylie X is well known to U.S. military personnel for their line of eye protection and now Wylie X has released four new flame resistant combat gloves.

Currently listed on the Government approved product list as non-flammable, the Wiley X CAG-1 glove is sold in either short or gauntlet length. When compared to the standard aviator’s Nomex glove, the CAG-1 gloves were hands down more comfortable. Unlike the standard issue Nomex gloves, the CAG-1 allows the wearer to easily pick up small objects with no loss of manual dexterity. Current feedback from deployed troops indicates that the CAG-1 gloves are lasting twice as long as current issue gloves.

The CAG-1 gloves are available at Military Clothing Sales Stores, AAFES, civilian clothing outlets, and on the web at www.wileyx.com. Suggested retail ranges from $88-$150, depending on model and style.

Heckler and Koch

As reported last year in Small Arms Review, Heckler and Koch has released the MR223 rifle for US sales. While similar in exterior appearances to the HK416 rifle, subtle engineering differences were observed. The changes were explained as necessary in order to comply with German firearm regulations.

Three significant differences between the MR223 and HK416 were observed. The rear take down pin on the MR223 lower receiver was relocated 6mm to the rear, preventing the installation of a 416 upper receiver on an MR223 lower receiver. In addition, the MR223 chamber has a protrusion preventing the installation of a standard AR-15/M16 bolt carrier into the MR223 receiver. In the event that an AR-15/M16 bolt carrier was installed in an MR223, the bolt would not fully seat within the chamber and the rifle would not function. The MR223 bolt carrier has a corresponding notch to match the chamber protrusion allowing the rifle to function properly with use of an MR223 bolt carrier. Unlike the European version, the firearm was equipped with a flash suppressor.

The need for the design change is based upon German and U.S. law. As a German company, Heckler and Koch must comply with German law while complying with U.S. law when importing or manufacturing domestically. German law prohibits the sale of the HK416 to civilians, regardless of where the rifle is manufactured. As a result of the 1989 import restriction, the HK416 cannot be imported into the U.S. without substantial modifications to the external design. As a result, the MR223 is being made within the U.S. Prior efforts to import rifles from Germany resulted in the HK SL8 rifle, which was internally similar to the HK G36 battle rifle yet featured a highly modified stock. Domestic production of the MR223 should avoid import and design issues encountered with the HK SL8 rifle.

FNH-USA

As reported in the February 2009 issue of Small Arms Review, FNH-USA announced the release of a civilian legal SCAR rifle chambered in .223. According to FNH-USA representatives, the civilian version of the SCAR rifle will be virtually identical to the military version. Two obvious changes to the civilian SCAR rifle include semi-automatic only function and an 18-inch barrel with standard A2-type birdcage flash hider. The rifle is expected to retail for $2,499.

Timney Triggers

The Ruger 10/22 is one of the most popular American made firearms in recent history. The ability to easily change the barrel and internal components makes the rifle easily adaptable. As many SAR readers are aware, the rifle is also easy to suppress, or make into a short barreled rifle. In 2006, Timney triggers took the shooting world by storm with the release of their AR-15 trigger system. Timney has done it again with the release of a new trigger system designed for the Ruger 10/22 rifle.

As a true drop in and self-contained modification, the Timney unit replaces the 10/22 trigger mechanism by providing crisp trigger response and allowing increased accuracy. The factory 10/22 features a 6-8 pound trigger pull. The new Timney trigger system eliminates trigger creep and reduces the trigger pull to a highly accurate 2-3 pounds. Easy to install, the unit utilizes the factory pins with the addition of two set screws to secure the unit within the receiver. Total installation time was about 15 minutes, with the majority of that time spent assembling and disassembling the rifle. Suggested retail is $149.95.

Tango Down

Tango Down presented two new products for commercial and military customers. The new Tango Down AR-15/M16 magazine presents a new take on an old design. The Tango Down magazine is a sealed two piece design that is not intended for disassembly. Traditional AR-15/M16 magazines are molded in a constant radius throughout the body of the magazine. With the multitude of manufacturers producing AR-15 and M16 lower receivers, there is no control over the specifications or design features within the lower receiver. As a result, Tango Down discovered that traditional AR-15/M16 magazines do not always fit within certain lower receivers, specifically, the Heckler and Koch 416. The newly designed magazine features a straight section that is inserted within the weapon, while utilizing the traditional curved section for the exposed section of magazine.

The magazine spring has also been redesigned with tests replicating the loading and unloading of the magazine through 10,000 cycles. Ten thousand cycles translates to 300,000 rounds of ammunition through a single magazine. The life of the magazine spring should far exceed the life of the magazine body.

Two types of magazines are offered. The first is intended for the military market and incorporates a seal between the magazine and the magazine well. The sand seal is intended to eliminate and prevent sand and other debris from entering the weapon, while providing a high quality product. The commercial version will not feature the sand seal, as the seal increases the magazine width. Suggested retail for the Tango Down magazine is $24.95.

Tango Down also featured a newly designed vertical grip. The new grip eliminates the dual locking bars currently found on existing Tango Down and Knight’s Armament forward grips. Jeff Cahill of Tango Down explained that dimensional tolerances in Picatinny rails can result in a bad fit when locking bars are utilized. If the rail is undersized, the grip will be loose and may wobble. If the rail is oversized, the grip may not fit, or may break once installed. In addition, it can be difficult for users to install, remove, and adjust grips utilizing dual locking bars.

The new grip utilizes a throw lever, which allows for adjustment in size. If the rail is oversized, the throw lever can be adjusted to accommodate the rail. If the rail is undersized, the throw lever system can be adjusted to fit snugly, unlike the current locking bar type grip. Additional information on Tango Down products may be found online at www.tangodown.com.

Badger Defense

A combined display by Badger Defense and Airtronic caught the eye of many at SHOT 2009 with a display of RPG-type rocket launchers. Formerly Badger Barrels, the company has been acquired by Airtronic USA, Inc., of Elk Grove Village, Illinois and renamed Badger Defense.

The latest offering from Badger Defense includes an American manufactured RPG rocket launcher. Representatives for the company indicated that the entire design had been improved with 3130 barrel steel being used in place of original cast barrels, an upgrade to the double action trigger group, the addition of an electronic sight, (with a built in internal ballistic and range finder) the addition of Picatinny rails to allow the addition of a bipod and other accessories, and an improved AT-4 type stock. The improvements will reportedly allow the system to hit a point target at a range of 500 meters.

Badger Defense will be manufacturing a full line of energetic and Less-Lethal ammunition for the system. Kevin Dockery has been hired as the production manager and will be in charge of day-to-day operations. Mr. Dockery explained that during the redesign process, “We were finding dimensional differences of 2mm in Russian, Chinese, and other rounds. The newly made American rounds will be superior to any round manufactured in a Warsaw Pact country.” The Badger Defense version of the OG7 fragmentation round will boast a better fuze system and provide controlled fragmentation compared to the original Russian offering. The redesign includes an improved rocket and propellant system to include the elimination of black powder as a propellant and the elimination of the original piezoelectric fuze system. Instead, a triple redundant electronic fuze will be employed to comply with current U.S. Military requirements.

Sub-caliber devices chambered in .308 Winchester are in the planning stage. The entire system will be available for sale on the commercial market, with the option of purchasing a live destructive device, or an ATF-approved deactivated system. Reportedly, the deactivated system will be classified as a Title 1 (Non-NFA) firearm and will allow the user to fire the sub-caliber conversion. According to Mr. Dockery, the sub-caliber conversion has been classified as a “pistol,” due to the short barrel length, and will also be sold as a Title 1 firearm.

The 2010 SHOT Show is scheduled for January 19-22, 2010 and is returning to Las Vegas, Nevada. Reportedly, the SHOT show will remain in Las Vegas through 2021. Additional information may be found online at www.shotshow.org.

The Association of the United States Army held its annual meeting on October 6-8 in the Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington DC. As one of the premier showcases demonstrating developments in the defense industry, more than 500 exhibitors from more than a dozen countries displayed their products and services. Displays included cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, small and medium caliber small arms, and armored vehicles. Small Arms Review was present to report on new products and advances within the defense community.

ATK

ATK showcased a new medium caliber system utilizing a redesigned 20mm, 25mm, and 30mm weapons system. Designed in two parts, the weapon mount has been designated the PAWS – the Palletized Autonomous Weapons System. As a self contained and fully autonomous weapons system, the PAWS system provides the user the capability to aim and fire virtually any small and medium caliber weapon.

As a roll on/roll off system, the PAWS can be fully palletized for air delivery. Set up time from crate to running system testing is reportedly less than 10 minutes. Designed from off-the-shelf components, the platform can be easily installed in a variety of platforms. Representatives of ATK indicate that due to the light weight, the PAWS system can be utilized within a light truck, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), light boat, or rotary aircraft.

Use of the system was extremely easy. A joy stick controls elevation, traverse, and fire controls, while a LCD display provides an aiming point and view of the target. The system is electrically powered, and capable of using batteries or a variety of external power sources.

In conjunction with the PAWS weapon mount, ATK has redesigned the 25mm Bushmaster chain gun. Designated the LW25 Bushmaster, the system is a compact and lightweight system based upon the successful Bushmaster family of chain guns. Weighing 68 pounds (unloaded) or 94 pounds with available soft mount and fire control unit, the LW25 has a reported cyclic rate of 250 rounds per minute. In addition, ATK representatives report that the system has a Mean Rounds Between Stoppages (MRBS) in excess of 35,000 rounds, providing an extremely reliable system.

The LW25 Bushmaster utilizes five newly designed 25mm cartridges: HEI (High Explosive Incendiary), HEDP (High Explosive Dual Purpose), PABM (Programmable Air Burst Munition), Shotshell, and TP (Training Practice). The new cartridges measure 25x59mm. ATK reports that the LW25 Bushmaster is ideal for applications that are currently limited to gas-operated guns. ATK representatives pointed out that the system is lighter than the M2HB, M240, and Mk19 machine guns, while providing increased lethality.

The Programmable Air Burst Munition is reportedly a remnant of the OICW program, complete with point detonating fuze and programmable airburst capability. As evidence that old projects never die, the OICW project is alive and well at ATK, and has now been designated the Individual Airburst Weapon System (IAWS). Designed to engage targets at 300 meters, the system has a maximum effective range of 500 meters. Similar to the OICW, the IAWS utilizes five types of ammunition: thermobaric, flechette, training, high-explosive airburst, and non-lethal.

Heckler and Koch

Heckler and Koch revealed a new blank firing adaptor intended for the M16 family of weapons. Intended to be used as a complete system comprised of a magazine and muzzle device, the blank firing adaptor is intended to prevent the use of live ammunition. The length of the magazine is reduced to prevent users from loading ball ammunition. Instead, only blank ammunition (which is typically shorter in length than live ammunition) may be loaded within the special magazine.

In the event that ball ammunition is forced into the magazine, a maximum of three live rounds will fit within the magazine. Attempts to load more than three live rounds will result in the rounds binding and jamming within the magazine. If live rounds are loaded within the magazine and fired through the weapon, the blank firing adaptor attached at the muzzle is capable of stopping a maximum of three live rounds.

The system is reportedly under test and evaluation by the U.S. Marine Corps. An HK representative indicated that the system is not currently in production, and would not be produced unless a significant order was placed by a branch of the military.

SAAB Bofors

Long known for the Carl Gustav recoilless AT rocket system, Saab Bofors displayed a variant of the venerable AT-4 anti-tank rocket system. The AT-4 system has been in the U.S. Army inventory since the mid-1980s. In an effort to revitalize and update the system, Saab Bofors improved the system in two significant ways.

The system was first outfitted with a liquid counter-mass to eliminate the back blast created when firing the weapon. As a recoilless system, the weapon’s back blast prevents use of the AT-4 system within confined spaces. With the new Saab Bofors improvements, the liquid counter mass reduces the back blast and eliminates the deadly effects of firing the system within a confined space.

The AT-4 system has always been intended as a disposable system. Unlike the Carl Gustav system, the AT-4 system cannot be reloaded once the rocket is fired. As originally designed, the plastic weapon sights are crude, simplistic, hard to use and cannot be zeroed or adjusted for range. As originally designed, the original AT-4 weapon sight cannot be zeroed, or adjusted for range. As a result, Saab Bofors worked together with Aimpoint to incorporate a red dot sight to the system. Adjustable for range, the soldier estimates the range to the target, adjusts the sight, places the aiming point directly on the target, and fires the weapon. As the AT-4 system is disposable, the new Aimpoint sights are reportedly disposable, and not intended to be reused. Finally, a Picatinny rail has been incorporated on the AT-4 tube, to allow the user to mount and use a laser designator or range finder as part of the system.

Barrett Firearms

Barrett Firearms revealed their new .338 Lapua bolt action rifle. Designated the Model 98B, the new .338 Lapua rifle sports a 27 inch barrel, and has an overall length of 49.75 inches. The barrel utilizes a ten-round polymer magazine, with an ambidextrous magazine release lever.

Built primarily of 7075 aluminum and polymer plastics, the complete system weighs in at 13.5 pounds. Considering that the Barrett 82A1 weighs nearly 31 pounds, the Barrett 98B provides significant weigh savings while providing a platform capable of heavy hitting long range shooting. The barrel is fluted for additional weight savings, while utilizing a 1-in-10 twist rate for long range accuracy.

Projected to be vailable in January 2009, the current suggested retail price will be $4,500.

Colt Defense

In response to recent U.S. Army solicitations and weapons tests, Colt Defense presented a large number of new and innovative weapon platforms. SAR spent a significant amount of time discussing weapons development with MG Battaglini, (USMC, Retired) Colt’s Chief Operating Officer and Kevin Brown, Vice President, Military Programs. Built in response to a request from the U.S. Army, MG Battaglini explained that the new models were not intended to replace the venerable M4 carbine. Rather, the new systems were designed to demonstrate the available technology, should the U.S. military decide to upgrade or change existing specifications to the M4 carbine system.

Colt Defense presented several major developments to the M4 weapon platform, including the use of a monolithic upper receiver, the use of a piston system, the creation of a hybrid short stroke gas/piston system, and an articulated gas piston.

Colt Defense also presented a newly designed 40mm low velocity grenade launcher. Designated the Eagle, the grenade launcher is a side opening, fully ambidextrous system capable of being used as either a stand-alone unit, or mounted to a battle rifle. With a built in pistol grip, the system appeared to be a direct competitor to the Heckler and Koch AG-C system, and was reportedly submitted for review by the U.S. Military when considering a replacement to the M203 weapons system.

Weighing 4.7 pounds, the Eagle weighs nearly two pounds heavier than the M203 legacy system, but provides additional capability to fire non-traditional rounds that would not otherwise fit within the M203 breach. Outfitted with Picatinny rails, the weapon is capable of accepting traditional iron sights intended for a 40mm system, or an EOTech 40mm grenade launcher sight. The Eagle is capable of firing nearly any conventional or commonly acquired 40mm lethal and less-lethal ammunition.

The AUSA annual meeting was an unqualified success and allowed many in the small arms industry to display recent developments and innovations. Although not all of the products displayed were in production, the AUSA show is a great opportunity to witness developments in the small arms industry, talk to the engineers involved in the research and development process, and discuss innovations with others within the small arms community.

It’s said that Abraham Lincoln may have freed all men, but Sam Colt made them equal. Founded in 1836, the Colt name has long been associated with innovative and advance firearm designs. Colt Manufacturing (and later Colt Defense) first started producing the Stoner and Sullivan designed AR-15 in 1960. The basic foundation continues today as the M4 Carbine. Recently, individuals within the industry and in the press have been critical of the M4 Carbine as a legacy weapon, in need of modernization and improvement. Several representatives of Small Arms Review recently had an opportunity to discuss innovations and improvements to the AR-15 and M4 design with MG Jim Battaglini, (USMC, Retired), Chief Operating Officer; Mr. Jeff MacLeod, General Manager, and Mr. Kevin Brown, Vice President of Military Programs.

At the outset, MG Battaglini explained that despite recent tests conduced at the request of Congress, the U.S. military remains satisfied with the M4 carbine, and has not requested any major changes to the basic design. The M4 carbine performs as requested and meets current military needs. Nevertheless, Colt decided to take a proactive position and recently displayed nine new variants of the M4 carbine, demonstrating a mix of new designs and prior technology. Not all variants that were displayed will be produced. Rather, the variants are intended to demonstrate what features are available, should the U.S. military seek to upgrade the M4 carbine at a future date. Although the following upgrades have been built into specific models, MG Battaglini pointed out that all of the developments can be built into a complete system in response to the needs of the military.

The APC: Advanced Piston Carbine

Recently, it seems as though nearly every AR-15 manufacturer has introduced a piston-based recoil system to their catalog. While the benefits of a piston upper are numerous, not all manufacturers have executed a successful design. Is the APC just another piston carbine? Not at all. Outfitted with a 14.5 inch barrel, the APC weighs 6.2 pounds (empty), measures 33.5 inches in length with the stock collapsed, and features a piston recoil operating system.

Built with a monolithic upper receiver, the barrel is free floating for increased accuracy, despite the short barrel length. With nothing restraining the barrel, the barrel is free to flex during the firing sequence. Viewed under high speed photography, the barrel can be observed flexing in a wave pattern. When constrained by a gas tube or piston operating rod, the natural harmonics of the barrel are interrupted, resulting in decreased accuracy.

How did Colt respond to the issue? The APC features an articulating operating rod that flexes with the barrel during firing, rather than impeding the barrel or disturbing the rifle’s accuracy. The result: increased accuracy from a shortened weapon platform, with a stable rate of fire. Kevin Brown, Colt’s vice-president of Military Programs, pointed out that even after firing 18,000 rounds through the weapon, there was no significant increase in the rate of fire. With a traditional gas recoil system, barrel wear would result in an increased rate of fire, rapidly exceeding the original rate of fire specifications. As a testament to the effectiveness of the piston system, the rate of fire for the Advanced Piston Carbine was within 50 rounds per minute of the original specification after firing 18,000 rounds.

The AHC: Alternative Hybrid Carbine

Similar to the APC, the AHC is outfitted with a 14.5 inch barrel, weighs 6.2 pounds (empty), measures 33.5 inches in length (with the stock collapsed,) and features a piston recoil operating system. Unlike the APC, the AHC utilizes a mid-length, direct impingement, gas operated piston. Why did Colt develop two outwardly similar rifles with differing types of recoil systems? Recall that the purpose of the recent developments was to showcase and highlight the available technologies available. There are multiple methods of making an AR-15 or M4 operate effectively in semi and fully automatic mode. Rather than focusing on a single type of piston recoil system, Colt presented an alternative that allows drop in retro fitting to existing M4 carbines.

Designed as a short-stroke system, the mid-length piston is designed to eliminate accuracy issues inherent in the traditional full length piston design discussed above. As a short-stroke system, the piston is still reliant upon a short gas tube. Unlike the traditional gas recoil system, the mid-length piston system does not release combustion gas into the upper receiver of the weapon. Rather, the gas is released under the hand guard, and directed forward and away from the shooter.

The SCW and SCW-P: Subcompact Weapon (Piston)

By outward appearances, the SCW harks back to the M231 Firing Port Weapon designed for use within the M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle. Designed to be used from within the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, the M231 had a high rate of fire, was only capable of fully-automatic fire, was difficult to control, and was only intended for use from within the vehicle. Understandably, the M231 was not the most effective weapon, and added one more piece of equipment in the already confined space of an armored personnel carrier.

By all accounts, the SCW is a response to similar requirements. Designed as a personal defense weapon available as either a gas or piston operated system, the SCW can be used by soldiers to engage targets from within an armored vehicle. This is where the similarities between the SCW and M231 end. Outfitted with a 10.3-inch barrel and designed with a dual collapsible/folding stock, the weapon can be made extremely compact – just 23 inches in overall length with the stock fully collapsed.

In the event that the soldier is required to exit the vehicle to engage the enemy, the SCW stock can be extended to provide a stable firing platform that exceeds the capabilities of the M231 wire stock. Combined with a Lasermax front grip, the SCW is capable of engaging targets to 200 meters and beyond. Unlike the M231, the SCW is designed to be the soldier’s primary weapon – not a weapon to augment the M4 carbine. While the shortened maximum effective range may seem limiting when compared to the capabilities of an M4 carbine, bear in mind that the majority of military engagements take place within the 200 meter effective range of the SCW. Due to its small size, increased accuracy, and upgraded operating system, the SCW has potential to become a highly effective weapon for cavalry and mechanized infantry troops.

The ERC: Extended Range Carbines

Recent infantry doctrine has called for the inclusion of a designated marksman, allowing a designated infantry soldier the ability to engage targets beyond the limitations of the M4 carbine. Currently, the U.S. military trains soldiers and sailors to use the M4 at 300 meters. The M16 has a maximum effective range of 600 meters, while the M4 carbine is effective to 550 meters. Clearly, the platform is not being utilized to the fullest potential. Enter the ERC-16 and ERC-20. As an enhanced rifle system, the rifle uses either a 16-inch or 20-inch barrel that allows the designated marksman to engage targets to 600 meters. While outwardly similar to the legacy M4 systems, the EHC is a highly accurate platform that provides the user with the familiarity of the M-4 system.

Use of a .30 caliber rifle by the designated marksman presents several issues. Parts commonality and different ammunition can be problematic on the battle field. Engagement of targets is often within the 600 meters. More importantly, use of a different weapon immediately identifies the designated marksman as a valuable target. By using the same ammunition, using the same major parts, and using a similar weapon profile with the M4 system, the ERC is effectively integrated into an infantry platoon, while also providing the designated marksman a highly accurate weapon.

Relocation of the Charging Handle within the M4 System

The original AR-15 is an excellent design, as demonstrated by its longevity and ability to be modernized and updated as needed. One may recall that the original charging handle was located at the top of the upper receiver, and within the carrying handle of the weapon. In terms of marksmanship training, the original location of the charging handle allowed the shooter to maintain a good sight picture while reloading the weapon. The current AR-15 requires the shooter to break the sight picture and lift his head from the butt stock when operating the weapon’s charging handle. Recent developments and innovations may change the manner of operation for future iterations of the AR-15 design.

By utilizing a piston recoil system, the charging handle is no longer constrained to the traditional location on the upper receiver. By engaging the piston, the newly relocated charging handle is tasked with double duty. First, the handle is used to operate the bolt when charging and clearing the weapon. Designed with ambidextrous use in mind, the newly designed charging handle can be extended to the opposite side of the receiver, allowing for ambidextrous use of the charging handle. Second, the charging handle can now be used to engage the piston to push the bolt home into the chamber, augmenting or replacing the forward assist when trying to close the bolt.

By relocating the charging handle to the hand guard, the new design allows the ability to shoot with better technique, allows ambidextrous operation of the charging handle, and allows replacement (or elimination) of the traditional forward assist. In return, the shooter potentially loses the ability to use a small portion of the Picatinny rail. Is the exchange worthwhile? The exchange may be worthwhile, if the new design allows the shooter to more accurately engage the target. The U.S. military will ultimately decide whether the new system is worthwhile to implement. In the meantime, the new design is an excellent example of thinking outside of standard parameters to improve an otherwise proven product.

Other design innovations included the introduction of a built in suppressor, the elimination of the traditional dust cover, and self-lubricating internals. Only time will tell whether these innovations will prove effective, and whether they will be implemented into future designs of the M4 family.

As indicated earlier, the designs displayed by Colt were intended to demonstrate the combination of new designs and prior technology. Most of the variants will never be made as production models. MG Battaglini pointed out that the models were not designed for commercial, international, or law enforcement sales, nor are the models intended as a replacement for the M4. Rather, the models were built solely to demonstrate what technologies are available should the U.S. military decide to upgrade the existing specifications at a future date. Based upon the designs presented, it appears as though Colt is well equipped to modernize and update the M4 well into the 21st century.