The cover of the small instructional leaflet (D 560/3) for the new Pzf 60, entering service in 1944, shows a Teutonic knight’s armored fist (pan-zer-faust) smashing a Soviet T-34 tank. “The Panzerfaust is your anti-tank gun! You can use it to shoot down any tank up to 80 meters. Read this leaflet correctly then nothing can happen to you when it matters.” With essentially the same warhead as the Pzf 30 Groß, it is readily identified from its predecessors by a squared-off trigger/sighting mechanism with significant improvements in safety, simplicity and reliability. A more powerful black powder propelling charge (treibladung) of 4.9 ounces doubles its effective range to 60m with 80m maximum.

This is a late-War pictorial instruction sheet for the Pzf 60, produced in the largest numbers right up to the end of the War: Remove the warhead (kopf), insert the smaller booster charge first and then the primer, couple the warhead to the launch tube, remove the safety pin, lift up the sight (visier), push the safety’s crossbolt forward, and the weapon is ready to fire. Estimating the range to your target, use the correct sighting window for a stationary target and lead for a moving target. Holding the weapon in one of these positions, press down on the trigger (abzug) to fire. Beware the fire jet (feuerstrahl)—“nobody within 10 meters behind the launcher!”

While the Panzerfaust’s daytime firing signature has considerable smoke but little flash, at night it’s a different story. This photo print had no information on when and where, but it’s likely part of U.S. Ordnance Corps testing.

1945, Berlin, Germany. Wincing a bit from the black powder propellant blast and smoke, a Volkssturm militiaman launches a Pzf 60 warhead from the underarm position in a live-fire training demonstration. Note how the onlookers are carefully grouped to the weapon’s left side to avoid the severe back blast while the brave photographer is front right. Interestingly, this still photo comes from a newsreel sequence showing the whole firing sequence. We’ve found no reference to how loud the firing detonation is, but the other trainees seem unbothered. That said, detonating 4.9 ounces of tightly packed propellant inside a 50mm diameter steel tube can’t be inconsequential. There’s no sign of any eye protection that would seem to be prudent but is apparently unnecessary.

1945, Germany. All available Panzerfaust models were in use in these final days, so this aspiring Volkssturm Panzerknacker is apparently getting instruction in the finer points of the arming and aiming procedures for a rough and well-worn—almost certainly safely inert—Pzf 30 Groß (“gross” is “large” versus the diminutive “Gretchen” version). Both models are identified by
a distinctive tubular firing mechanism, spot-welded above the large main tube (rohr). The triggering mechanism inside is a bit complicated but quite cleverly contrived, described by some as akin to that of a retractable ballpoint pen. The sight latch pin dangles from its retaining chain after being pulled out, allowing the sight bar to be swing up into place for aiming, clearing a path for the striker bar inside the firing tube. That rod sticking out of the back of the firing tube is then pushed forward, compressing a spring coiled around the striker. When that’s done and the red knob at top rear of the rod is rotated to the left, the red trigger button pops up (hidden under the firer’s thumb), and the weapon is armed and ready. Pushing the trigger down releases the striker to fire the primer, detonating the black powder propelling charge inside the main tube.

1944, Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany. Hauptmann (Captain) Peter Kiesgen instructing straw-camouflaged Hitlerjugend in proper employment of the Pzf 60. But wait, if that youngster’s right leg isn’t moved away from the backblast, there won’t be much left of his boot and everything in it. In addition to the Iron Cross, this Panzerknacker superhero’s uniform sleeve carries multiple awards of the coveted Tank Destruction badge. Bestowed to exceptionally brave soldiers using hand-held weapons at close range to destroy enemy tanks, Kiesgan is all the more exceptional for having survived even one such encounter.

April 1945, Berlin, Germany. In more of a posed propaganda photo than practical, tactical training, this well-decorated German Army officer is said to be overseeing Volkssturm defensive positions in Berlin’s Marzahn district. If the bespectacled oldster were to fire his Pzf 60 as seen, the fiery back-blast deflected from the back of the trench would be a disaster to him and his kamerad. Note the old bolt-action rifles; most anything that could shoot was pulled out of storage.

1944, Berlin, Germany. A non-commissioned officer of the Panzer-grenadier Division Großdeutschland conducts a lesson with a teenager from the Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth) with a wooden model of the first production, small warhead Pzf 30 Gretchen. Its distinctive hourglass-shaped sight cutout is for this model’s optimal 30m range. Noting the soldier’s Iron Cross medal, he is probably a Panzerknacker hero, bringing great authority to the task of inspiring and training a young boy who will need to grow up fast.

March–April 1945, Berlin, Germany. Preparing for the defense of Berlin, a Obergefreiter (Chief Corporal) of a panzer (tank) unit teaches a Hitlerjugend how to shoot a Panzerfaust. Owing to nearly identical external features including the same size warhead, the weapon could be a Pzf 60 or 100, differing mainly in effective range. The squared-off sheet metal firing mechanism of both weapons is simpler and safer than earlier models. In its down position, the sight locks the safety/arming slide on SAFE, while raising the sight clears the way for thumbing the slide forward into FIRE position, and the prominent abzug (triggering lever bar) tips upward. Quite prudently for this staged training photo session, the Panzerfaust is seen in SAFE mode—sticking out at the sight base is one side of the safety slide’s round rod crossbolt that must be thumbed forward, allowing the abzug to rock upward, arming the leaf spring striker for firing. Pulling the slide back immediately restores it to SAFE.

March–April 1945, Berlin, Germany. In this companion photo, the aspiring Hitlerjugend Panzerknacker must be seriously contemplating what his fate will be as the Soviet horde closes in. With an enemy tank in sight, he will use the correct sight window on his Panzerfaust depending on range to target—top for longer to send the warhead in a high arc, bottom for closer. In the center is the large rectangular aperture for optimal range (60m or 100m depending on Pzf model). Those V notches at the bottom are to align with a small front sight stud at the 12 o’clock position on the warhead’s rim. It can be pulled rearward to re-safety the weapon.

March 20, 1945, Berlin, Germany. Seen in the garden of the Reich Chancellery in one of the most famous photos and newsreel segments from World War II, Adolph Hitler, der Führer (the Leader) himself, has emerged briefly from his elaborate bunker to con-gratulate 12-year-old Hitlerjugend Alfred Czech, awarded the Iron Cross for heroism in battle action against Soviet forces. Standing to Czech’s right is 16-year-old Wilhelm “Willi” Hubner, also an Iron Cross recipient. Panzerfaust weapons in combat figured prominently in the reasons for these boys being honored. Miraculously, both survived the War, and the incredibly brutal Soviet retribution and occupation that followed.

March 1945, 1st Ukranian Front, Germany. Guard Senior Sergeant Ilya Amelin from the Red Army’s 15th Guards Rifle Division with a captured German Panzerfaust grenade launcher. While the one he’s holding has the safety forward and is ready to fire, being so close to the ground at this downward angle of the rear of the tube would be spectacularly bad from backblast. Amelin was decorated for heroism after using one of these weapons to destroy a German self-propelled gun. Having no equivalent weapon, Soviet soldiers were quick and eager to use every Panzerfaust they could get against their hated enemy. American and British soldiers became enthusiastic panzerknackers too.

April 7, 1945, Germany. A British soldier from the 11th Armoured Division guards two youthful German prisoners and a haul of Panzerfaust anti-tank weapons secured to the front forks of their military-issued TF38 bicycles, commonly used for mobility of tank hunting squads. The Brit-ish soldier is armed with a British 9mm Mk III Sten submachine gun and has slung a captured German 7.62x33mm Sturmgewehr (assault rifle) from his right shoulder. The boys are lucky to have been taken by the British; Soviet tankers were far more likely to shoot on sight.

March 28, 1945, Neupotz, Germany. The Army caption states, “Panzerfaust 100 on a remote launching platform.” Note the simple expedient of positioning an ordinary door hinge so that a tank running into its attached tripwire would pull the lever down on the triggering bar. According to the WWII U.S. Army’s TM 5-223C, all types were being encountered, rigged as “ambush” anti-tank mines. While the one seen here is secured to a wooden cradle, they were equally effective when attached to a handy tree or other suitable mounting place.

March 14, 1945, Germany. Lieutenant John Reller, 9th U.S. Army in another widely pub-lished photo from WWII that can be mined for all sorts of interesting information about the Pzf 60. First off, the kopf (head containing the shaped charge warhead) has been uncoupled and removed as required for inserting the primer and booster charges in its stem. Handy step-by-step arming and firing instructions are provided on a paper sheet glued to the head with a drawing showing a proper over shoulder aiming and shooting position. Moving to the left we see the sheet metal cup protruding from the rohr (launch tube) that is the front end of the tailboom assembly inside. It has a coupling notch that locks the warhead in exact position on insertion so that its small front sight stud (seen in line with the base of the vorsicht arrow drawing on the warhead) is at 12 o’clock for sighting. A rectangular sheet metal tab, riveted to the warhead, is snapped in place to a stud on the front cup to further secure the whole warhead and tail-fin assembly. The latch pin securing the top of the sight to the tube at the base of the cup has been pulled and the sight lifted into upright position. This frees the safety slide at its base so it can be thumbed forward immediately before firing. With the safety forward into the fire position, the abzug (trigger bar) rocks upward, providing a generous surface for even a thick, winter-mitted hand to press it down to fire. Stenciled red paint markings on the rohr (tube) read right side up to warn the firer: Starker Feuerstrahl (Strong Jet of Fire!) Vorsicht! (Caution!) Smaller lettering on the other side warned that the launch tube is loaded even when the head is removed.

May 1945, Berlin, Germany. At the bitter end of Hitler’s Thousand-Year Reich, this Soviet T-34/85 (85mm main gun) medium tank with crewmen and protective infantrymen aboard is seen at the capitol city’s famous Brandenburg Gate. Most notable for the purpose of this feature is the addition of apparently improvised wire screens—perhaps even some bed spring frames—hoping for protection against the dreaded Panzer-faust. In ideal circumstances, these standoff screens would provide enough resistance to detonate the hollow charge warhead before it could hit the tank’s armor; an idea that has been brought forward right up to today.

March 1945, Germany. Ever more desperate measures
in the last days of the War inspired the valiant but quite impractical attempt at adapt-ing the Panzerfaust as arma-ment for a tank-killing aircraft. Here we see an example of Germany’s anti-armor combat plane, one of just a handful of Büker Bü 181 trainers fitted with two Pzf 100s on each wing. Aimed by a crude wire sight for the pilot and fired by thin steel cables leading into the cockpit, it was not only sadly inaccurate, but it was found the top ones would set the plane’s plywood and fabric wings on fire.

March 16, 1945, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany. U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Combat Engineers examine a forward-area Panzerfaust supply dump, abandoned by hastily retreating German forces. Production figures for all Pzf types indicate that more than 8 million were manufactured between 1943 and 1945. Despite Allied bombing raids on the three primary factories, coupled with strafing and rocket attacks on supply trains, a substantial number of these made it into the hands of Germany’s soldiers. Additionally, Germany supplied its allies with considerable numbers; mainly Finland, Hungary and Italy.

December 1945, Southern Netherlands. In a photograph accompanying a report on the dangers to children at play from mines and ammunition left behind at the end of WWII, this youngster has found what appears to be a Pzf 60 dud, complete with its 1.6 pounds of Cyclonite/Pentolite high-explosive, shaped-charge filling! This is what the complete projectile looks like when fired, with its sturdy wooden tailboom and thin sheet metal fins covered in soot from the black powder propelling charge. Failure to detonate is not uncommon for a number of reasons including a faulty impact fuze or even a battle-stressed firer forgetting or improperly inserting the booster and primer.

Riding into Russia

“German infantry on the Sd.Kfz 251 Ausf. A[n] armored personnel carrier, on the road to the USSR. On the hood sits a soldier with 7.92mm Pz. B. 39 anti-tank rifle” (Bundesarchiv via Netherlands National Archive). Noting the slide-on mounting fixture just below the rear sight, the rifle’s distinctive sidesaddle 10-round cartridge hold-ers have been temporarily removed; probably for convenience in transport. Its prominent circular, side-vented muzzle brake helps tame the special cartridge’s heavy recoil.

Heavier Hitters
Although not properly classified as infantry weapons, some larger, highly effective tank-killing tools were almost always nearby, working in close coordination with frontline units. Standard-issue models were quickly augmented by others captured from Polish, French, British and Russian forces.

20cm Pz. B. 41

British units up against the German Afrika Korps in 1941 felt the fury of this diabolical 28/20mm, tapered bore anti-tank gun modeled on the “Gerlich principle” with a sizzling muzzle velocity of 4,550 fps, penetrating 2.6 inches of armor at 400 yards.

20mm Solothurn s/8-1100

February 24, 1943, Kasserine Pass, Tunisia. A captured Ger-man Solothurn 20mm anti-tank rifle. “This gun, an improved version of the Solothurn 1933 model manufactured in Switzer-land by Waffenfabrik Bern, is a magazine-fed, recoil-operated, semiautomatic shoulder weapon which can be fired from a bipod or a low-lying, pneumat-ic-wheeled carriage” (Ordnance Technical Intelligence Bulletin). Defeating 30mm / 1 1/8 inches of armor flat-on at 500 yards, it easily slaughtered American half-tracks, scout cars and other light-skinned, armored fighting vehicles in this infamous encounter with German forces.

2cm FlaK 30
October 8, 1944, Aachen, Germany. “American GIs with a captured Ger-man 20mm” (Signal Corps/National Archives). Firing both high-explosive and armor-piercing shells, it was a deadly weapon against propeller-driven aircraft and many armored vehicles, reportedly piercing 25mm / 1 inch of steel at 400 yards.

37mm PAK 35/36

“German 37mm PAK 35/36 anti-tank gun with crew, camouflaged and set for direct fire at the edge of a forest on the Eastern Front” (Bundesarchiv via Waralbum.ru). Combat weight just 700 pounds and served by a five-man crew, the little A-T cannon was relatively easy to move around and quickly put into action. Initially, Germany’s main close-support, anti-tank gun, its limited range and armor penetra-tion (49mm / 1.9 inches at 400 yards) soon proved inadequate, leading to the 3.7cm Stielgranate 41, a hollow-charge finned bomb.

8.8cm Raketenwerfer 43 (Püppchen)
August 7, 1944, Cherbourg, France. “Ordnance men with captured German anti-tank rocket gun.” It’s important to note that the electrically actuated, drum-finned rockets they’re holding are actually for the 8.8cm Panzerschreck. Whimsically nicknamed, “Püppchen” (little dolly) in official German nomenclature: “This weapon is a closed-breech rocket launcher which fires a rocket projectile. From this weapon, as limited by the sight, a maximum effective range of 765 yards is obtained” (Ordnance Techni-cal Intelligence Bulletin). An odd little paratrooper weapon, it was vastly outclassed by the very powerful ultra-light 75mm and light 105mm recoilless guns.

Schiessbecher
June 21, 1944, France. “German soldier with camouflaged helmet lying in a grassy improvised fighting position, holding a rifle with a rifle grenade launcher” (Bundesarchiv). The little 30mm “shooting cup” grenade launcher could be easily clamped to the muzzle of standard rifles, allowing the infantryman to fire a variety of munitions including anti-personnel, anti-materiel and anti-armor types. It appears the one in his launcher cup is the puny Gewehr-Sprenggranate, an anti-personnel type, weighing 9 ounces with just 1.1 ounce of explosive filler.

Panzerwurfmine (Lang)
August 6, 1944, Normandy, France. “At a captured German ammunition depot, Staff Sergeant Howard Tournier simulates throwing a Pan-zerwurfmine.” The canvas fins on this bizarre, hollow-charge, anti-tank grenade have been unfolded for apparently dramatic effect in the photo. “This is a recent type anti-tank grenade. It is of hollow-charge design and is thrown by hand at tanks from a distance of 20 to 30 yards. The explosive warhead contains 18 ½ ounces of 50/50 R.D.X./T.N.T. cast around a hollow-charge liner made of pressed steel. Weight 3 pounds, length 21 inches” (Ordnance Technical Intelligence Bulletin).

Gewehr-Panzergranate

“The head, a seamless steel tube fitted with a light ballistic cap, contains a hol-low-charge cone and an explosive filler of T.N.T. Weight 8.8 ounces, filler weight 1.75 ounces, range 50 yards” (Ordnance Techni-cal Intelligence Bulletin).

Geballte Ladung
March 31, 1945, Fritzlar, Germany. “9th Armored Division infantry found numerous examples of these Geballte Ladung (bundled charge or concentrated charge).” “The Stielhandgranate 24 contained 165 grams of explosives, more than enough for a hand grenade, but for the infantry, the need for more blast effect sometimes forced them to go for other solutions. The German manuals described how the soldiers themselves could make a convenient concentrated charge from seven heads of the Stielhandgranate 24. This somewhat heavy 7-pound ‘hand grenade’ contained 1,155 grams of explosives and could be used for demolition, anti-tank or anti-pillbox work” (Bergflak’s Lounge, bergflak.com).

“PAK” ‘Em In

While sheer numbers of medium and heavy Allied tanks too often overran German infantry units, they counted on help from some larger caliber PAK (Panzer Abwehr Kanone) guns that could still do the job. The dozen standard German PAKs were immediately joined by others acquired in combat, ranging from 50mm up to others of monstrous proportion.

7.5cm PAK 40
“75mm PAK 40 on a hill in Italy.” Far more common and nearly as effective as the fearsome and legend-ary 8.8cm FlaK “Eighty-Eight” dual-purpose, high-velocity gun, “The PAK 40, an anti-tank and antiper-sonnel weapon. … Muzzle velocity 2,525 fps, penetra-tion 154mm / 6 1/8 inches with tungsten core ammuni-tion. Effective range 1,800 meters in direct fire. Rate of fire 14 rpm” (Ordnance Technical Intelligence Bul-letin).

Kampfpistole
Infantry Anti-Armor Weapons
German infantrymen undoubtedly appre-ciated help from all those bigger tank busters, but far too often they were on their own while facing armored threats. The most common remedy was the rifle grenade of various types, their launchers and specialized ammunition liberally dis-tributed from squad level on up. There was also the Kampfpistole, firing anti-tank grenades from a modified flare gun.

Desperation

Moving now into the tragic realm of abject desperation combined with incredible courage, we encounter several anti-tank weapons that are often as dangerous to the users as to their intended targets. Taking the term close combat to the extreme, “Molotov cocktails” and other contrivances required soldiers with utmost daring and steely nerves to perform as designed. It is no wonder that most Tank Destruction Badges were award posthumously.

Hafthohlladung 3kg
Spring 1944. Ready to jump from a protective trench and rush to the attack, this undoubtedly brave German Panzerknacker (tank cracker) will attempt to fix this 8-pound, hollow-charge, anti-tank mine—held in place by three strong magnets—to the steel armor of an enemy tank. “The German magnetic, hollow-charge, anti-tank mine, designed for use by tank-hunting squads, consists of a main filling of 1 pound, 15 ½ ounces of T.N.T. in a pressed metal container of conical shape. Its standard (B.Z.E.) friction igniter has a 4.5-second delay” (Ordnance Technical Intelligence Bulletin).

Tellermine 42
Nearly invisible when emplaced and with devastating blast effect from a bursting charge of 12 pounds of cast TNT, the four Teller-mine (plate mine) types in the series were the scourge of Allied tankers. Most often, combat engineers buried them along likely avenues of approach, but tactical doctrine also called for infantry tank hunter teams to attach long drag wires to pull the mines into the path of oncoming tanks.

German “Tank Hunting” Tactics
From Tactical and Technical Trends No. 29, July 15, 1943
Military Intelligence Service, War Department

The equipment for close-in tank hunting consists of the following: incendiary bottles and Tellermines, TNT, automatic weapons (our own or captured), submachine guns, Very pistols, hand grenades, smoke bottles and camouflage material, as well as hatchets, crowbars, etc., to use as clubs for the bending of machine-gun barrels projecting from the tank. Of this equipment the useful and available weapons for blinding, stopping and destroying the tank should always be carried along.

Panzerfaust 60

March 14, 1945, Germany. “Lieutenant John Reller, 9th U.S. Army, examines a Panzerfaust 60, a single-shot, throwaway, recoilless, anti-tank rocket weapon with a warhead containing 1.6 pounds of Cyclonite/Pentolite high-explosive shaped charge filling” (U.S. Army Signal Corps/National Archives). Developed specifically to give individual German soldiers the ability to take out enemy armor at a somewhat safe distance, more than 8 million were manufactured between 1943 and 1945.