During 2003 Gemtech announced the availability of the upgraded Outback II that had a threaded insert made of titanium, replacing the aluminum insert used in the first design.

By Frank Iannamico

For many years suppressor manufacturers have been offering their customers products that could not be disassembled for servicing. The primarily reason was a concern of the customer possibly incorrectly reassembling the internal components resulting in damage to the unit, or personal injury. During the 1970s the Military Armament Corporation experienced such a problem with their suppressors, and soon began to use a thread locking compound on their endcaps to discourage disassembly. Like many modern companies MAC suggested to their customers that they return their suppressors to the factory for servicing. This protocol is fine as long as the manufacturer is still in business, which in many instances might not be the case, like MAC have been out of business for many years. Generally speaking most companies will not service suppressors made by someone else.

The sound suppressors that require the most attention are those designed for .22 rimfire cartridges, an inherently dirty round. With a lot of use, a .22 caliber suppressor will gradually lose its efficiently, and at the same time get heavier with an accumulation of lead and powder residue. Cleaning suggested by many manufacturers is to immerse their sealed suppressors in a particular chemical solution, which does little or nothing to remove carbon fouling and lead. Previously, the thorough servicing of sealed suppressors had to be performed by the manufacturer, if they offered such a service. Factory servicing usually consisted of removing the old baffles and replacing them with new ones. When extreme fouling was present, and the old baffles could not be removed by normal methods, they often had to be machined out of the tube on a lathe. Baffle replacement is not possible by individual owners, because possession of individual suppressor parts is a felony. Federal laws do not allow the factory replacement of the serial numbered tube, unless the original is defective. Replacing the suppressor tube with a new one would require a second $200.00 transfer tax to be paid.

Returning a suppressor to the manufacturer for routine servicing can be inconvenient and time consuming for the customer. If the suppressor manufacturer is no longer in business, a heavily fouled, and increasingly loud suppressor, becomes nothing more than an expensive paperweight. The aforementioned reasons are why customers began to request that manufacturers offer suppressors they could service / clean themselves. As a result, companies have now begun to offer units that could be easily disassembled. The new serviceable suppressors usually come with special tools to remove the endcaps. Some manufacturers offered optional tools to push baffle stacks out of the tubes to minimize the possibility of damaging them. New baffle stack and monocore designs made it less likely that the customer could assemble their suppressors incorrectly.

Owners of older, factory sealed suppressors began to seek ways to upgrade their cans to a user serviceable configuration. Seeing a business opportunity, enterprising Class II manufacturers began to offer a service to open up sealed suppressors, and clean or replace their internal components. This service added a new term “jail break” to the NFA community lexicon, referring to the opening up a formerly sealed suppressor tube, making it user serviceable. Some suppressor manufacturers offer the service on their products, and there are a few independent companies that will perform the work on most suppressors, regardless of the manufacturer.

Now that user serviceable suppressors are common, there are a few caveats. If not disassembled and cleaned on a regular basis, the endcaps may be difficult to loosen and the baffles inside the tube can become extremely hard to remove. Attempting to disassemble a heavily fouled “user serviceable” suppressor can often result in damaged baffles or worse, a permanently damaged tube. There also exists a potential health hazard after exposure to lead and other contaminants present in a suppressor. However, as long as the suppressor owner remains aware of the negative aspects, they should not encounter any problems.

Suppressor Cleaning

After disassembly, there are a number of different methods for cleaning baffles and tubes. The options include chemicals, ultrasonic cleaning or media blasting. The method used on any particular unit depends on what materials were used in its construction. When possible always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. Using the wrong method when cleaning suppressor components can lead to permanent damage. When using chemicals, be aware there can be potential health and environmental concerns when disposing of contaminated liquids.

The Gemtech Outback Suppressor

Gemtech’s Outback .22 caliber suppressors, first introduced in 1999, have been very popular among suppressor aficionados. The first Outback models had aluminum baffles inside a non-customer serviceable factory sealed aluminum tube. One concern customers expressed with the original Outback model were the ½-28 threads used to attach the suppressor to a barrel were also aluminum. Some were afraid that the aluminum threads could be easily stripped by over tightening or cross threading. According to the company, of the thousands of Outback suppressors sold, only two were returned to repair their threads. In both cases the threads were still safe and met ANSI standards. However, Gemtech listened to their customers and changed the thread insert to titanium on the new Outback II in 2003. Titanium was chosen over stainless steel because stainless threads have the propensity to gall if the weapon’s barrel threads are a few thousands oversize. Galling can make the suppressor very difficult to remove, increasing the chance of damage to both the barrel and suppressor.

The manual that came with the original Outback stated that the factory “discourages any attempt at disassembly of the unit. Internal parts orientation is critical to the efficient operation of the suppressor, and reassembly requires special tooling and jigs available only at the factory. Any attempt at disassembly will void the warranty”.

During 2011, Gemtech began to manufacture the user-serviceable .22 caliber Outback II D with a removable front cap. The rear endcap was secured with Loctite, as removal and replacement could affect alignment and runout. During manufacture, the titanium thread insert is internally threaded after the rear mount has been secured in place with Loctite to guarantee true running. The baffle stack can be pushed out from the rear with a 3/8” wood dowel.

At the same time, the company began to offer a customer program to update older Outback and Outback II suppressors with the latest baffle design and removable endcaps.

For their 20th anniversary in 2013, Gemtech offered their Limited Edition Outback II T model made of lightweight titanium. The tube of the Limited Edition Outback is a silver satin color.

During 2014 Gemtech introduced a new .22 rimfire suppressor, the GM 22. In place of conventional baffles, the new GM 22 features Gemtech’s patented G-Core, a one-piece CNC machined 7075 aluminum monocore design. In addition to .22LR, the GM 22 is rated for full-auto fire (.22LR only) and for .22WMR and .17HMR cartridges. The overall length of the GM 22 is 5-inches, with an outside diameter of 1-inch, and a weight of 2.5 ounces. The finish is high temperature MIL-A-8625 hard anodize. The one-piece G-Core design makes disassembly easy with common tools, and simplifies cleaning.

For customers who own older Gemtech Outback, Outback II, Outback II D or Alpine suppressors, the company offers the Improved Outback Upgrade program. The service includes opening up the original tube, removing the old baffles, and installing a new one-piece G-Core. After the upgrade the G-Core Outback is rated for .22WMR and .17 HMR calibers. The G-Core makes disassembly of the Outback for maintenance easy. The upgraded suppressor is returned to the customer in a new box with a manual, Molle pouch and G-Core patch. The G-Core upgrade can also be performed on number of competitor’s .22 caliber suppressors.

Gemtech also manufactures a Quick Detach Adapter system that allows the installation or removal of any .22 caliber suppressor in seconds. The adapter, made of high strength aluminum and stainless steel, is a smaller version of Gemtech’s popular 3-lug Quick Mount system used on their 5.56 and 7.62 suppressor applications.

To enhance suppressor performance, Gemtech offers their own brand of .22LR caliber ammunition manufactured to their specifications. The Gemtech ammunition features a special 42-grain round nose bullet with a premium lubricant and a cleaner burning powder. The subsonic velocity is 1050 feet per second. The brass case is engraved with the Gemtech logo headstamp.

The New BlasTech E-15 Heavy Blaster Rifle brings unprecedented combat capabilities to the Stormtrooper in contact. Longer range, better fire control, stabilized optics, a thermal detection suite, and improved armor penetration are all combined into a tactical package that is 10 grams lighter than the legacy E-11 that it replaces.

By Will Dabbs, MD
Photos by Sarah Dabbs

The venerable BlasTech E-11 Blaster was an undeniably tried and true weapon system. Striking a tactical balance between power and portability, the E-11 armed the Stormtrooper Legions throughout the Galactic Empire’s sphere of influence. Whether the area of operations be the jungles of Kashyyyk, the desert wastes of Tatooine, the frigid arctic plains of Hoth, Boarding/Search/Seizure missions aboard captured vessels, or in the vacuum of space itself, the E-11 has rendered yeoman’s service. However, as is the case with perhaps every weapon known save the Jedi Lightsaber, there is always room for improvement.

The popularity of the E-11 arose predominantly from its portability. At its heart a particle beam projector, the E-11 included an integral optical sighting array as well as an infinitely adjustable power setting. When used in areas of limited visibility and away from the image intensifiers built into the standard Stormtrooper armor, the optical sight of the E-11 allowed respectable visibility independent of illumination. The controls of the E-11 allowed instant fire selection ranging from stun settings selectable for the physiology of the target all the way up to full power bolts adequate to burn through up to 5cm of tempered iridium armor.

The BlasTech E-11 was itself a development of the warhorse DC-15 Blaster that saw widespread usage during the Clone Wars. The E-11 was purpose-designed to address the combat shortcomings intrinsic to this effective but bulky Infantry combat weapon. While operational DC-15’s still turn up from time to time in the hands of terrorists, criminals, warlords, and thugs, this antiquated weapon has been completely supplanted in the armament stores of the Legions.

While there are countless veteran Stormtroopers now mustered out of the Legions who would no doubt take issue with the claim, the E-11 has always suffered from a few serious deficiencies. Among them, the E-11 had a limited range due to its abbreviated beam focusing array as well as spotty accuracy beyond CQB (Close Quarters Battle) distances. Any Stormtrooper who saw service on Hoth and had to face Rebel Irregulars armed with their antiquated but powerful Mk 47 Blaster Rifles will recall the range advantage Rebel forces held during these operations in open terrain.

Now armaments engineers working under the auspices of the First Order have finally developed an adequate replacement for the standby E-11. As is well known, the First Order arose from the chaos that befell the Empire after the untimely demise of our Emperor, may his dark soul find eternal peace, at the hands of the renegade traitor Darth Vader. It is the turmoil that spawned from these sordid events that set back the development schedule of the new E-15 until now.

BlasTech—A Legacy of Armament Innovation

BlasTech, short for Blaster Technologies, began life as a consortium of arms manufacturers maintaining its corporate headquarters on Coruscant. BlasTech’s primary production facility has always been located on Geonosis for its responsible and industrious workforce combined with ample raw materials. When BlasTech production could not keep up with demand, the E-11 was produced under license by both the Soru-Suub and Merr-Sonn corporations on their respective home worlds as well as the Terran concern Anderson Manufacturing. E-11 Blasters may be found in Legion arms rooms bearing markings from all four companies. Unsubstantiated scuttlebutt notwithstanding, subcontracted Blasters are truly interchangeable with the original BlasTech variants. License-produced versions meet the same stringent standards of quality, reliability, and effectiveness as the original BlasTechs.

What is not so commonly known is that BlasTech produces larger caliber weapons as well. BlasTech has filled contracts for the Turbolaser space defense systems used on fixed Imperial facilities as well as the fast-firing powerguns used on both TIE fighter as well as TIE interceptor platforms. With this established legacy of quality and innovation in weapons design and production, BlasTech was uniquely positioned to develop and produce the new E-15 Blaster Rifle that will itself eventually supplant the E-11.

The E-15 Heavy Blaster, the Next Generation in Stormtrooper Small Arms

The first thing any seasoned veteran notices when he hefts the new E-15 for the first time is that, compared to the E-11, the E-15 is big. Where previously the E-11 could be hung from a belt carrier when a Trooper was in garrison or performing maintenance or administrative tasks, the new E-15 must be managed on a sling. However, widespread use of cutting edge polymers and ceramics in its construction gives the E-15 a paltry weight of 3.1 kilos. Any Stormtrooper who has force marched with an E-11 will note with satisfaction that this is actually 10 grams lighter than the smaller weapon it replaces. While the extra length has been a cause for concern, particularly among units requiring operations in tight spaces like built-up areas or airlocks, the additional capabilities that the E-15 brings to the table more than offset its size penalty.

The E-15 Heavy Blaster has a markedly more advanced beam focusing system that allows the Stormtrooper so equipped to bring lethal and effective fires on target well beyond what would typically be considered line of sight limitations. This feature alone results in markedly more effective applications in areas characterized by mist, dust, or vegetation that might otherwise disperse the beam of the less powerful E-11. The maximum effective range of the E-15 is actually almost twice that of the E-11 with commensurately better armor-piercing and anti-aircraft/spacecraft capabilities. The E-15 Heavy Blaster allows the individual Stormtrooper access to man-portable firepower adequate to down light attack and fighter craft as far as his sensors might allow detection.

To take advantage of this increased long-range lethality, BlasTech has partnered with NCStar to produce an integrated targeting suite for the new Heavy Blaster Rifle. NCStar has an established reputation for innovative illumination, sighting, and target designation systems. Additionally, their reliable combination of effectiveness and reasonable cost is always appealing to First Order comptrollers.

The NCStar ECO (Enhanced Combat Optic) sight combines 4-power visible spectrum magnification with an onboard focused-beam target designator and dual-mode visible illumination options. All systems operate off of a common power supply and there is mounting space on the top for an additional piggyback CQB sight for use at bad breath ranges.

The clubfoot polymer stock is the brainchild of Choate stocks, a Terran company with a long history of producing rugged Blaster components. Their stocks and accessories have been used on a variety of combat-proven weapon systems. The Choate clubfoot stock provides a reliable cheek weld for accurate fire as well as a handy gripping surface for applications wherein the E-15 is employed from fixed emplacements in the heavy fire support role.

Magazines for the new E-15 come from X-Products. X-Products produces ammunition feed devices for a wide array for small arms in both solid and skeletonized versions. Skeletonized drums allow the Stormtrooper in contact a quick reference to ammunition remaining while simultaneously reducing weight. X-Products is at the very cutting edge of ammunition feed devices for directed energy weapons.

Integral forend rails, also from NCStar, allow easy mounting of any standard Imperial accessories ranging from navigation systems to less-than-lethal attachments. Inteliscope produces an applique thermal sighting system for the E-15 that allows tracking and targeting of homoeothermic targets in any environment independent of battlefield obscurants. The Stormtrooper so equipped remains markedly more capable than his forebears.

Controls are simplified over the E-11 to allow faster manipulation while under stress. The basic E-15 comes in a white ceramic finish composed of the same near-indestructible composite that makes up modern Stormtrooper armor. For operations in jungle, desert, aquatic, or space environments the E-15 may be oversprayed with alternative colors as necessary.

Range Report

The integral power selection rheostat allows the BlasTech E-15 Heavy Blaster Rifle to be configured for available range facilities. When used by recruits in the training Legions lockouts prevent the E-15 from operating at lethal power levels. In a combat environment the individual Stormtrooper can manage plasma levels quickly and easily. Maximum settings should be reserved solely for combat. On standard range settings accuracy and recoil mimic combat power without so much collateral risk to range facilities. In our case we ran the E-15 through basic combat protocols for both accuracy and maneuverability at ranges from contact out to 1,200 meters using the ECO image enhancement suite.

For starters the E-15 Heavy Blaster is indeed a much more stable platform than the stubby E-11. There is no more fumbling with collapsible stocks or craning to utilize the weapon’s sights. The E-15 lends itself to a repeatable cheek weld both within the standard Stormtrooper helmet and without. The E-15 is responsive and maneuverable during MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) scenarios and the new high-capacity drum magazine will power the weapon for literally hours on moderate energy settings. While the E-15 Heavy Blaster is an effective and formidable close range weapon, where it really shines is against more distant targets.

The Enhanced Combat Optic makes for first round hits out as far as sensors can visualize. As the E-15 is a directed energy weapon it is immune to gravitational and wind effects. The new smart technology built into the NCStar ECO sight allows the Stormtrooper to lock the E-15 Heavy Blaster onto a target and clear the weapon for firing. The E-15 then instantly calculates an optimal firing solution and actually fires a bolt automatically when the weapon has clear line of sight to the target. This feature alone is sufficient to keep an enemy occupied at distance such that indirect fire weapons and air support may be employed. When properly utilized, the E-15 Heavy Blaster eliminates the need for the close fight, something about which Stormtroopers of campaigns past could only dream.

Big Picture

The new BlasTech E-15 Heavy Blaster Rifle is a true combat multiplier that allows the contemporary Stormtrooper to do more with less. Thusly equipped, modern Stormtroopers are more agile, more precise, and more lethal than their predecessors armed with the legacy E-11. The fall of the Galactic Empire and the pyrrhic rise of Rebel authority in so many diverse systems have made the peacekeeping mission of the modern Stormtrooper markedly more complex than was previously the case. In today’s fluid battlespace, Stormtroopers must remain flexible and seize the initiative. With the E-15, modern mobile Stormtrooper Legions are poised to do just that.

The Stormtrooper legions are all that stand between order and chaos. When properly trained, equipped, and led, this versatile force can enforce the will of the government anywhere and anytime in any environment. More than any other piece of equipment, a Stormtrooper’s individual weapon is his constant companion, his measure of authority, and the single most critical component of his survival. Now that the BlasTech E-15 Heavy Blaster Rifle is seeing general issue, the Stormtrooper Legions are finally positioned to enforce tranquility throughout the galaxy.

www.ncstar.com
www.riflestock.com
www.inteliscopes.com

By Rick Vasquez

Flash Suppressor, Muzzle Brakes & Muzzle Attachments And the Assault Weapon Ban

In October of 1994 as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law enforcement Act, what has become known as the semiautomatic assault weapon ban (SAW) was passed. The Gun Control Act (GCA) was modified with section 922(v) which prohibited the possession and manufacturing of certain Assault Weapons and firearms with certain features. Some of those prohibited features were flash suppressors and barrels threaded to accept a flash suppressor.

September 13, 1994: SAW Ban enacted by PL 103-322, Title IX, Subtitle A, section 110105 The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act was enacted on September 13, 1994, and established the definitions of assault weapons firearms and the features that constitute semiautomatic assault weapons. If a complete firearm fitting any of these definitions was in existence on or before the date of enactment of this Law, then it was “grand fathered.” This means that it would be lawful to possess or transfer. The law had a sunset provision in which at the completion of 10 years from the date of enactment the law could expire or the president could extend it or make it permanent. As we all know it was allowed to sunset. However, there are states that began implementing their own SAW ban. Some states adopted the parameters set by the original SAW ban but other states have become creative and have implemented their own interpretation of SAW ban.

One of the areas of study is the state SAW ban laws and to provide information to persons so they do not get caught up in a state violation, which is generally a state felony. In communicating with the states that have restrictions on firearms features it is obvious the personnel that are administering these laws to the citizens have little to no idea what they are doing. This is not true of all of the states but from the numerous calls I have made to the state firearms experts it is obvious that you are rolling the dice to a state felony if you do not understand these laws yourself.

Flash suppressors, muzzle brakes and threaded barrels:

What is a flash suppressor and what is a muzzle brake? All of the gun gurus are saying that is easy; a flash suppressor is designed to hinder the flash and a muzzle brake is a device to help with muzzle rise. You get an “A”. But can they be the same? How much flash must be reduced before it is considered a flash suppressor and not a muzzle brake? What is the standard and who performs a flash test? When shipping a rifle to a state with prohibitions on features, or you are purchasing a rifle with in a state with prohibitions on features, you need to know these answers. Additionally, there are flash suppressors that also function as grenade launchers and bayonet mounts.

While at a trade show in Harrisburg, PA there was a vendor that was selling H&K rifle copies and AK rifle copies that he was advertising as “New Jersey compliant.” The only modification the vendor performed on these weapons was to pin the military flash suppressor in place on the rifles he was displaying. Regardless of the lack of gun knowledge the state administrators have, there are knowledgeable gun people and sooner than later many of these gun owners will be placed in a precarious situation. The following photos demonstrate flash suppressors from 2 different models of firearms:

Most NATO firearms have flash suppressors of the same diameter to accommodate universally sized rifle grenades. If the flash suppressor is not of the proper diameter of the rifle grenade such as FALs and M14 rifles with narrow flash suppressors, then they are equipped with a detachable attachment that slides over the flash suppressor and the grenade will slide over the muzzle attachment. When a state prohibits a grenade launcher it isn’t the M203 grenade launcher or other rifle mounted grenade launchers, because the likelihood of someone transferring an M203 on an AR15 is pretty slim. It is the flash suppressor/grenade launcher identified in the original assault weapons ban. Yet, when you ask the administrators at the state level what is a grenade launcher they cannot explain that the military flash suppressor is a grenade launcher. One state in particular when asked to explain the features as applied in his state told me, “that is a legal question and if you want an answer you need to hire an attorney and appeal for an answer to the attorney general’s office”. This was from the lead detective in charge of the office.

Concerning the practice of pinning a muzzle brake in place, the purpose of pinning the muzzle brake to the barrel is to mask the threads. A banned feature is a threaded barrel that is compatible to accept a military flash suppressor. Once a muzzle brake or thread protector is pinned in place the barrel is no longer considered threaded. In all of the research of all of the state laws and speaking to many personnel not one has been able to give me a standard of what is considered permanently attached. If a person were to look for a standard the best practice would be to use what the ATFE has established for many years. Permanent attached means: “full fusion weld (stick, tig, mig) brazing, silver solder that has at least an 1100 degree melting point, blind pin or set screw welded over”. These methods have always given positive results for permanent attachment.

Testing of a flash suppressor:

With the enactment of the SAW ban ATFE did not have a test protocol to evaluate the reduction of flash of a muzzle attachment, when fired. A protocol was not developed until 2002. This protocol was based on the procedure utilized by the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command at Aberdeen Proving Grounds. The procedure developed was to compare the flash of a firearm without a flash suppressor, against the firearm with the flash suppressor, and any submitted muzzle attachment for a particular model of weapon. This test procedure is consistent with the procedure utilized by the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 3-2-045.

The following is the test protocol that was developed:

1. A measurement and description is taken of each muzzle submitted for evaluation. The outside diameter of the muzzle attachment must be larger than .865 of an inch, which is the diameter that will accept a muzzle-mounted grenade.

2. Photographs will be taken of the muzzle attachment attached to a firearm while being fired in
complete darkness.

3. A grid, measuring 24 inches by 24 inches and made of 1/4-inch metal rod spaced two inches apart, will be placed 4 inches behind and centered on the muzzle attachment.

4. Take three separate sets of test photographs. Two photographs of each test process.

• The test weapon will be first photographed without any muzzle attachment.
• The test weapon will then be photographed with the submitted muzzle attachment.
• The test weapon will then be photographed with the military style flash suppressor that is a component of the test weapon.
• The photographs will be compared, using the grid as a reference, and a determination will be made as to whether the item is a flash suppressor or muzzle brake.
• Measure the size of the flash spread of each test fire by counting the grid lines.

Document the Camera utilized:
Camera: Nikon D80, digital SLR
Lens: 18-75mm
Ammunition: Federal (Federal ammunition has been used in all previous tests)
Exposure length: bulb
Distance from camera lens to muzzle: 60 inches and level to the muzzle.

Once the test is complete there is not any standard to say if the flash spread was reduced by so many inches, the muzzle device would or would not be a flash suppressor. This is subjective. However, from personal experience military flash suppressors reduce the flash of a rifle a considerable amount. It was an eye opener to see just how well many of these flash suppressors worked. On the other hand there was never a true muzzle brake capable of reducing the flash a sufficient amount to be called a flash suppressor.

Conclusion:

Certain states have implemented a SAW ban in an attempt at a modified gun control. If you reside in one of these states, or you provide commerce in firearms in one of these states, and you intend to own or sell firearms, it is imperative you understand the firearms laws for your state. Failing to do so could put you in possession of a physical feature of a sporting firearm of which you could be convicted of a State felony.

By Teresa G. Ficaretta, Esq. & Johanna Reeves, Esq.

GCA Firearms Restrictions— Who Is a Prohibited Person?

Part II: 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)-(9)

In Vol. 20, No. 1, we provided readers with an overview of Federal firearms disabilities imposed under the Gun Control Act (GCA), 18 U.S.C. Chapter 44. Because there are 10 categories of “prohibited persons” under the GCA, we addressed 5 of the disabilities in Part I of the article, and this article addresses the remaining 5 disabilities as Part II. As stated in Part I, it is essential for Federal firearms licensees (FFLs) to have a working knowledge of this area of the law to avoid transferring firearms or ammunition to prohibited persons and aiding and abetting a prohibited person in unlawfully possessing these items. Caution must be exercised in this area not just for potential purchasers of the FFL’s products, but also for employees who possess firearms and ammunition for purposes of carrying out the FFL’s business.

This article will discuss the prohibited persons described in 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)-(9), which includes illegal and nonimmigrant aliens; persons dishonorably discharged from the military; renunciants of U.S. citizenship; persons subject to domestic violence restraining orders, and persons convicted of misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence.

I. GCA Categories of Prohibited Persons § 922(g)(5)-(9)
A. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5) – Illegal Aliens and Nonimmigrant Aliens

Section 922(g)(5) includes two separate and distinct disabilities. The first applies to “aliens” who are illegally or unlawfully in the United States. The second applies to aliens who have been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa, as that term is defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act. We will discuss each of these
disabilities separately.

1. Aliens Illegally or Unlawfully in the United States–§ 922(g)(5)(A)

This provision has been in the GCA since enactment in 1968, but was not defined until ATF issued regulations implementing the Brady Law in 1997. The regulations provide that the term “alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States” means aliens who are not in valid immigrant, nonimmigrant or parole status. The definition in 27 § C.F.R. § 478.11 provides examples of aliens included in the term, such as persons who enter the United States without presenting themselves to an immigration officer, nonimmigrants whose periods of stay have expired or who violate the terms of their entry, and persons under a deportation or removal order.

Questions often arise about aliens who have applied for adjustment status and allowed to stay in the United States while the application is pending. Federal courts have held that aliens in this situation still entered the United States illegally and cannot lawfully possess a firearm. There is an exception in one federal circuit involving a case where an individual filed for and received Temporary Protected Status. Under these circumstances that court held such a person is not an illegal or unlawful alien under the GCA because he or she is allowed to remain in the United States and work in the same manner as a nonimmigrant alien. See United States v. Orellana, 405 F.3d 360, 365 (5th Cir. 2005). The Department of Justice does not extend the rationale of the case to other circuits.

2. Aliens Admitted to the United States under a Nonimmigrant Visa– § 922(g)(5)(B)

Congress added the disability for persons who enter the United States under a nonimmigrant visa to the GCA in 1998. The plain language of the statute limits the prohibition to persons who enter the United States with a nonimmigrant visa. However, when ATF issued implementing regulations in 2002, the agency interpreted the prohibition to apply to ALL nonimmigrants, whether or not they entered the United States with a visa. This is a significant expansion of the statutory prohibition, as many foreign visitors are not required under the Immigration and Nationality Act to present a visa when entering the United States. Canadian citizens are the biggest category, as well as persons from countries in the Visa Waiver Program (VWP). Information on the VWP, including a list of participating countries, can be found on the Department of State website.

In 2011, the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) advised ATF that the agency’s interpretation of the nonimmigrant alien prohibition was overly broad. OLC advised ATF that the prohibition does not apply to all nonimmigrant aliens present in the United States, but only those aliens admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa. Subsequently on December 8, 2011, ATF posted an Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees on its website advising that, in accordance with direction from OLC, the agency was changing its interpretation of the law so that most Canadian visitors in the United States and aliens admitted under the Visa Waiver Program would no longer be prohibited from possessing firearms under the GCA. On June 7, 2012 (77 FR 33625), ATF amended its regulations to reflect this position.

The disability for nonimmigrant aliens present in the United States pursuant to a nonimmigrant visa has a number of statutory exceptions. The exceptions, listed in 18 U.S.C. § 922(y)(2), include the following:

aliens admitted to the United States for lawful hunting or sporting purposes (e.g., an organized shooting competition);
aliens in possession of a hunting license or permit lawfully issued in the United States;
official representatives of a foreign government who are accredited to the United States Government or the Government’s mission to an international organization headquartered in the United States;
officials of a foreign government or a distinguished foreign visitor so designated by the Department of State; and
foreign law enforcement officers of a friendly foreign government entering the United States on official law enforcement business.

The easiest exception to satisfy is the hunting license exception. Any alien may easily avoid the prohibitions of the statute by obtaining a hunting license from any State, and the possession of firearms or ammunition need not be in the State where the hunting license was issued. This exception has been criticized because of its ease in avoiding the statutory disability.

The GCA also includes a “waiver” provision that allows a nonimmigrant alien to apply for a waiver from the restrictions of the statute by submitted a petition to the Attorney General. We note, however, that neither ATF nor the Department of Justice have published regulations or any other guidance implementing the waiver provisions. Consequently, it is likely easier and more expedient to obtain a hunting license than to submit a petition to the
Department of Justice.

Even if a nonimmigrant alien fits within an exception listed above, the alien may not lawfully purchase a firearm from a Federal firearms licensee unless he or she (1) has a valid alien admission number issued by the Department of Homeland Security (required on the Form 4473); and (2) is able to provide documentation that he or she is a resident of the State where the
FFL is located.

B. Persons Dishonorably Discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces- 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(6)

This provision of the GCA has been in the statute since 1968, but was not defined in the regulations until 1997. The term “discharged under dishonorable conditions” is defined in 27 C.F.R. § 478.11 as “Separation from the U.S. Armed Forces resulting from a dishonorable discharge or dismissal adjudged by a general court-martial. The term does not include any separation from the Armed Forces resulting from any other discharge, e.g., a bad conduct discharge.” ATF also does not consider a general discharge as one that results in Federal firearms disabilities.
C. Persons Who Have Renounced U.S. Citizenship – 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(7)

This is a fairly straight-forward category of prohibited persons and one that is rarely encountered. That is because it is fairly difficult to renounce U.S. citizenship in a way that satisfies the requirements under the regulatory definition of “renounced U.S. citizenship.” The definition requires that a person renounce his or her citizenship (1) before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States in a foreign country; OR (2) Before an officer designated by the Attorney General when the United States is in a state of war. The first method, requires completion of a State Department form before a U.S. consular officer while in a foreign country. The second method has been delegated to the Department of Homeland Security, although the agency has not issued regulations implementing the authority. Renunciations of U.S. citizenship are permanent and irrevocable, absent an overturn based on involuntariness or lack of intent. Individuals who lose U.S. citizenship must reacquire it through naturalization.

D. Persons Subject to Domestic Violence Restraining Orders – 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)

Congress enacted Section 922(g)(8) as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The statute prohibits persons subject to certain domestic violation restraining orders from receiving or possessing firearms and ammunition. The disability is temporary, lasting only as long as the restraining order is in effect. It applies to a significant number of persons at any given time, as restraining orders that meet the requirements of the statute are issued by State courts routinely as part of divorce proceedings.

Not every domestic violence restraining order issued by a State or tribal court results in Federal firearms disabilities. The statute has specific requirements:

the order was issued after a hearing of which the person received notice and had an opportunity to participate in the hearing;
the order restrains the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner (e.g., spouse, former spouse, cohabitant) or child of the intimate partner or engaging in conduct that would place the partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury; and the order includes a finding that the person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of the intimate partner or child OR explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against an intimate partner or child.

The disability is problematic because many (if not most) restraining orders meeting the requirements of the statute are never reported to NICS and are not used by the FBI as a basis for denying a firearms sale. A 1996 amendment to the Violence Against Women Act requires states to certify that its judges are required to provide notification to all domestic violence offenders of the requirements of section 922(g)(8) (and 922(g)(9), discussed below). This requirement has allowed more Federal prosecutions of violators for “knowing” violations of the GCA, but it has not resulted in more information being provided to the FBI/NICS.

Section 922(g)(8) was challenged in Federal court repeatedly after enactment on the basis of the Second Amendment, due process, equal protection, and lack of notice arguments. Courts have consistently upheld the constitutionality of the statute, finding that preventing acts of domestic violence involving firearms is a reasonable restriction on firearms possession.

E. Persons Convicted of a Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic Violence – 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9)

Section 922(g)(9) of the GCA is often called “the Lautenberg Amendment,” because Senator Lautenberg of New Jersey was the sponsor of the legislation. The amendment was enacted in 1996 as part of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997. This provision makes it unlawful for any person convicted of a “misdemeanor crime of domestic violence” (MCDV) to possess firearms or ammunition. The term “misdemeanor crime of domestic violence” is defined in section 921(a)(33) as an offense that—

is a misdemeanor under Federal, State, or Tribal law; and
has as an element the use or attempted use of physical force or the threatened use of a deadly weapon committed by a current or former spouse, parent, someone who has cohabited with the victim, or another individual specified in the statute.

The statutory definition also provides that, even if the requirements above are established, a person is not considered convicted of a MCDV if the person was not represented by counsel and, if the person was entitled to a jury trial, he or she was tried by jury or waived the right to a jury trial. In addition, the statute has language similar to that for felony convictions providing that post-conviction events may invalidate the MCDV conviction. If the MCDV is expunged, set aside, pardoned, or the person has had civil rights restored, the MCDV will not be disabling under section 922(g)(9).

ATF’s regulations implementing the statute interpret the term “misdemeanor” to include, in States which do not classify offenses as misdemeanors, offenses punishable by imprisonment for a term of one year or less and includes offenses punishable by only a fine. Thus, even if a State does not label a particular offense as a misdemeanor, it will result in Federal firearms disabilities if the offense meets the statutory definition.

Many state misdemeanor statutes for simple assault and other misdemeanors that may qualify as MCDVs contain multiple subparts or clauses within the subparts only some of which contain the element of physical force. For example, assault statutes frequently provide that a person commits assault either by using physical force against the person OR by making verbal threats. Only the first qualifies as a MCDV. There is a great deal of case law on the evidence the government may use to determine whether a misdemeanor conviction qualifies as a MCDV. This is a complicated area of the law, and if you are unsure whether a particular offense is disabling, contact your local ATF
office for guidance.

An interesting wrinkle to the Lautenberg Amendment is that it includes language that makes this disability applicable to law enforcement officers and the military. These categories of persons are generally exempted from most of the restrictions of the Federal firearms laws because of the general government exemption in 18 U.S.C. § 925(a)(1). This results in police officers and other law enforcement officers being able to acquire firearms from FFLs in interstate commerce free of the interstate controls, Form 4473 requirements, and NICS checks required of other firearms purchasers. It also means that police officers who happen to be prohibited persons (e.g., felons, dishonorable discharges, etc.) may lawfully possess firearms and ammunition for purposes of carrying out their official duties. However, the Lautenberg Amendment added language to the GCA to carve out misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence from the general exemption. Accordingly, police officers who have been convicted of such misdemeanors may not lawfully possess firearms or ammunition for any purpose. This provision of the GCA was challenged by police organizations and individual police officers immediately after enactment and was upheld. See Fraternal Order of Police v. United States, 173 F.3d 898 (D.C. Cir. 1999). The statute has also survived a variety of constitutional challenges in the Federal courts of appeal under the Sixth Amendment, Commerce Clause, Second Amendment, Due Process Clause, and ex post facto clause.

As with domestic violence restraining orders, not all misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence are reported to NICS. Although states routinely report felony convictions to the FBI, few have the resources to report misdemeanor convictions. Accordingly, it is unlikely that all persons subject to this disability are prevented from acquiring
firearms from FFLs.

II. Conclusion

The Federal firearms disabilities imposed by the GCA are numerous and complex. The overview provided in this article cannot adequately cover all the legal issues raised by the lengthy statutory and regulatory definition. FFLs and others who have questions about a particular situation, person, or disability should contact qualified counsel or ATF for guidance.

About the authors –

Johanna Reeves is the founding partner of the law firm Reeves & Dola, LLP in Washington, DC (www.reevesdola.com). For more than ten years she has dedicated her practice to advising and representing U.S. companies on compliance matters arising under the federal firearms laws and U.S. export controls.

Teresa Ficaretta is one of the country’s foremost experts on ATF regulations under the Gun Control Act, the National Firearms Act, the Arms Export Control Act and Federal explosives laws. Before joining Reeves & Dola in 2013, Teresa served as legal counsel to ATF for 26 years, followed by two years as Deputy Assistant Director in Enforcement Programs and Services. They can be reached at 202-683-4200.

By Chris A. Choat

VZ GRIPS ANNOUNCES NEW KEYMOD GRIPS

VZ Grips®, the original innovator (and authority) for custom G10 gun grips is proud to announce its newest product. The VZ KeyMod grips (KMG). The KMG’s are attachable grip panels for your favorite KeyMod platform. They are precision machined in VZ’s very sought after proprietary textures and G10 colors. With innovation and function as their leading edge, VZ did not just bring you their best, but partnered up with gun accessory giant Bravo Company USA® to bring even more to the table. All KMG’s feature BCM’s® new patent pending Inverted KeyMod™ screw. Designed by Eric Kincel, BCM’s Director of Product Development and designer of the KeyMod system, BCM’s proprietary nut-less screw is an awesome feature for the KMG’s™ as it eliminates extra hardware and uses a T15 torx head that is already a standard for many of the VZ grip screws. KMG’s will be available in 2” and 4” panels, 2 different contours, 3 different textures (Alien, RECON, Tac Diamonds), and numerous color schemes that match their existing handgun line. Prices start at $24.75 for the 4” and $22.75 for the 2” model. Best of all they are made in the USA. You can learn more at www.VZGrips.com.

ROGERS HOLSTER OFFERS NEW QD MOUNT FOR TRIJICON MRO SIGHT

After the release of the new Trijicon MRO, Rogers Holster Company realized there were few choices for QD (quick detachment) attachments for that optic. They have addressed that need by manufacturing the new QD mount, Rogers Sight Mount that is completely US made. The Rogers Sight Mount (RSM) is a versatile, quick-detach mount for any Red-Dot optics with a picatinny rail attachment. The RSM allows the user to quickly detach and reattach their optic without the need for cumbersome fasteners or tools. The RSM is a rock-solid and precision mount. A user can remove their RSM mounted optic, reinstall it, and expect their Red-Dot to be in the same position. The RSM also allows the user to co-witness to their iron sights. Included are 2 shims to allow the user to easily adjust the height of their optic in relation to their iron sights. The parallel clamping members of the Rogers Sight Mount (RSM) are molded with a slight bias in the shape of a bow. This allows the force of the single cross bolt to be distributed evenly over the entire engagement of the weapon’s rail. This design provides an excellent clamp using less force. The lever operated locking cam of the RSM locks on top dead center of the cam. Most designs require the throw lever to go over center in order to lock. Locking force is lost by going over center so conventional mounts must be adjusted over tight in order to not shoot loose when the lever goes over center. The RSM uses an alternative lock system that allows the lever to lock at the highest point on the cam. The result is a better lock up with less force which reduces wear and tear of the part and

The RSM uses a glass filled polymer similar to modern pistol frames. The glass filled material has a much greater coefficient of friction while locking to a metal rail. It also has the ability to custom form to any slight imperfections in the metal rail of the weapon. The end result is a mount that does not shoot loose and will repeat zero when removed and reinstalled as long as it is returned to the same position on the weapon rail. Visit them at www.holsterops.com/sight-mount.com to order one.

AMERICAN TACTICAL INTRODUCES THE FX-H HYBRID 1911

American Tactical, pioneers of the Omni Hybrid MAXX Series of products, is pleased to add the first of its kind FX-H Hybrid 1911 handgun to the line-up of quality polymer-based firearms. The FX-H 1911 is unique in the fact it has a polymer frame with two metal inserts at the stress points for premium quality construction, while keeping the overall weight of this full frame 1911 down to 1.6 lbs. The FX-H is believed to be the lightest full size 1911 on the market today. The FX-H includes features like a 5” match-grade stainless steel barrel and a stainless steel slide that accepts Glock style sight systems and a removable plate to accommodate RMR style optics. The FX-H 1911 comes in .45 ACP with additional calibers coming soon. All milspec 1911 parts are interchangeable. They completely designed and manufactured this product for the ultimate shooting pleasure while giving the owner a lightweight solid 1911 platform like no other. With a retail price of only $659.95, the FX-H Hybrid is sure to be one of the most popular firearms of 2016. More information is at www.americantactical.com.

CMMG INTRODUCES NEW MK47 KRINK MODELS

CMMG has unveiled the Mk47 line-up featuring a KRINK-style muzzle device. Similar to the original Mk47 MUTANT design, these new rifles are built around the 7.62x39mm caliber and feature a shortened AR-10 sized bolt carrier group that is paired with a unique upper and lower receiver to minimize weight and increase ergonomics. One of the primary benefits of the Mk47 design is its ability to accept existing AK magazines and drums. The new Mk47 models come equipped with the KRINK muzzle device. These new KRINK models include the Mk47 AKS8 AR Pistol, Mk47 AKS8 SBR (short-barreled rifle) and Mk47 AKS13 rifle. The KRINK-style muzzle-brake design was derived from an AK, which they modified to thread on standard AR threads. It serves as a booster, flash suppressor, blast reducer and also reduces recoil slightly.

The Mk47 AKS8 SBR (all NFA rules apply) has an 8-inch barrel with a 9-inch RKM KeyMod™ Handguard, a Magpul CTR Buttstock and Magpul MOE Pistol Grip. It comes with a CMMG single-stage trigger and one Magpul AK PMAG. The full-sized Mk47 AKS13 has a 13-inch barrel with the KRINK muzzle device pinned and welded permanently to the end of the barrel to meet the 16” requirement for Title 1 Firearms. It features a 15-inch RKM KeyMod™ handguard, a Magpul CTR Buttstock and MOE Pistol Grip. It comes with a CMMG single-stage trigger pre-installed and one Magpul AK PMAG. For more information contact them at www.cmmginc.com.

LIBERTY INTRODUCES THEIR NEW COSMIC 45 SUPPRESSOR

Liberty Suppressors, makers of top quality firearm sound suppressors, would like to announce the release of their latest silencer design, the Cosmic 45 caliber multipurpose silencer. The Cosmic is the next evolution in pistol silencer design, utilizing groundbreaking baffle technology along with the most durable materials. With a core of stainless steel, a titanium tube, and weighing in at only 9.5 ounces, this silencer is light but built to handle even the toughest of pistol rounds. The Cosmic shares the same footprint as their popular Mystic X silencer. This allows full backwards compatibility with their legacy mounting solutions for the Mystic program and opens many new doors at the same time, without having to increase the footprint of the silencer. The Cosmic is rated for everything from 22LR up to 454 Casull in pistol calibers plus several carbine calibers as well. The versatile Cosmic is priced at just $799 retail. Liberty Suppressors is a family owned, Georgia based silencer company that pioneered the concept that a monolithic silencer can be quiet. Liberty Suppressors offers a full line of silencers for everything from 22LR up to 300 Remington Ultra Mag. Check them out at www.libertycans.com.

TACTICAL WALLS ANNOUNCES NEW TACTICAL LAMP

TacticalWalls has just announced the release of the Tactical Lamp, a discreet new home storage solution for firearms, everyday carry items and other valuables. The Tactical Lamp is a fully functional home lighting appliance that features a hidden storage compartment inside its wooden body. The hidden compartment is accessed by removing a detachable side panel from the base of the lamp. The detachable side panel is kept in place by magnetized placeholders. Inside the hidden compartment is a protective layer of loop-sided Velcro to protect valuables from marring and allow the use of a variety of mounting options. Behind the loop-sided Velcro, there is also a retention magnet that makes it possible to secure a firearm, knife or other metal valuables to the rear of the internal compartment. The exterior dimensions of the lamp base are 11.5”H x 9”W x 7.25”D. The interior dimensions of the storage compartment are 9”H x 6”W x 4”D. The Tactical Lamp is sold with or without the lampshade and can also be purchased as a single unit or a set of two. There are different types of finishes available, including Dutch Walnut, Black and Cherry. Prices range from $119 to $129 for a single unit and $179 to $199 for a set of two (depending on whether the lamp shade is included). Check out their innovative products at www.tacticalwalls.com.

They make products that are simple to install, easy to use, and offer discreet storage solutions for every room. They are also made here in the USA.

By Teresa G. Ficaretta, Esq. and Johanna Reeves, Esq.

ATF Publishes Final Rule Requiring Background Checks for Responsible Persons

On January 4, 2016, the Attorney General signed a final rule amending the regulations issued under the National Firearms Act (“NFA”) relating to background checks for people who obtain firearms through a trust, corporation, or other legal entity. The final rule, available on ATF’s website at www.atf.gov/file/100896/download, will be effective 180 days after publication in the Federal Register, which we anticipate will be sometime in early January 2016, making the effective date early July 2016.

The most significant provisions of the final rule are the following:

Elimination of the CLEO Certification. The final rule amends ATF regulations to eliminate the requirement that the Form 1 Application to Make and Register a Firearm and the Form 4 Application for Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of Firearm include a certification from the Chief Law Enforcement Officer (CLEO) where the maker or transferee resides. The final rule requires only a CLEO notification, eliminating what is frequently an obstacle for firearms owners to obtain registered NFA firearms. The CLEO notification is provided by the applicant forwarding a completed copy of the Form 1, Form 4, or the new National Firearms Act Responsible Person Questionnaire (ATF F 5320.23) to the CLEO prior to submitting the application to the National Firearms Act Branch.

Responsible Persons Must Submit Photos and Fingerprints. The final rule requires each “responsible person” complete the new Form 5320.23 with personal identifying information and attach photographs and fingerprints when a trust or legal entity files a Form 1 or Form 4 or is listed as a transferee on a transfer application. In the case of trusts, this means settlors/grantors, and trustees must submit the form, photographs, and fingerprints. Beneficiaries are “responsible persons” only if they have the authority to receive, possess, ship, transport, deliver, transfer, or otherwise dispose of a firearm for or on behalf of the trust. Once the final rule takes effect, all settlors/grantors, trustees, and beneficiaries authorized to possess registered firearms will be required to submit photographs and fingerprints so a background check can be completed.

The new Form 5320.23 is not yet available. However, the final regulations indicate the form must include the person’s full name, position, home address, date of birth, and country of citizenship if other than the United States. The final regulations do not require a law enforcement certification on the form.

Definition of “Responsible Person.” The final rule clarifies the definition is limited to unlicensed entities, including trusts, partnerships, associations, companies (including LLC), or corporations. We note the definition will not apply outside the area of NFA transfers.

The information contained in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not intended to be construed or used as legal advice or as legal opinion. You should not rely or act on any information contained in this article without first seeking the advice of an attorney. Receipt of this article does not establish an attorney-client relationship.

By Kyle Shea

On Wednesday, May 25, 1977, film and science fiction history was made. A film came out about a space opera in a galaxy far away. It was the story about a young farm boy going on an adventure to save a princess from an evil empire and its terrible enforcer. It became a huge financial success and eventually had an even better sequel about the empire striking back. It was loved by critics and fans alike, to the point where even today thousands of fans dress up as the characters of the movie.

The film was called Star Wars.

It’s probable there are few people in the world that have not seen Star Wars and its characters. Characters like Chewbacca, R2-D2, Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Princess Leia, and, of course, Darth Vader, have all become household names. Every bookstore is filled with tie-in books about the characters, and every toy store carries the toy versions of the weapons.

Speaking of the weapons, the original blasters of the film were actually guns that were remodeled for the film. They were chosen for some futuristic appearance even though they were from the past- WWII German MG34 Light Machine Guns, British Lewis Machine Guns with their fat radiator jacket and pan feed, as well as the Broomhandle Mauser that was Han Solo’s pistol. The best example is the Sterling L2A3 submachine guns (or Mk 4) that are used by the Stormtroopers, as well as many of the main characters. Called the BlasTech E-11 Blaster Rifle in the film, it was the standard issue weapon for the Stormtroopers. They were seen in all three films of the original trilogy, especially Return of the Jedi, where some of the Ewoks are shown using them. Bapty Ltd of London supplied the firearms for these movies, and Tony Watts allowed us to photograph them for this issue.

The Sterling submachine gun was designed by George William Patchett, the Chief designer at the Sterling Armaments Company of Dagenham. The British Army was looking for a new submachine gun in WWII and liked the design of Patchett’s gun. Although only 120 were built for the war, they were used in a number of battles, including Operation Market Garden.

In 1956, the Mark 4 (L2A3) came into service. It was used in a number of countries, including Argentina, Singapore, and Iraq. It weighs about 6 pounds without the magazine full of ammo. The magazine is loaded from the left side and it shoots 9x19mm ammunition. The buttstock folds under the gun, making it easy to carry when not in use. The firing pin is fixed into the face of the bolt, making it impossible to remove and it is open bolt firing. The bolt itself has helical grooves cut into it to keep dirt out of the inside of the receiver.

The Sterling Mark 4 was in other films like The Wild Geese, The Spy Who Loved Me, Robocop, and You Only Live Twice, as well as many TV Shows and Video Games. However, it is most recognized by movie goers as the Blaster of choice for the dreaded Stormtoopers, though they don’t hit much with it other than set decorations. Both are part of a story loved by millions, if not billions, of fans. A story about a battle between good and evil, in a galaxy far, far away.

May the Force be with you. Always.

Serial number – Obscured. Most of the original BlasTech E-11 (Sterlings) were deactivated and sold as European style “Deacs” and were quite popular with the collectors. They seldom come up for sale. The receivers of those are not destroyed, so they cannot legally come to the United States unless imported as Post-1986 dealer samples.

Czech ZB26 light machine gun.

By Robert G. Segel

People in the general populace don’t think of Czechoslovakia as an international arms maker of high quality products with a long history of innovation. But those familiar with the world of firearms know that Czechoslovakia has a well-earned reputation of not only producing quality weapons, but researching, developing and pioneering new systems. One such system was the ZB26. This weapon proved to be of such a step forward for a man-portable, full automatic weapon, that the British, upon testing, were so impressed that they licensed the manufacture of the weapon that was then known as the Bren gun; a weapon that served the British and their Commonwealth nations for decades.

The Czech ZB26 gunner’s kit is made of canvas with leather straps that folds in on itself for carrying measuring approximately 11 inches long x 7 inches wide x 1.5 inches thick. Once fully unfolded, leather pockets hold all of the various tools needed to maintain the weapon in proper working order. On one end is a pocket that contains spare parts for the weapon that may wear or break and are easily replaceable by the gunner.

By David Lake

Steel, Simplified.

Steel is the stuff of which the modern world is made. It is pervasive in history and its presence and application mirrors the rise and fall of man and his kingdoms as well as his proliferation around the globe. Scientists and engineers of the past century have been largely unsuccessful at creating its replacement. Barring the limitations imposed by the basic laws of physics, there are not many problems that cannot be solved by the judicious application of steel in one of its many forms. There is perhaps no better example of Mankind’s technological triumph than when he used steel to create the gun.

The oldest known “gun” by todays definition was developed in China (agree most anthropologists and archaeologists). The first guns created by the ancient Chinese were likely bamboo- or other hollowed out wooden tubes, which may not have been used to fire a projectile. There is some conjecture that these guns were first implemented as “shock and awe” technique- firing off bursts of flame and smoke to intimidate and confound a battlefield foe. It is unclear when exactly the gun would be used to fire a projectile- which was likely an accident the first time it happened. Man’s inherent need and ability to fix and improve things around him would ultimately adapt the simple pyrotechnic display into an implement crafted from steel, and intended to fire a projectile. The rest of the story of the gun follows man through the middle Ages, the time of exploration and conquest, and ultimately the industrialization and modernization of manufacturing and the globalization of commerce. There are marked times, usually times of war that spawned the great advancements in the science of the gun. Mounted cavalry, siege weapons, personal body armor, cannon and naval warfare all demanded that the gun become more potent and precise. Distance and accuracy and power would become requisite qualifications of the gun. Sometime in the last 500 years, the science of the gun seems to have reached a plateau, relatively speaking. Every shooter from a matchlock pistol to a shore gun battery would be made of steel (as they still are). Steel could provide the strength to exploit the power required to inflict the ranged effect we associate with the modern firearm.

The meter of the modern small arm often and deservedly defers to the “mil spec.” This is an established code of standardization. It envelops a set of rules and requirements for anything claiming to be up to par. It is not necessarily a qualifier of excellence or superiority- unless superiority can indeed be found in uniformity and consistency. The term “mil-spec” has become a generic descriptor, and is often applied to any of the wares and materials purveyed by today’s arms makers. And it is not entirely incorrect to refer to a steel alloy applied or used per an established mil-spec as “ordnance steel.” It is widely agreed that ordnance, or mil-spec steel refers to a specific family of steel alloy; chrome-moly, such as 4140. The enforcement of standards and uniformity is absolutely necessary to ensure any amount of quality and reliability in any system. Today all metal alloys are given a title or numerical designation from one of the authorities on metallurgy and engineering, the SAE, and AISI. These material names and designations describe a recipe or physical and chemical properties. So a steel may be described by what it actually is, as is the case with 4140CM steel, the 4 digit label indicates general type of alloy, and the precise levels of other additive elements to make the steel.

In actual terms, depending on the manufacturer of a gun or its components, the terms Mil spec and Ordnance Steel may be used to describe any of the following (but not limited to); 4130, 4140, 4145, 4150, 4320, or 4340 chrome moly alloys. The truth of the fact is that ANY steel may fall into the category of being “mil-Spec” provided that it satisfies the criteria set forth in the military standard for operating and yield strength for a specific application. There is a tendency for gun manufacturers to use misleading descriptions of their steel and its capabilities in order to promote sales. All steels are not created equal. This sales tactic can put the gun and its user at risk. All steels are not created equal; beware of the fly-by-night startup gun company that professes tactical supremacy but omits the metallurgical details of their operation. That said, modern firearms components from reputable sources (as are most things engineered) are designed with a “safety factor” in mind. Any gun barrel today should be designed with a minimum 1.5 safety factor- which means that barrel is designed to endure 1.5 times its intended operating load before failure or fatigue. The “mil-spec” for a steel structure usually demands a factor of only 1.5. Commercial engineering often requires a safety factor of 2.0 or higher. One should also be wary of the claim of “aerospace” in firearms design. The tolerance, safety factor and quality assurance by aerospace standards all become prohibitively expensive and ultimately restrictive to the end user. Aerospace grade demands a total detailed and documented control and trace of material from creation through use and operation. Nothing about your rifle is aerospace grade.

On to the specifics of the steel that may be encountered in the modern small-arm. There are only 4 general types of steel; carbon, tool, alloy, and stainless. All material that can be described as steel is one of these. The creators of steel add various trace elements to iron to achieve desired properties. All steel contains between .25% and 2.5% carbon, which allows the base iron to be chemically or thermally manipulated with or without the addition of other alloying elements. To earn the rank of stainless, the recipe of that steel must contain at least 11% chromium. Chrome moly alloy steel does contain chromium, but not enough to be stainless. And all stainless steel is not totally rust resistant. Some stainless is highly magnetic. It is doubtful that one will encounter a low carbon or plain carbon steel on a gun today; industry lawyers and a general concern for safety have well established a minimum for safety standards. Tool steel is capable of being very hard and tough, but is more difficult to craft. It may be used on guns in small amounts to form items like trigger parts or lock components. One should expect to find all (non-stainless) gun barrels and receivers to be made of an alloy steel; nickel-steel, nickel-chrome, or chrome-moly steel. These types of steel contain trace amounts- usually only up to 3% by mass of these other elements. The presence of nickel imparts extra strength and tremendous resistance to temperature and mechanical stresses. It is interesting to note that iron meteorites are usually an iron-nickel alloy- containing up to 25% nickel. That high nickel content is responsible for the meteorite’s ability to survive entry. The presence of chrome and molybdenum in steel alloy will increase hardness and resilience. Plain carbon steel is too weak and brittle or soft for firearms application. Chrome moly steels are not resistant to oxidation and other surface reactions to include rust and corrosion. Gun parts commercially produced from chrome moly steel are always encountered with a coating or treatment to inhibit surface corrosion. The most common are blueing and parkerizing which form protective oxide barriers on the steel. Chrome moly steel may be coated, clad, or plated in other metals like electroless nickel, hard chrome or newer high performance metal/polymer matrix coatings.

Chrome moly steel is indeed the first choice of the professional market. It is tough. It maintains strength and stability over a wide temperature range. It resists fatigue and failure caused by abrasion, wear and heat. Even in hostile maritime environments, today’s material science offers a host of treatments and coatings to protect the steel from surface attack. Chrome moly used in ordnance is not a “free machining alloy”, that is, it is difficult to machine and form. However, chrome moly does lend itself well to the application of these aforementioned coatings and surface treatments. We are all familiar with “chrome-lined” barrels. Most all gun barrels in general circulation with our armed forces- pistol and rifle alike are chrome lined (M-16 rifle, M9 sidearm). Adding a layer of abrasion and heat resistant hard chrome to the interior surface of a barrel adds longevity. In the case of the M16 or AR-15, if it is respected and not abused, a chrome-lined, chrome-moly steel barrel can expect to serve its owner with good function and acceptable accuracy up to or beyond twenty thousand rounds.

Stainless steel is rapidly becoming the default material used by barrel manufacturers. The most common alloy used in the gun market is known as 416R. This stainless steel makes an attractive barrel to be sure. It’s bright and shiny, and is known for being easy to machine. 416R is a “free machining alloy” which implies that it is created with a molecular structure that makes the material easy to cut. Free machining alloys employ trace amounts of lead and sulfur to improve machinability. While making this steel cost effective to manufacturers, and visually attractive to the consumer, the mechanical properties of free-machining alloy may also make it less desirable to the well-informed. 416R is not nearly as abrasion resistant as chrome-moly steel. And it can only claim 65,000 psi tensile strength (4140CM boasts 98,000psi). 416R does not resist fatigue and erosion from exposure to high heat. At high heat levels- those commonly encountered in military applications, 416 can distort, lose its heat treated state, and even de-alloy—a condition where the additive materials lose their microscopic bonds to the iron/carbon structure. So this material, while in use, could become unsuitable or even unsafe. Not to worry—416R comes with a reliable programmed response to imminent failure. It will split like a banana peel before it fragments. This splitting action is resultant of the “stringers” as they’re called, the areas of sulfur that co-mingle in-between the regions of martensite (crystalline structures) in the metal alloy. There are other grades of stainless one might encounter in barrel making. 410, 420 and 17-4 are less common, though they are found in use. 17-4 is renowned as a super alloy. It is fabled to get stronger from heat exposure. It has been said that it possesses mystical powers to “self-heal” micro fractures and surface defects. Few have ventured to deep-drill and cut rifling into a chunk of 17-4. Many have failed. The name Noveske will forever be remembered as one that succeeded. 17-4 is mainly used in pistol and revolver frames, muzzle devices, or small parts and even receivers and bolts of custom high-end high-power rifles. The last stainless worth mentioning here is 410 alloy. It is the underachiever of the bunch. The yield of this material is actually less than its intended operating threshold- a fact that some in the industry will argue. 30,000 PSI is where 410 can undergo “plastic deformation,” that is, be stressed past its ability to bounce back. Barrel makers still use this stuff knowing that a 5.56 NATO cartridge reaches over 60,000 psi just after ignition. Is this cause for alarm? Not really. Stress is calculated as a constant applied force. The pressure curve inside a gun barrel in not contained for any period of time, nor at a static load, but rather a burst that reaches a peak pressure. The pressure is not contained long enough or focused at a singular point where it could cause damage to the barrel. The barrel is saved by the fact that high pressure gas acts with equal force on all sides of its container (in this case the barrel)- and one side of the container (the bullet) is moving away from this applied force. So the bullet is effectively a valve that allows the pressure to escape. 410 alloy is said to be tougher and more abrasion resistant than 416. It is used by some manufactures to make gun barrels to save cost as it is imminently easy to machine. The more common stainless, 416R does deliver on some promises. Many custom rifle builders who work for the competition market trust 416R. Countless benchrest, palma and F-class records have been claimed by guns fitted with barrels made from 416R. This material does in fact make for a perfect surface finish during machining. This perfect surface lends itself to superb accuracy. A barrel properly ‘smithed from 416R will perform supremely, though not indefinitely. A match-grade stainless barrel fit to a high-powered competition rifle may be expected to have a good service life of 3000 rounds, more or less, depending somewhat on the caliber of the rifle, and largely on how it is cared for.

Steel of any alloy may be encountered in a number of “states.” This refers to the condition of heat treatment it may have received. Annealed steel has been softened. This condition does not imply that the steel is mild- only that it has been reduced to a softer state to make it more workable. Hardened steel generally refers to a surface hardening to improve that steel’s wear resistance or reduce its frictional coefficient. This condition may also be called “case” hardened. Heat treated steel is generally hardened throughout, also known as “core” hard. Core hard is a condition commonly employed on high wear or high load components. Certain alloys are better suited to be case hardened. Others are tailored for use in core hard applications. For example, the bolt carrier group in an AR-15 is made of several steel alloys- each selected for it properties as they fulfill the requirements of the BCG’s operation. The bolt itself may be made of something called Carpenter 158 that has been heat treated to a desired surface hardness to resist wear while maintaining internal elasticity, and resistance to fracture of the locking lugs. The bolt carrier body is commonly made of core hard 8620- a nickel-chrome-moly steel used for its superior resistance to heat induced fatigue and mechanical shock. The carrier houses a high-temp expansion chamber that is usually hard chrome plated. The gas key might be made of 4130CM, and specially coated to resist high temperature and impart lubricity so as not to cause abrasion to interacting surfaces. The cam pin receives tremendous abuse, and is formed from a core-hard piece of 4340CM—very high in nickel and chrome. The cam pin will endure severe abuse- repetitive compressive and shear forces and high heat imparted by the M-16’s operating system. These parts are often protected by a hard metal plating or clad in a metal/polymer matrix. Both, designed to kill friction and resist heat’s damaging effects.

So we can conclude that there is no “best” steel for your gun. Lesser materials may be used to great result provided proper engineering and quality assurance to back them up. Super alloys can lose all their attraction when cost and gained advantage are brought into proportion. Long past are the days of Damascus steel when one could be killed by his own gun if the bi-metal structure were to give way. The quality and consistency of steel used in the industry today exceeds the quality of manufacture implemented by the gun makers themselves. Our modern steel industry is nearly flawless. Good steel makes us better.

Today the German Karabiner 98a can more often been found on the market with the “1920” marking than the Gewehr 98. The exact position of the mark on the receiver may vary.

By Michael Heidler

The First World War had caused a major progress in military technology. Never before had such great evolutionary advances had been achieved in so short a time. Still shocked by the merciless trench warfare with innumerable casualties, it’s no surprise that the victorious powers had a desire to weaken the German armed forces for the future. The development of automatic weapons was still in its infancy, but the results achieved at the front showed that these kinds of weapons will be indispensable in a modern war.

After the lost war the combined German Reichswehr (Army) and Kriegsmarine (Navy) were reduced to a total of 115,000 men and conscription was abolished. The victors claimed high reparations payments and dismantled German machinery. Famous German armament companies like Mauser had to convert their production to consumer articles, whilst the allies approved the relatively inexperienced Simson & Co. company of Suhl as the sole producer of pistols, rifles and machine guns. The permitted armament for the Reichswehr was precisely defined in Article 180 of the Peace Treaty as, for instance among small arms, 84,000 rifles (Mauser 98 system), 18,000 carbines (Mauser 98 system) and 1,863 machine guns. Surplus weapons had to be handed over to the victors (although they often disappeared) and new developments were forbidden. The disarming of the people was also planned to reduce the danger of armed revolts provoked from different political groups.

In midyear of 1920 the general disarming of the German and Austrian people was announced by the victorious powers. At a meeting of the German general staff on July 11, 1920 General von Seeckt told the other participants that about 2,700,000 rifles will have to be collected. About 600,000 of them are in the hands of the Einwohnerwehren (citizens’ militia). He also suggested they offer rewards for weapons that are handed over, or for information about hidden weapons.

No date was fixed yet, but the German War Office reacted promptly. On August 4, 1920 the instruction number 959 (with date August 1) “Marking of hand weapons and machine guns of the Reichswehr before the general disarming of the people” was published in the “Heeres-Verordnungsblatt” (Army Ordinances Gazette): The impending disarming makes it necessary for the army district commands to mark all the weapons in their possession, including cavalry units and military schools, with an unique distinctive identification-symbol. This ensured that during the collection, all weapons owned by the Reichswehr could easily be identified in the cases that they are found in the hands of unauthorized persons. The Annex of the instruction shows in graphics where the new identification-marking “1920” has to be placed on rifles, pistols, machine guns and their mounts, submachine guns, sabers, bayonets and lances.

At the end of August, a reminder was published in the Army Ordinances Gazette to accelerate the marking of the weapons because the disarming action “is expected very shortly”.

A more detailed explanation on how to handle the marking was published in the Army Ordinances Gazette on September 28, 1920 as instruction number 1123 “Marking of weapons of the Reichswehr / Handing over of privately owned military weapons by disarmament-law”. The reason for this explanation was the confusion caused by pistols and revolvers privately owned by officers, officials and other authorized members of the Reichswehr. These weapons must not be marked because they were not property of the army but rather acquired by their owners by private means. Because of this obligation the weapons did count as official military weapons and thus reduced the total contingent of the Reichswehr. Not all of these pistols and revolvers were affected by the disarmament-law.

The marking “1920” has to be placed only on the following hand guns:

• Revolver 79 and 83
• Short and long pistol 08
• 9 mm Mauser pistol with 10 rounds capacity and removable stock
• Equivalent foreign weapons

No further instructions concerning the markings and the disarmament were published in the Army Ordinances Gazette. It is not known whether this marking-action was helpful or only a waste of time and money. Undoubtedly a large amount of weapons disappeared in dark channels or hidden storages of the army. Too many documents of the past have disappeared and a lot of the secret activities undertaken to fool the Inter-Allied Control Commissions have understandably never been documented on paper. Nevertheless the collecting, controlling, recording and scrapping caused the incredible costs of 200 million Reichsmark.

Today the rare marking “1920” on a collector’s weapon is clear evidence that the specific weapon was in official possession of the German Reichswehr in August 1920. It should be a matter of reflection about the disarming of the people and its consequences in history. It can be a lesson for all of us.