I had the privilege of meeting the great gun inventor Maxwell G. Atchisson at his residence in Doraville, Georgia, back in the late 70s through Donald Thomas. Don was Atchisson’s business agent at the time and is also SAR’s archivist. Visitors to Max’s residence were received via strict invitation only, since it was also his private research, development and testing facility. His guest book (to which I had the honor of adding my name) contained the names of dignitaries and high-ranking military officials from around the world—proof of his status as one of America’s best in the 20th century. The lower section of the house had an indoor range facility where guests were allowed to shoot Max’s inventions (except guns in the prototype stages with patentable features), many of which had never been shown to the public before. Some of the guns he presented and tested were his Vietnam-era M16 rifle containing his .22 conversion kit and three .22 semi-autos he converted to select fire, namely the H&R Reising M65 “Leatherneck” rifles and Jager AK22 (just introduced to the U.S. market at the time). The biggest surprise of my visit was seeing and firing his revolutionary full-automatic shotgun with a 20-round drum magazine. I also glimpsed a prototype 40-round drum in the works but was unable to test and examine it. Although Remington did come up with a select fire conversion of their M1100 shotgun, which earned the U.S. military designation M7188, it was Atchisson who truly revolutionized the concept that inspired many of the modern combat shotguns we see on the market today.

Although Atchisson’s inventions were mostly geared toward military and police purposes, such applications proved quite elusive, including for his much-touted full-auto shotgun. His AR15/M16 .22 conversion kit, on the other hand, became a commercial success years after he sold the rights to others. It was one of the most copied devices in existence and constantly improved upon by others, primarily by CMMG, the leading producer of these types of kit, who came up with various set-ups and related accessories. Since its introduction in the early 70s by Military Armament Corporation (MAC), the Atchisson .22 conversion kits have been produced by various manufacturers, including Jonathan Arthur Ciener, Brocal Inc. (WAC), Spike Tactical, CMMG, Tactical Solutions, Tactical Industries, Stag Arms, Mega Arms and others. The kits were offered as drop-in or dedicated uppers. The drop-in type utilized a chamber adapter, while the dedicated type was normally a complete upper with a .22 rimfire barrel. For accuracy purposes, dedicated uppers normally perform better than the drop-in installed on AR15/M16 (.223 caliber) since its rifling specs are not for .22 caliber long rifle rimfire. When used in a .223 rifle, the kit will tend to clog the barrel gas port with lead after prolonged firing with rimfire rounds and can affect the operation of the gun once it is switched back to its original caliber. To minimize this problem, it is best to fire a few rounds of .223 for every hundred .22LR. This will help to keep the gas port clear of obstruction. However, the gas tube still needs to be scrubbed due to the build-up of lead particles.

In the past 40 years, various .22 conversion devices for the AR15/M16 have been offered by such companies as Colt Industries, but the Atchisson device remains the undisputed leader. What makes the Atchisson device more attractive than others is its high capacity magazine (other kits normally boast 10-shot), available for both semi-auto and select-fire models and good reliability with the right ammunition. The Atchisson kit is a well-designed unit for its intended purpose. Just like its competitors, however, its reliability varies from one maker to the next, even though the parts (in most cases) are interchangeable. My first Atchisson kit, purchased 25 years ago, was marketed by Bro-Caliber and made by WAK Inc., followed by the Colt kit designed by Henry Into, Colt’s chief engineer in the 80s. Five years ago, these two vintage kits were joined by the Spike Tactical and CMMG version for my test and target practice. It has been noted that the old and new kits still share the following same basic malfunctions:

• Empty shell getting caught uderneath the charging handle groove and bolt during recoil with the top round loaded halfway.
• Failure to feed—normally a bent cartridge preventing the bolt from moving forward.
• Hammer follow and misfire—double or triple shots/light dent on the rim of the cartridge.
• Failure to extract the empty shell.
• Failure to complete cycle.

Among the five problems noted above, it was the empty shell getting stuck between the charging handle and bolt that proved to be the most bothersome to clear. This is especially difficult when, at the same time, you have a double feed with a halfway-loaded round locked with the round just coming out of the magazine. This malfunction also happened using the Colt kit on numerous occasions. Having experienced this problem with the WAK kit firing both standard and high velocity rounds on many occasions after acquiring it in the 80s, fixing the pesky bug became a priority. After some careful analysis and tinkering, the solution to the problem came into light. A drawback of this solution, however, was that it required disassembly of the gas tube each time the gun is fired with rimfire ammo. In addition, a plug to the connection port of the gas tube was required to seal the gas pressure in the barrel. This part is easy to make using a drill rod the same size as the gas tube, 2 inches long. Ideally, it is best to build a complete dedicated upper just for shooting .22 ammo using the modified charging handle. The modified charging handle will require filling in the underside grooved section. CMMG currently sells what they call an “anti-jam” charging handle made of glass-filled nylon for dedicated .22 conversion units. The usual deep underside groove was replaced with a shallow groove, but the front-end section for gas tube clearance for kits utilizing chamber inserts was unchanged. Since there is still an open space at its critical point, it may not completely eliminate the chance of empties getting lodged between the bolt and charging handle, but it minimizes it to the point that overall reliability is greatly improved. It is definitely a great improvement to these kits. Remember, the handle does not move with the bolt when it recoils, which leaves the open section at the front of the handle still exposed for the empty to get lodged at any given time. A better solution is to cover at least three-quarters of the charging handle underside groove starting from the front, leaving no gap for empties to get caught during operation. This requires obtaining a separate charging handle for this purpose and keeping the original when switching back to .223 caliber. You need not buy an expensive spare; get the cheapest you can—even a used one will do. To make a filler for the charging handle groove, you will need a 5/16 dia. steel or aluminum rod. Mild steel material is ideal here. Aluminum being softer can still be subject to faster wear, dings and scrapes. The steel material provides smoother operation and lasts longer. The minimum length of the filler required is 4 inches, but you can cover the full groove if you wish. A grinder and file are needed here. The thickness is .200 inches, with the top of the filler approximately .050 inches below the rim of the groove to compensate for the radiused section of the recoil spring housing, allowing the bolt to cycle freely with a minimal gap. The filler is pinned into place at the front-end section of the handle by a 1/16 diameter roll pin. The pattern of the filler used here has an extended section (reduced diameter) at the front that loops with the gas tube hole of the upper for better stability. This part will only work with the gas tube removed to allow the kit to seat properly into place. The modified handle will work perfectly with other dedicated .22 uppers without a gas tube.

Failure to feed can be associated with a faulty magazine follower and spring. A malfunction of this nature normally happens when the magazine is fully loaded and the top cartridge nose-dives while being pushed forward by the bolt. A simple test is to simulate a loading sequence by pushing out the loaded rounds with a small wood dowel and see if the cartridges are moving upward unimpededly. If not, check the follower and inside the magazine body for obstruction or mold overruns and polish them with medium-grade grit until the tightness is eliminated. Check also the spring for binding and straighten it up. If no binding is experienced during this test, check the feed ramp for roughness and sharp edges. The ramp should be polished smooth and the chamber must accept the cartridge without hesitation or tightness. The cartridge should go in freely and be released from the chamber freely. Another area to check is the looseness of the magazine when inserted into the gun. Looseness in fore-and-aft movement of the magazine is also very critical during loading. When the bolt moves forward to load theAtop round from the magazine, it will exert pressure and cause the magazine to tilt slightly forward, thereby causing the bullet being chambered to point toward the bottom of the feed ramp instead of upward toward the chamber. This would normally result in a jam, with a bent cartridge loaded halfway into the chamber. A quick remedy for this is to tape the rear upper section of the magazine to minimize the loose fit. Brownells’ vinyl-coated cloth tape is ideal for this purpose and comes in black and coyote brown color. Taping should prevent the magazine from falling freely but leave it loose enough to be pulled out easily when reloading.

Hammer follow is normally associated with using older units with a notched (Colt type) hammer, although this may vary from one make to another. This hammer will work fine in some ARs, while it won’t in others due to dimensional tolerances. For example, the old WAK kit will not depress the notched-type hammer far enough to engage the secondary sear on vintage models but will work fine with (most, if not all) newer ones. The underside of the bolt appears higher. When installed to vintage ARs, the WAK kit will not work reliably with the Black Dog magazines except the steel Ciener type. This is also the reason that this vintage kit is not compatible with a notched hammer. Hammer follow tends to create a dangerous runaway gun firing double, triple and even continuous full-auto fire (deemed illegal by definition, although unintended) followed by misfires with a very light dent on the rim. Misfires occur when the hammer hits the bottom corner of the bolt, not the back of the firing pin. If your AR has a notched hammer and is experiencing this kind of issue, the simplest remedy is to replace it with the (unnotched) MIL-SPEC type along with a reduced power spring kit (both available from Brownells). This will not only smoothen the action and lighten the trigger pull, but will also lessen the resistance to the bolt during recoil, which in turn permits the use of a stronger recoil spring for more positive bolt closure. In most cases, light recoil springs also contribute to misfires as they create a gap between the breech face and barrel chamber as the bolt tries to overcome the resistance of the extractor hook resting against the inclined barrel notch. To overcome this, some manufacturers resort to using a weaker extractor spring in conjunction with a lighter recoil spring to allow the bolt to close, which is a serious drawback that will result in extraction problems. It is best to keep everything strong and find the right ammo and magazine to work with it.

Failure to extract the empty shell normally occurs once the gun is heavily clogged up. However, if the gun fails to extract even before this stage, check the condition of the extractor itself with the following simple test. Place an empty shell in the breech face with the extractor holding it in place. With the bolt underside facing down, lightly tap the center point of the bolt on a table. If the extractor is good, the shell must not fall or come off. If it does, replace the extractor if the hook is worn out or barely engaging. You may gradually file the bottom section of the hook that rests over the bolt to increase the contact point of the extractor with the rim. The spring must also have enough power to positively activate the extractor. If everything looks fine with the extractor, focus your attention on the chamber itself. Some chambers may not be reamed or finished properly and could be tight and unpolished. It should also be checked that the notch for the extractor on the chamber adapter or barrel is cut properly. If the extractor hook is sitting high or binding when the bolt closes, it will likely miss the rim and will jam the action.

Failure to completely cycle during operation can also cause other malfunctions, such as failure to eject and feed. This can normally be attributed to weak ammunition in relation to the recoil and hammer spring resistance. This can be further improved by simply modifying the square bottom corner at the rear of the bolt to a radius and polishing it smooth to minimize hammer drag and resistance. The combination of parts and polishing on certain areas is quite critical if the gun is to be fired with various ammunition. With readily available parts for the AR, solving reliability issues such as these can be done right with minimal effort. If the procedures mentioned above are followed correctly, your .22 conversion kit should work with utmost reliability no matter what type or make it is. For parts and accessories requirements contact Brownells (www.brownells.com).

Introduced around 2010, the AR57 blowback upper receiver for the AR15 uses 50-shot P90 magazines and ejects spent casings down through the magazine well for ambidextrous operation. Operating by simple blowback, this upper is available in 6-inch pistol and 16-inch rifle versions. Chambered in 5.7x28mm, this upper is less powerful than the standard 5.56mm version, but that reduction in power brings certain advantages: reduced muzzle blast, a high practical rate of fire, nonexistent recoil, lightness even when fully loaded and, thanks to the top-mounted magazine, the opportunity for the shooter to get very low to the ground for cover. The upper arrives with a custom buffer that fits any carbine AR15 lower.

The first generation came with a medium-weight fluted barrel and full Picatinny rail, which made the potentially light personal defense weapon into more of a varmint rifle. Unfortunately, the intrinsic accuracy of the cartridge yielded mediocre results for tagging small varmints. Of all available ammunition, RRWS copper hollow-point seems to offer the best combination of accuracy (2MOA) and terminal performance (2/3-inch expansion from the original 0.224-inch diameter and around 15 inches of penetration in gel after four layers of denim). Velocity was around 2680 feet per second with SD under 10, so it was no surprise that this cartridge produced more accurate results than other factory loads.

• American Eagle FMJ 40gr 2020fps 3MOA
• RRWS HP 37gr 2680fps (substantially higher than advertise 2550fps) 2MOA
• FN Vmax 40gr 2600fps 2.5MOA
• Handloads Vmax 40gr 2175fps 2MOA

The second generation cut quite a bit of weight by going to a light profile barrel and M-LOK forend with only small rail segments machined in it top and bottom of the front—ideal for a backup front sight and a bipod. Unloaded, but with a Holosun red dot sight, the 2nd Gen. AR57 on a GWACS Armory polymer lower weighs only 5.3 pounds. Fully loaded, it remains a reasonable 6.7 pounds, light enough for most shooters. Placed on an aluminum lower, it gets slightly heftier but gains length of pull adjustment and more neutral balance.

While the reduction in barrel diameter cuts heat endurance, the cartridge used makes this a mostly theoretical issue. Burning around six grains per shot, 5.7x28mm runs much cooler than 5.56mm, which burns four or more times as much. That yields much reduced muzzle blast and far greater heat endurance, though this is naturally at the cost of bullets traveling roughly 40% slower. Even the thin barrel has continuous fire endurance in excess of 150 shots, plenty for any realistic defensive fight. The real limiter of the sustained fire is the exposure of the plastic top-mounted magazine to the heat radiating from the barrel.

To load, place the baseplate of a standard FN P90 magazine into the recess on the front of the upper, then press the feed lip side down on the catch located above and slightly back of the bolt. To charge, pull on the right-side non-reciprocating handle and release. The charging handle’s placement on the right makes it accessible for operation by the strong hand. Since it only has to be operated once every 50 shots, the time penalty for moving the hand off the pistol grip isn’t too great. Empties will eject downward through the nominal magazine well. Some users put a 20- or 30-round magazine body with the feed lips, spring and follower removed to act as a brass catcher. AR15sport.com offers a sheet metal brass catcher of much greater capacity. We tested it on two AR57s at a high round count event with good results. The magazine has no provision for activating the bolt lock when empty, but the bolt can be locked open using the catch on the lower. The upper runs very cleanly and reliably, requiring no maintenance after the first 500 shots.

At $745 from 57center.com, it is less expensive than a PS90 carbine at $1,350, even after the cost of an AR15 lower is added in. 5.7x28mm ammunition costs about as much as 5.56x45mm, though the variety of available loads is definitely smaller.

The adequacy of 5.7x28mm for stopping human aggressors has been in dispute ever since its introduction. Some of the lighter bullets available for it have traditionally been tipped or leadless hollow-points prone to excessive fragmentation. Firing a 27gr lead-free hollow-point at a full, upright 12-ounce beverage can did not result in complete penetration—an excellent result for a range or a small varmint round, but not a man-stopper. Expanding ammunition with better penetration is also available from FN, along with non-fragmenting 40gr FMJ American Eagle. R&R Weapon Systems offers two 37gr all-copper loads, 37F (fragmenting) and 37X (expanding). I would recommend 37X for defensive use, relegating the fragmenting load to short-range varmint elimination.

The main limitation in using the AR57 for varmint control is the space available for optics. With the magazine lifting up for unloading, the length of the scope is sharply limited. I was able to fit 2.5x or 4x prismatic scopes, anything longer caused interference. Considering the sighting limitations, I would rate it as suitable for small rodents out to 100 yards. With defensive use being its more likely purpose, AR57 works best with a smaller red dot sight or an illuminated 1x prismatic scope like the Vortex Spitfire, since the speed of target acquisition trumps precision. Follow-up shots with the 2nd Gen. AR57 were limited only by trigger finger dexterity, as it showed no muzzle rise at all. The newer version moved a little more, as the fairly effective flash hider/compensator got replaced by a thinner, less effective variant that was also quite loud. My recommendation would be to install something like a Kaw Valley Precision linear compensator, which would leave the minimal muzzle rise uncorrected but noticeably reduce the report at the shooter’s ears. AR57 also works well with sound suppressors, producing no gas blowback and only a mild ejection port pop.

The new, lightweight AR57 is lighter than a PS90, though about 8 inches longer. The advantages of AR57 are numerous. Even a stock AR15 has a better trigger than PS90, and aftermarket options can make that difference extreme. AR lowers allow adjustable length of pull. AR ergonomics, excepting the reloading process, make more use of existing training. The height of sights over bore is significantly less, making accurate hits easier.

Compared to a 5.56 upper, AR57 is simpler to clean, generates less felt recoil and much less muzzle blast. With no protruding magazine, it allows the shooter to get into a very low prone position. A lot of ammunition can be carried, as two full 50-round P90 magazines weigh as little as one 5.56 30-rounder. The niche I see for AR57—besides it being plain fun to shoot—is for self-defense by the same slightly built individuals who would have picked an M1 carbine in the past. It requires less upper body strength to use than most long guns and gives 50 shots without reloading. A small teenager or a fragile senior can run it with ease, with the generously sized charging handle being on the side of the strong hand for most users. The rest of us enjoy shooting this upper without even looking for an excuse.

With the popularity of firearms suppressors at an all-time high and the Hearing Protection Act hopefully gaining momentum in Congress, it is an appropriate time to ask: When did suppressors first emerge and why did they disappear? At the turn of the 20th century there was an explosion of silencer designs and by 1912 the U.S. Army had become interested in their military applications, but the Great Depression and the 1934 National Firearms Act saw sales decline.

The first viable firearm suppressors appeared at the turn of the 20th century with a series of patents between 1909 and 1920. In 1895, Hiram Percy Maxim, son of Sir Hiram Maxim—inventor of the machine gun—established an engineering company. Initially, Maxim’s company was focused on the burgeoning automobile market. It was not until 1905 that Maxim began developing a series of designs to moderate sound. To begin with, he experimented with valves, vents and bypass devices. He eventually finalized his basic idea and developed a series of practical suppressors; these were sold by the Maxim Silent Firearms Company, which later became the Maxim Silencer Company.

In later years, Maxim claimed that he came up with the idea after taking a bath. As he watched the water drain out of the bath he noted that it spiralled as it formed a whirlpool at the drain. He believed that the propellant gases leaving a firearm’s muzzle could also be whirled to create a vortex, thereby slowing them sufficiently to prevent them making a noise as they left the muzzle.

Maxim experimented with his idea and created his first silencer, which used an offset chamber and valve to trap and swirl the muzzle gases in an effort to slow their travel. Maxim’s results with this design were encouraging, but the design needed further refinement.

In June 1908, he filed his patent for an “improvement in Silent Firearms.” Granted in March 1909, this design used curved vanes or blades to create a series of miniature vortices to capture and slow the muzzle gases.

The Model 1909 Maxim silencer was not produced in great numbers and the vortices caused the suppressor to heat up rapidly. While the Model 1909 could reduce a .22LR pistol’s report by up to 30 decibels, the curved internal vanes proved expensive to manufacture. In October and November 1908, Maxim filed two more patents to protect an improvement on his earlier design. This new design became the Model 1910; it still relied on Maxim’s gas vortex theory but had a simplified vane arrangement. The Model 1910 also moved away from having a centrally aligned internal channel and instead used an offset or eccentric design. This had the added benefit of not obstructing the weapon’s sights.

The majority of rifles of the day did not have threaded barrels, so Maxim developed a coupling device that was placed over the muzzle and offered an external thread. One of the main drawbacks of the Model 1910 was that it could not be disassembled for cleaning. Instead Maxim sales brochures recommended that hot water should be run through the silencer’s channel for 30 minutes.

The Model 1910 proved commercially successful and was offered in a number of calibers from .22 up to .45 caliber. The thinner Model 1910 was less effective than the earlier 1909, but when fitted to a .22LR pistol the Model 1910 could still reduce the weapon’s report by up to 25 decibels. Both the 1909 and 1910 models proved to be fairly robust and moderately effective suppressors.

A second variant of the Model 1910 did not use the vortex-creating vanes, instead it used straight baffles (which the patent described as “spreaders”), as Maxim increasingly understood that the most important element of the suppressor was its ability to slow the movement of the muzzle gases.

Maxim’s book Experiences with the Maxim Silencer compiled letters from sportsmen and hunters who had used his silencer. In the book’s foreword, Maxim explained that he developed his system in order to “meet my personal desire to enjoy target practice without creating a disturbance. I have always loved to shoot, but I never thoroughly enjoyed it when I knew the noise was annoying other people.” This continues to be a key argument for suppressor usage today.

The Maxim Silencer Company sold the silencers via mail order, shipping them in cardboard tubes. A .22 caliber silencer cost $5 while larger-caliber silencers cost $7. Maxim’s silencers were expensive items; when adjusted for inflation, these prices respectively equate to approximately $120 and $165.

The adventurer president, Theodore Roosevelt, suppressed his .30-30 Winchester Model 1894 with a Maxim silencer. Roosevelt used his rifle for small game hunting on his Long Island property. Maxim’s commercial silencers sold well during the 1910s and 1920s with hunters, target shooters and plinkers all purchasing silencers. Maxim even sold indoor target backstop boxes that could be filled with sand and used in conjunction with a silencer to shoot indoors.

Maxim’s Rivals

With the success of Maxim’s silencers, a number of rival companies began selling their own designs. The early 1910s saw a flurry of designs patented, which included the following: James Stinson’s “Gun Muffler”; the George Childress hemispherical expansion chamber silencer; Charles H. Kenney’s 1910 silencer, which had a large pre-expansion chamber; and Andy Shipley’s 1910 patent was one of the first to suggest porting the firearm’s barrel. Others included Major Anthony Fiala’s spiral baffle silencer; Harry Craven’s early shotgun silencer; Eugene Thurler’s 1911 patent that described a bayonet-style attachment system and used deflecting cones; Herbert Moore’s gas trap; and R.M. Towson’s “Recoil Neutralizer and Muffler,” which was little more than an unconventional muzzle brake for both small arms and artillery.

Among the multitude of rival designers, Maxim’s most competent competitor was Robert A. Moore, who patented his first silencer design in 1910. Developed for large caliber hunting and military rifles, Moore’s design included a large gas chamber that sat beneath the rifle’s muzzle. The muzzle gases were supposed to be deflected by concave surfaces down into the silencer, which had a number of partitioned chambers. The sides of the silencer were ported with vents to allow cool air to rush into the casing and, theoretically, cool the gases. The entrance to the silencer’s chambers also had a movable divider that was opened by the force of the gases and closed to prevent their escape.

Moore’s silencer had a number of interesting features. For instance, it used a rifle’s bayonet lug as an attachment point and also had removable side plates to allow cleaning of the silencer’s interior—both practical features for military use. Moore’s first design, however, did not go into production and he began work on a second model.

In 1912, Moore patented a more sophisticated silencer, moving away from the ported chamber concept. Instead, Moore’s new design first trapped the gases in a large expansion chamber, which again deflected some of the gases into a chamber beneath the muzzle. The silencer also had an additional series of curved baffles in front of the muzzle with expansion chambers below them. The elegant curves of the chamber partitions were designed, much like Maxim’s, to impart spin and create vortices to slow the travel of the gases. Moore’s patent explained that the curved baffles created two separate sets of vortices that slowed one another down when they intersected. The result was a silencer which attempted to slow the travel of gases with both expansion chambers and vortex-creating baffles.

Ingeniously, Moore designed his baffle system to be removable to facilitate cleaning and maintenance. Moore’s 1912 silencer also used the rifle’s bayonet lug as an attachment point and also provided another lug on the silencer’s housing to allow a soldier to attach a bayonet even while using the silencer. There were, however, some issues with fixing a bayonet while using the silencer. The additional length of the silencer combined with the bayonet meant the rifle’s balance was adversely affected, making it muzzle-heavy and difficult to fire accurately off-hand. During trials of the rifle it was noted by Ordnance Corps evaluating officers that the silencer’s rounded muzzle allowed the bayonet ring to slip under recoil.

The Military Maxim and the U.S. Silencer Trial

In 1912, with commercial growth slowing, Maxim turned his attention to the Military market and began designing a silencer that could moderate the report of a Springfield M1903. The Ordnance Corps had tested Maxim’s first silencer in 1909. Colonel S.E. Blunt, the commanding officer of the Springfield Armory, reported that the silencer eliminated approximately 66% of the noise and 67% of the recoil normally made when a rifle was fired.

The Maxim Silencer Company developed the Model 1912 and subsequently the improved Model 15, which Maxim christened the “Government Silencer.” Encouraged by the early military interest, Maxim envisioned a military silencer being useful in roles such as sniping, guard harassment and marksmanship training. He believed that the increasing number of inexperienced shooters from cities joining the U.S. military was struggling to master the .30-06 M1903 because of its loud report and recoil. Maxim felt that using a silencer would prevent recruits being intimidated by their rifle and help them to learn the fundamentals of marksmanship faster.

The U.S. Army decided to test both Moore’s and Maxim’s suppressors. When they compared the two rival designs, there was little difference between them with regard to the reduction of sound, recoil and flash. However, the Springfield Armory’s report in July 1912 found that the Moore silencer was more accurate and had a better attachment system. The Maxim silencer, on the other hand, was more durable and could withstand more prolonged rapid fire. Army Ordnance recommended the purchase of 100 of both silencers for field trials with two silencers to be issued per company for use by sharpshooters in conjunction with two star-gauge (accurate barreled) rifles and the M1908 and M1913 Musket Sights. This was not the large-scale contract that Maxim had hoped for, however, the funding was not available and the idea behind the silencers’ use was not fully embraced by the military.

The U.S. military’s first deployment of silencers came in 1916, when General John Pershing’s Mexican expedition against Pancho Villa included a squad of snipers apparently armed with silenced M1903s, however, little is known about their use in the field.

Maxim’s military silencers shipped around the world, with orders from Mexico, South America, China, Japan, Britain, France, Belgium, Russia and Germany. One pre-war Maxim advert boasted that the design had been approved by the German military. During the First World War, both the British and Germans deployed snipers equipped with Maxim silencers in small numbers. Some American troops deployed to Europe were also equipped with silencers, which were often paired with the M1913 Warner & Swasey “Musket Sight.” While these rifles could not prevent the supersonic crack that occurred downrange, they were able to mitigate muzzle flash and the rifle’s report. In 1917–18, a plan to deploy silencers with rifles with accurate star-gauged barrels was developed. An order for 9,100 was placed. Although part of this order was fulfilled before the end of the war, the exact number of silencer-equipped rifles manufactured remains unknown. After the war, these rifles were offered for sale through the Civilian Marksmanship programme in 1920, others were given to National Guard units for training purposes, and the remainder were declared obsolete in March 1925.

While the First World War offered a brief boom in sales of silencers this did not last, and Maxim’s company continued to diversify after the war. The Maxim Silencer Company manufactured not only firearm silencers but also sound-moderating devices for everything from automobiles to naval engines; from plant machinery to building silencers which were fitted to heating and air conditioning systems. Similarly, Moore, like Maxim, also later developed silencers for automobiles, filing a patent for an Exhaust Muffler in 1930.

The company began to move away from firearms silencers in 1925, instead concentrating on industrial and automotive sound moderators. Hiram Percy Maxim died in 1936, and his son took over the company. Although no longer family-owned, the company continues to specialize in industrial sound-moderating technology.

The National Firearms Act and the Decline in Civilian Silencers

The civilian market for firearms silencers was dealt a severe blow in 1934, when the National Firearms Act was introduced in response to the rise of organized and violent crime, with gangsters like John Dillinger and Baby Face Nelson increasingly using automatic weapons. While the use of silencers by gangsters was minimal, they were included in the National Firearms Act, which required a tax payment and registration of their ownership with (what later became) the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. While this was not a ban on suppressors, the prohibitively expensive $200.00 tax stamp (approximately $3,500 today) placed on them effectively killed the market. Interestingly, during the National Firearms Act’s passage through Congress, silencers were almost never mentioned during the debates or committee meetings. It is often said that they were included at the request of the Department of the Interior to prohibit poaching or as a personal preference of the Attorney General Homer S. Cummings; however, the true reason for their inclusion in the act remains unknown.

The result of the National Firearms Act was that all silencers had to be registered and that pre-existing unregistered silencers were subsequently illegal to own. This has led to the destruction of many early examples to avoid Federal penalties.

It was not until the outbreak of World War Two that silencer technology would be revisited by the military. The technology was not adopted for the training uses envisaged by Maxim, but for specialized, clandestine roles that required quiet, efficient and deadly weapons.

APTUS Weapon System

DRD Tactical | www.drdtactical.com

DRD’s new APTUS weapon system in 5.56 Nato or 300BLK calibers is designed using their patented quick change barrel and internal recoil system on a direct gas-operated rifle.

With Magpul folding stock, the weapon can be fired with the stock folded unlike standard AR platforms. This allows the operator to quickly change the barrels to fit the mission. All lower parts and some BCG parts are M4 compatible. It can go from PDW to DMR in less than 1 minute.

BY17SOR2 CARA CARA 2

SPYDERCO | www.spyderco.com

The all-new Cara Cara 2 Rescue features a high-visibility, orange-injected, molded FRN handle. For emergency cutting on a budget, this knife teams a Cara Cara 2 lightweight handle with a sheepfoot rescue blade.

Blade Steel: 8cr13mov stainless steel
Blade Grind: Hollow
Lock Type: Back lock mechanism
Handle Material: Fiberglass-reinforced nylon
Carry: 4-position hourglass pocket clip

STRYKE-2 Compensator

556 Tactical, LLC | www.556tactical.com

556 Tactical STRYKE-2 Compensator is available in 5.56 and 7.62. This new muzzle device will dramatically reduce muzzle rise as well as felt recoil, allowing for faster target acquisition. Three upward ports ease the side felt concussion and increasing target-acquire speed. With their STRYKE Face design this can be used for breaking a window, stamping a zombie on the forehead or tenderizing your favorite meat for grilling!

Dagger II Silencer

GEMTECH | www.gemtech.com

The updated GEMTECH DAGGER II is an all Titanium suppressor designed for semi-auto 18-inch 300WM precision rifles. The DAGGER II is the everyman silencer; it can be used on all lesser calibers, and its extreme strength lends itself for use on 12-inch .308 SBRs. This suppressor is held to the exacting SOCOM standards and passes with flying colors. The new feature allows ease of mounting and even has a predrilled pin hole for permanent fixture to short barrels.

H&K 3-Lug

GEMTECH | www.gemtech.com

GEMTECH World Class Silencers is happy to announce a new product to increase the compatibility of their 45 ACP silencers. The new H&K 3-Lug mount screws directly into GEMTECH’s Blackside, GM-45 and LUNAR Silencers for quick mounting on the standard 3-Lug mounts—popular on MP5s and modern pistol caliber carbines.

Cold Steel Frenzy

COLD STEEL INC. | www.coldsteel.com

The new for 2017 Cold Steel Frenzy draws inspiration from ancient Japanese Kabutowari, with a noticeably thick spine, slender blade, needle-sharp piercing point and long flat cutting edge. The Frenzy was designed by award-winning custom knife maker Andrew Demko and weighs just less than 6 ounces, making it thin and flat enough to comfortably carry. Premium American CTS XHP-powdered steel was chosen for the Frenzy’s 5.5-inch blade, and the knife is available in three different dual-tone G10 handle options: blue/black, OD green/black or grey/black.

Renegade Plus SPR

POF-USA | www.pof-usa.com

The Renegade Plus series embodies everything a direct impingement AR-15 can be. The initial offerings quickly became popular among shooters who push the limits of the .223/5.56 NATO cartridge. This extended range application warranted a new addition to POF-USA’s Renegade line up. New for 2017, POF-USA releases the Renegade Plus SPR. It still boasts the upgraded features the Renegade Plus is known for, such as a nine-position adjustable gas block, roller cam pin, heat sink barrel nut and more, but with an 18.5-inch barrel and adjustable Luth-AR MBA stock. These upgrades go well above mere aesthetics often found in rifles today.

NAS3 9mm Luger Cases

Shell Shock Technologies, LLC
www.shellshocktech.com

Shell Shock Technologies is an early stage technology and manufacturing company focused on developing innovative case technologies for the ammunition industry. Shell Shock is a component manufacturer supplying its lightweight NAS3 shell cases to the shooting sports market, as well as to U.S. and foreign ammunition manufacturers. Shell Shock’s NAS3 cases are 50% lighter than brass, give more consistent round-to-round performance and can be picked up with a magnet. 9mm Luger cases are immediately available (5.56mm cases available soon), with more calibers coming later in 2017. All Shell Shock’s cases are designed and manufactured in the U.S.

Spektre Inside-the-Waistband (IWB) Holster

HIGH THREAT CONCEALMENT (HTC)
www.Highthreatconcealment.com

High Threat Concealment’s (HTC) new Spektre Inside-the-Waistband (IWB) Holster is a no-compromise solution for those who want to comfortably conceal a fighting-sized handgun for their everyday carry. The Spektre provides maximum concealment and a comfortable custom-engineered fit for your weapon that can be worn strong-side IWB or in the appendix (AIWB) carry position. Each holster can be configured with one of three available attachment systems to better fit your preferred style of carry.

The Spektre is currently available for most popular semi-auto pistols. For most double-stack pistols, the Spektre will accommodate most popular pistol-mounted red dot optics. Shooters are also able to adjust the fitment and tension of the holster to suit their individual preference, using a custom tensioner that precisely adds or removes pressure from the holster’s capture feature. All holsters have an open bottom to enhance comfort and permit the use of after-market and threaded barrels.

THE ITALIAN VETTERLI RIFLE: Development, Variants and History in Service

AUTHOR: ROBERT WILSEY
PUBLISHER: MOWBRAY PUBLISHING, WOONSOCKET, RI 02895 gunandswordcollector.com
ISBN: 1-931464-72-3
COPYRIGHT: 2016
PAGES: 168, HARDCOVER, COLOR DUST JACKET, 350+ PHOTOS AND ILLUSTRATIONS (MOSTLY IN COLOR), 8.5” x 11”
USD: $49.99

The Swiss-made infantry rifle adopted by the Italian Army

This book does a great job of explaining the history of an intriguing rifle. The Italian Vetterli rifle was issued in a surprising number of variants over its 40-year service life. Invented by Swiss citizen Johann-Friedrich Vetterli, it was first adopted by the Swiss military in 1869. Italy adopted a modified version the following year with the M1870.

The original Swiss version was a rimfire rifle, an odd choice when centerfire was already in use by that point. The Italian version was a centerfire design right from the beginning. Interestingly, the Swiss rimfire was a true repeater, with a tubular magazine built in, while the newer Italian centerfire was originally built as a single shot. Some years later, the Vetterli-Vitali 1870/87 magazine conversion appeared. Years later, during WWI, many rifles were rebarreled from the original 10.35x47R round to the newer 6.5x52mm Carcano cartridge. This was the 1870/87/15 series.

This book describes the various versions and sub-variants. Besides the standard issue versions, many rare experimental and limited issue variants are profiled in detail. Featuring crisp and clear color photographs, as well as beautiful artwork, this book really does a fine job of distinguishing one model from another. The artwork is provided by Guy and Leonard Alston-Roberts-West. The A-R-West brothers are well known among antique firearms collectors.

A detailed study of Nock’s form (rear end of the barrel, in the chamber area) markings and stock markings provides valuable information regarding factory codes and so on.

Bayonets, ammo pouches and other accessories and accoutrements are also examined at the end of Part One.

Part Two profiles the main arms factories in Italy that had a hand in Vetterli production or later conversions. There is a wonderful photo of an original display board showing the various steel parts that go into the mod. 1870/87 rifle. What makes this display so interesting is that the raw forgings are shown in stages as they go through the sequence of being forged and machined.

Part Three details Operational Service. This begins with the Italian campaigns in eastern Africa, mainly around modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. Following this, the book details the strange paths that surplus military arms often took. For example, during World War I, the British wanted the Russian Empire to take a more active role in fighting Germany. The Russians were critically short of arms, so Britain proposed sending shiploads of obsolete and captured rifles including many Vetterlis. Before WWI was over, the Russian Revolution occurred, leading to the creation of the USSR. Years later, in 1936, the USSR sent many of these same arms to Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Vetterlis that made their way to Northern Ireland to arm the Ulster Volunteer Force are also covered.

A study of serial number ranges is covered in one of the appendices. This is based on the author’s notes from examining 456 individual rifles from all eras. The author freely admits that this is a tiny percentage of the 1.6 million produced, so some error should be expected.

The author, Robert Wilsey, served in the British Royal Marines for 31 years. His interest in the Vetterli stems from the time he spent stationed in Italy.

The entire catalogue of fine firearms and war history titles by Mowbray Publishing can be seen at www.gunandswordcollector.com.

B&T APR

Exact precision when it counts the most. That’s the mission of the B&T APR. The APR is a professional sniper system for military and law enforcement professionals. It was specially designed as a sniper. The APR is available in .308 Win.and .338 LM and in different barrel lengths. B&T offers different accessories in order to customize the APR even further to the needs of the operator so the APR is a perfect choice under all types of conditions, from the scorching desert to the Arctic cold.

Species (Bolt action, semi-automatic, etc.): Bolt action
Manufacturer: B&T AG, Thu, Switzerland
Website : www.bt-ag.ch
Caliber(s): .308 Win. (7.62 x 51mm), .338 LM (8.6 x 70mm)
Overall Length Standard Model: .308: 1125mm | .338: 1236mm
Barrel Lengths Available: .308: 500mm (20in) and 610mm (24in) .338: 685mm (27in)
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: .308: 6.1kg (13.5lb) | .338: 7.9kg (17.4lb)
Feed System: 10-round detachable magazine
Effective Range Depending on cartridge used:
.308: > 800m, .338: > 1.200m on man-sized targets
Mfg. Accuracy Tests (MOA): < 1 MOA
MSRP: .308: > $7,700 | .338: > $8,600

HUNTER OUTDOOR COMMUNICATIONS Steyr SSG 08 A1

Based on Steyr’s proven SSG 08 platform, which was designed in conjunction with the Austrian RKO Cobra anti-terror unit, the SSG 08 A1 incorporates a foreend-length barrel shroud, topped by a full-length Picatinny rail system. Rails are also located at the sides and bottom for various attachments. The A1 also features a heavy-duty bolt, a dust cover and a newly designed folding stock for fast length-of-pull adjustments. It is available in both .308 Win. and .338 Lapua Mag., and a heavy-duty bipod is included.

Species (Bolt action, semi-automatic, etc.): Bolt action
Manufacturer: Steyr Mannlicher
Website: www.steyrarms.com
Caliber(s): .308 Win., .338 Lapua mag
Overall Length Standard Model: 43.4in, 46.9in and 48.9in (.338)
Barrel Lengths Available: 20-, 23.5- and 25.5-in (.338)
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: 12.4lbs (.308)
Weight, Standard Model, full magazine, no optic or bipod: 12.9lbs (.308)
Feed System: Push-feed, detachable box magazine
Effective Range: 1,000m (.308), 1,750m (.338)
Mfg. Accuracy Tests (MOA): Sub-MOA guaranteed, 1/2-MOA as tested
MSRP (USD): $7,895 (.308), $8,495 (.338)

BERETTA USA CORP. Sako TRG M10

Sako TRG M10 offers mission specific configurability and true multi-role capability for military snipers in a single weapon system. Rapid adjustments and modularity of the system allows personalization and easily transforms weapon from one operator preference to another. High level of configurability permits conversion from a true long-range precision rifle to a more compact and maneuverable piece of equipment for urban terrain. All-in-one sniper weapon system packs away out-of-sight until needed.

Species (Bolt action, semi-automatic, etc.): Bolt action
Manufacturer: Sako
Website: www.sako.fi, www.berettadefensetechnologies.com
Caliber(s): .308 Win, .300 Win. mag, 338 Lapua mag
Overall Length Standard Model: 44.5in with 23.5-in barrel
Barrel Lengths Available: 16, 20, 23.5, 26, 27in–caliber dependent
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: Approx. 13.9lb with 23.5-in barrel
Weight, Standard Model, full magazine, no optic or bipod: N/A
Feed System: Magazine
Effective Range: 800-1500m – caliber and ammunition dependent
Mfg. Accuracy Tests (MOA): Sub 1 MOA
MSRP (USD): $11,275

BERETTA USA CORP. Tikka T3x TAC A1

Tikka T3x TAC A1 is a special development for law enforcement sniper applications. The rifle is based on Sako’s famous Tikka T3 bolt-action construction but is made to meet the challenging requirements of long-range tactical shooting. The T3x TAC A1 provides straight-forward performance and ruggedness with just the right amount of adjustability and absolute precision, all in a light-weight and compact package. The aluminum chassis stock system offers a foldable rear stock with quick-adjustable cheek piece and adjustable length of pull.

Species (Bolt action, semi-automatic, etc.): Bolt action
Manufacturer: Sako
Website: www.tikka.fi, www.berettadefensetechnologies.com
Caliber(s): .308 Win.
Overall Length Standard Model: 35.8in with 16-in barrel
Barrel Lengths Available: 16in and 20in
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: Approx. 10.9lbs with 16-in barrel
Weight, Standard Model, full magazine, no optic or bipod: N/A
Feed System: Magazine, 10 rounds
Effective Range: 800m
Mfg. Accuracy Tests (MOA): Sub 1 MOA
MSRP (USD): $1,860

KNIGHT’S ARMAMENT SR-25E2 APC

The SR-25E2 APC is the latest evolution of the dual role 7.62mm NATO Carbine. Equally adept at putting rounds on target past 800 meters or rapid multi-shot engagement at close range, with a barrel and bolt life to support the training regimen necessary to master these skills. Ambidextrous controls offer the left-handed user the ergonomic advantages inherent to the AR15 type rifle, as well as giving right-handed users alternate methods of manipulation.

Species (Bolt Action, semi-automatic, etc.): Semi-automatic
Manufacturer: Knight’s Manufacturing Company
Website: www.knightarmco.com
Caliber(s): .308 Win. / 7.62x51mm NATO
Overall Length Standard Model: 35.75in – 39.5in
Barrel Lengths Available: 16in
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: 9.12lbs
Weight, Standard Model, full magazine, no optic or bipod: 10.6lbs (ammunition dependent)
Feed System: Magazine
Effective Range: 800m
Mfg. Accuracy Tests (MOA): 1 MOA
MSRP (USD): $4,900

HUNTER OUTDOOR COMMUNICATIONS Steyr SSG 04 A1

The Steyr SSG 04 A1 is a precision long-range tactical rifle with a very affordable price tag. The SSG 04 A1 features a full-length Picatinny rail atop a shroud that is attached to the receiver and covers the barrel for the length of the foreend. The SSG 04 A1 is built on the safe bolt system (SBS) action with a unique 2+1 safety function. The buttstock features a fully adjustable recoil pad and cheek piece rifle.

Species (Bolt action, semi-automatic, etc.): Bolt action
Manufacturer: Steyr Mannlicher
Website: www.steyrarms.com
Caliber(s): .308 Win., .300 Win. mag
Overall Length Standard Model: 42.6, 44in
Barrel Lengths Available: 20in, 23.6in
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: 10.3lbs (.308), 10.8lbs (.300)
Weight, Standard Model, full magazine, no optic or bipod: 10.8lbs (.308), 11.5lbs (.300)
Feed System: Push-feed, detachable box magazine
Effective Range: 1,000m (.308), 1,350m (.300) 
Mfg. Accuracy Tests (MOA): Sub-MOA guaranteed, 1/2-MOA as tested
MSRP (USD): $3,295

KNIGHT’S ARMAMENT SR-25E2 ACC-DSR

The SR-25E2 ACC-DSR is a suppressor-optimized 7.62mm carbine. A precision 14.5-inch barrel combined with direct-thread semi-permanent suppressor options significantly reduces the length and weight normally associated with suppressed 7.62 platforms. It shares the bolt and barrel life, as well as the ambidextrous controls of the entire SR-25 E2 series of rifles. 

Species (Bolt action, semi-automatic, etc.): Semi-automatic
Manufacturer: Knight’s Manufacturing Company
Website: www.knightarmco.com
Caliber(s): .308 Win. / 7.62x51mm NATO
Overall Length Standard Model: 35.5in-39in
Barrel Lengths Available: 14.5in
Weight, Standard Model, empty magazine, no optic or bipod: 9.05lbs
Weight, Standard Model, full magazine, no optic or bipod: 10.55lbs (ammunition dependent)
Feed System: Magazine
Effective Range: 600m
Mfg.  Accuracy Tests (MOA): 1 MOA
MSRP (USD): $5,900

SIG SAUER TANGO6 4-24x50mm Riflescope

The new TANGO6 riflescope line with LevelPlex and T120 turrets offers shooters the ideal high-precision shooting solution. LevelPlex allows the shooter to remove unwanted cant from the system to +/- 0.5° of accuracy. This is six times more accurate than a typical bubble level. The LevelPlex anti-cant system utilizes an integrated digital level with cant indicators located inside of the riflescope. TANGO6 is offered in FFP with four different reticle options, MOA and MRAD glass-etched reticles and the new proprietary DEV-L ballistic holdover reticle.

Optical Magnification: 4-24×50
Eye Relief: 3.4–3.7
Exit Pupil: Low 11.4-high 2.1
Field of View: Low 24.7-high 4.6
Adjustment Range: 4-24
Reticle Color: Black (red illuminated)
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: Cr2032
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: N/A
Minimum Range: N/A
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: N/A
Weight: 39 oz
MSRP (USD): $2,759-2,859

SIG SAUER JULIET4

When longer distance target acquisition and magnification is required, the JULIET4 can be called into action. The PowerCam 90° mount system allows for fast transitions from 1x CQB work to 4x medium distance target engagement. The quick-detach mount also has built-in recoil lugs that provide a rock-solid base and easy removal when magnification is not a priority. The aircraft grade CNC aluminum housing of the JULIET4 stands up to the most rugged of situations while front thread-in lens protectors and rear flip-back capabilities offer protection from the elements. The height of the JULIET4 can also be adjusted to fit your own personal needs via spacers that are included with the product.

Optical Magnification: 4x
Eye Relief: 65mm
Exit Pupil: 6mm
Field of View: 6.25°
Adjustment Range: +/-45 MOA
Reticle Color: Black (red illuminated)
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: N/A
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: N/A
Minimum Range: N/A
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: 107mm (L) x 66mm (H) x 53mm (W)
Weight: 357g
MSRP (USD): $479.99

QIOPTIQ LIMITED KITE IN LINE–Image Intensified Weapon Sight

KITE IN LINE is an in-line image intensified weapon sight designed for use in military environments.
KITE IN LINE excels in the night vision ‘clip-on’ market due to an unrivalled combination of optical performance, size and weight.

Features include:
– Low-profile, in-line, “clip-on” configuration
– Compatible with all image intensified tube types–Gen 2, Gen 2+, Gen 3 and 4G
– High performance optics and coatings
– Rugged and highly reliable
– Proven design in service worldwide
– Simple to use

Optical Magnification: 1x – dependent on day sight used
Eye Relief: In-line sight – dependent on day sight used
Exit Pupil: N/A
Field of View: 13°
Adjustment Range: N/A
Reticle Color: N/A
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: 1 x AA cell
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: Collimated
Range: Detection – 2500, Recognition – 1000, Identification – 500
Minimum Range: 5m
Range Accuracy: Retains boresight
Dimensions: 146mm (L) x 81mm (W) x 75mm (H)
Weight:MSRP (USD): Based on requirements

QIOPTIQ LIMITED DRAGON-C—Thermal Weapon Sight

DRAGON-C is an ultra-lightweight, multipurpose thermal weapon sight and utilizes the latest uncooled thermal cameras and optical technology to provide a compact sight capable of being used in a weapon mounted or hand-held role 640 x 480 17 pp detector.

Features include:
– Multi-role capability: Standalone thermal weapon sight, in-line thermal weapon sight and hand-held observation/surveillance
– Exceptional boresight stability
– Ultra-low weight
– Simple to use
– Available with a choice of thermal cameras including ITAR free
– Optional accessories include a laser pointer, remote control and interface cables

Optical Magnification: 1x, 2x, 4x (electronic zoom)
Eye Relief: Dependent on configuration
Exit Pupil: Dependent on configuration
Field of View: 8.6°
Adjustment Range: Dependent on configuration
Reticle Color: Customer specified
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: SMMI – built in
Power Supply: 2 x AA cell
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: Customer specified
Aperture: N/A
Range: Detection – 1300, Recognition – 300, Identification – 150
Minimum Range: 5m
Range Accuracy: Guaranteed boresight stability
Dimensions: 135mm (L) x 70mm (W) x 83mm (H)
Weight:MSRP (USD): Based on requirements

SCHMIDT & BENDER GMBH & CO. KG 1-8×24 PM II ShortDot CC and Special Edition 5-25×56 PM II Digital

Schmidt & Bender presents the newest version of the 1-8×24 PM II ShortDot CC and a special edition of the 5-25×56 PMII Digital which was developed within a U.S. government-funded project for the U.S. elite forces.

The new 1-8×24 PM II ShortDot Dual CC retains both the Red Dot and reticle; however, the Red Dot remains in the second focal plane and stays at constant size at all magnifications while the reticle is located in the first focal plane which allows tactical shooting and direct measurements. The elevation and windage turrets are lockable to protect the zero position against unintentional adjustment. This model is available in black, as our standard version, as well as camouflage colors RAL8000 and PANTONE 7504.

The 5-25×56 PMII Digital has an integrated display which can project external data directly into the field of view. Therefore, the riflescope can communicate with other devices (e.g., Laser Range Finder, Ballistic Computer or Weather Station via Bluetooth). Power will be supplied from one standard battery, and buttons will serve for the display control.

1-8X24 PM II SHORTDOT DUAL CC

Optical Magnification: 1-8x
Eye Relief: 90mm
Exit Pupil: 0.39in-0.12in
Field of View (at 100 m): 105.9ft/100yds – 14.7ft/100yds
Adjustment Range: 120cm elevation and +/- 60cm for windage. An MOA version is also planned
Reticle Color: Red
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: CR 2032 for reticle illumination
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: Typical usage from close distances to several hundred yards
Minimum Range: N/A
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: Length 11.54in
Weight: About 22.54oz in black
MSRP (USD): $ Price calculation in progress

5-25X56 PM II DIGITAL

Optical Magnification: 5-25x
Eye Relief: 90mm
Exit Pupil: 0.43in-0.09in
Field of View (at 100 m): 15.9ft/100yds – 4.5ft/100yds
Adjustment Range: 260cm or 64 MOA elevation and +/- 60cm or +/- 14 MOA windage
Reticle Color: Red
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: CR 2032 for reticle illumination; AA or CR 123 planned for the display
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: Typical usage is from 100yds to more than a mile
Minimum Range: N/A
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: Length 16.73in, Weight About 43.42oz in black
MSRP (USD): $ Price calculation in progress

AIMPOINT Micro H-2 AR Ready (Red Dot Sight) and 3xMag-1 (Magnifier)

These two products, when paired together are perfect for multiple applications. The Micro H-2 (AR Ready version refers to the type of mounting systems it comes with–39mm spacer and LRP, Lever Release Picatinny, base attachment), has only 1x optical magnification but increases to 3x when paired with the 3x Magnifier (3xMag-1). The 3xMag-1 is great for use mounted on a rifle or carbine or as a handheld observation device.

MICRO H-2 AR READY (RED DOT SIGHT)

Optical Magnification: 1x
Eye Relief: Unlimited
Exit Pupil: N/A
Field of View (at 100 m): N/A
Adjustment Range: 1yd at 100yds
Reticle Color: Red
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: 3V lithium battery, type CR2032
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: Clear aperture, 18mm
Range: Variation
Minimum Range: Zero
Range Accuracy: 2 MOA
Dimensions: 2 5/8in x 3 1/16in
Weight: 3oz, 84g (sight only)
MSRP (USD): $893.00

3xMag-1 (Magnifier)

Optical Magnification: 3x
Eye Relief: 70mm
Exit Pupil: 6.5mm
Field of View (at 100 m): 3°
Adjustment Range: Diopter -3 to +3
Reticle Color: N/A
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: N/A
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: N/A
Minimum Range: N/A
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: 4 9/16in x 1 13/16in
Weight: 8.1oz
MSRP (USD): $873.00

STEINER eOPTICS, INC. Intelligent Combat Sight

The STEINER ICS accurately calculates the point of aim based on the ammunition ballistics and the measured distance and angle to the target. With the simple push of a button, both the laser range finder and bullet drop compensation software is activated. The point of aim is automatically displayed via an illuminated red dot.

Optical Magnification: 6x
Eye Relief: 73-80mm (3.2 in)
Exit Pupil: 7mm (~0.3 in)
Field of View (at 100 m): 4° (70m / 230 ft)
Adjustment Range: N/A
Reticle Color: Illuminated mil reticle
Solution Calculation Time: 500m: 2sec
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: 1 CR123A Battery
Ranging Laser: Yes
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: Up to 800m
Minimum Range: 15m
Range Accuracy:
+/- 1m to 100m
+/- 2m to 500m
+/- 0.5% >500m
Dimensions: 199.6mm (7.86 in) long
Weight: < 800 g
MSRP (USD): $4,600

STEINER eOPTICS, INC. M5Xi 1-5x24mm Scopes

These fast-focus, broadband, anti-reflection coated optics guarantee a maximum light transmission of greater than 90%. They have a rugged 30mm compact one-piece body tube main tube construction. Other features include:

– Integrated rotary side focus and digital illumination system knobs mounted on the turret for comfort and ease of use with or without gloves on.
– Elevation knob designed to provide both visual and tactile indication of rotational position.
– Rear focal plane, so sub-tension remains unchanged over the magnification range for quick and easy target identification and accuracy.

Optical Magnification: 1x – 5x
Eye Relief: 90-110mm
Exit Pupil: 7-4,8mm
Field of View: 36-7,2m
Adjustment Range:  N/A
Reticle Color: Black – illuminated red
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply: 1 CR2450
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: N/A
Minimum Range: N/A
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: 29,5cm
Weight: 601g
MSRP (USD): $2,990 (for either 5.56mm or 7.62mm)

U.S. OPTICS B-17 AND B-10

The B-Series of optics are the most featured packed optics on the market. While they retain the popular magnification range today’s professionals are asking for, the similarities stop there. These new optics now have locking elevation and windage knobs, EK2 stop, revolution counter, tool-less elevation zero and a single button illumination control which has been integrated into the parallax adjustment knob. All this and still the same durability, reliability and performance we’re known for.

B-17

Optical Magnification: 3.2 – 17x
Eye Relief: 3.25in
Exit Pupil: 2mm
Field of View: Field of View @ 3.2x: 25.25ft @ 100yds
Field of View @ 17x: 8.03ft @ 100yds
Adjustment Range: 50m to ∞
Reticle Color: Red, green, or blue
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply Battery: Lithium Coin, CR2032
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: 1,700m +
Minimum Range: 300 m
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: Overall Length: 15.02in / 381.50mm· 
Tube Diameter: 1.33in / 34mm
Weight: 1.3oz / .887kg
MSRP (USD): $2,699.00

B-10

Optical Magnification: 1.8 – 10x
Eye Relief: 3.25in
Exit Pupil: 2mm
Field of View: Field of View @ 1.8x: 36ft @ 100yds
Field of View @ 10x: 11.3ft @ 100yds
Adjustment Range: 30m to ∞
Reticle Color: Red, green, or blue
Solution Calculation Time: N/A
Menu: N/A
Power Supply Battery: Lithium Coin, CR2032
Ranging Laser: N/A
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: N/A
Range: 1000m +
Minimum Range: 100m
Range Accuracy: N/A
Dimensions: Overall Length: 12.98in / 329.6mm
Tube Diameter: 1.33in / 34mm
Weight Weight: 29.3oz / 0.822kg
MSRP (USD): $1,699.00

NEWCON OPTIK SEEKER M

The SEEKER M is a specially designed, multi-purpose, mountable laser rangefinder which can be a vital tool for various operations. This device can be mounted and aligned with any optical system including weapon sights and can be integrated with various purpose-built platforms. The device incorporates the newest laser rangefinding technologies to help the operator not only seek the target, but also, based on compass and inclinometer indications, receive precise GPS coordinates of the target’s location.

The SEEKER M also features a visible laser system which helps with referencing and adjustments. High strength materials as well as ergonomic control placement make this rugged device efficient and user- friendly.

Optical Magnification: N/A
Eye Relief: N/A
Exit Pupil: N/A
Field of View: N/A
Adjustment Range: N/A
Reticle Color: N/A
Solution Calculation Time: Less than 1 sec
Menu: Present, user-friendly
Power Supply: 2x CR2 Battery
Ranging Laser: 1550nm, Class 1, eye-safe
Visible Laser: 635+/-10nm, Class 3R
Aperture: N/A
Range: Up to 3,000m to a NATO standard target
Minimum Range: 10m
Range Accuracy: ± 1m
Dimensions: 115x70x63mm
Weight: 300g (without batteries and mount)
MSRP (USD): $6,278

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Optical Magnification: 15x – 45x
Eye Relief: 25-26
Exit Pupil: 4.17-1.34
Field of View: 3.4° (15x) – 1.2° (45x)
Adjustment Range: ± 5
Reticle Color: Black etched reticle
Solution Calculation Time: Less than 1 sec
Menu: Present, user-friendly
Power Supply: 2x CR123 Lithium Battery
Ranging Laser: 1550nm, Class 1, eye-safe
Visible Laser: N/A
Aperture: Input clear aperture: 59.5mm
Output clear aperture: 29mm
Range: Up to 3,000m to a NATO standard target
Minimum Range: 10m
Range Accuracy: ± 1m
Dimensions: 280x140x105
Weight: 1,590g
MSRP (USD): $7,050

Harper’s Gun

Here’s forty shillings on the draw
To those who volunteer to come,
To ‘list and fight the foe today
Over the hills and far away.

Those are the lyrics to the ending song of one of the Sharpe series’ episodes. Based on the book series by Bernard Cornwell, the Sharpe series stars fan favorite Sean Bean as Richard Sharpe, a soldier of the 95th Rifles fighting in Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. After saving his commander’s life, he is promoted and, like all real British heroes, is sent on countless missions against the French.

Along the way, he is joined by a group of soldiers called “Chosen Men.” One of them, Patrick Harper, doesn’t get along with Sharpe at first, but over time they become good friends. After a while, Patrick is seen carrying a Nock Volley Gun, a flintlock with seven barrels (Six barrels around one central barrel). It was designed by Henry Nock, a notable gunsmith who made many double barrel shotguns and pistols. His Nock Gun was used by the navy for a while, but use ended due to a multitude of reasons. One of them is because of the recoil. Old muskets already had quite the kick, so having seven barrels on a single musket must have been a nightmare.

Other weapons of the time period were also in the show, including the Brown Bess. Used by the British, the Brown Bess, or the British Land Pattern Musket, is one of the longest serving firearms in history. It has seen action in countless conflicts, including the American Revolution, the War of 1812, the Greek war for Independence, and, of course, the Napoleonic Wars. It was the main weapon of the Infantry, though there were some variations that were used for the Calvary and the Dragoons.

Both the Nock Gun and the Brown Bess were smoothbore weapons, meaning there are no grooves in the barrel. The way these guns were loaded was that you first half-cock the hammer. You then poured some gun powder down it before the musket ball. You then rammed the ball down using the ramrod. You would then pour some powder on the flash pan and then pull the hammer back all the way and you are ready to fire. This was probably another problem for the Nock Gun, because you would have to do this for seven barrels, although there was only one flash pan to fill, firing all seven barrels.

It was during the late 1700s the first rifled muskets were used in warfare. In the American Revolution units like Morgan’s Riflemen helped the Rebel cause, especially at the battles of Saratoga and Cowpens. The militiamen used rifles by hiding behind trees and shooting at enemy units. During the Napoleonic wars the British decided to create their own rifle units, including the 95th Rifles. They used the Baker Rifle and fought throughout the Peninsular War, and later on fought at the Battle of Waterloo. Over time, the rifle would eventually replace the smoothbore musket.

I have only seen the first three parts of the series, but I enjoyed it very much. It feels historically accurate and it has some good action scenes. Sean Bean does a great job as Richard Sharpe, and the other actors are good as well. There are some good side characters and villains. It is worth a watch if you have the time.

Removal of Firearms from the National Firearms Act

Many of our readers are very familiar with the stringent controls the National Firearms Act (NFA) imposes on certain firearms, including registration requirements, transfer taxes, restrictions on importation and the requirement for advance government approval before transfer. What may be less known or understood is how to remove a firearm from the purview of the NFA through modification or destruction. This article will address the required steps to remove covered firearms from the NFA.

I. A QUICK REVIEW OF THE CONTROLLING STATUTES

A. THE NATIONAL FIREARMS ACT

The NFA imposes strict controls only over those firearms identified in the statute. These include short-barrel shotguns, short-barrel rifles, machineguns, silencers, destructive devices and other concealable firearms known as “any other weapons.” We will discuss each of these types of firearms further below.

The statute imposes on manufacturers, importers and makers of controlled firearms marking requirements, registration requirements and the need to obtain advance ATF approval for all transfers of registered firearms. A transfer tax of $200 is imposed on each firearm transferred, but exceptions from the tax are available for transfers between qualified Federal Firearms Licensees (FFLs) as well as transfers to federal, state and local government agencies. The NFA authorizes importation of NFA firearms for limited purposes, such as for government agencies, scientific or research purposes, or testing or use as a model or sample by qualified FFLs.

B. THE GUN CONTROL ACT

For the purposes of this article, we focus on section 922(o) of the GCA, which makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a machinegun. The only exceptions to this prohibition are transfers to or by, or possession by or under the authority of, the United States, a state or a local government agency. The machinegun prohibition does not apply to any lawful transfer or possession of a machinegun that was lawfully possessed before the effective date of the statute (May 19, 1986).

II. REMOVAL OF FIREARMS FROM THE NFA

A. SHORT-BARREL RIFLES AND SHORT-BARREL SHOTGUNS

An NFA-controlled rifle is a rifle having a barrel or barrels less than 16 inches in length. In order to be regulated as a short-barrel rifle, the weapon must have (1) a buttstock (indicating it is designed and intended to be fired from the shoulder); (2) a rifled bore; and (3) a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length.

An NFA-controlled shotgun is a shotgun having a barrel or barrels less than 18 inches in length. To be regulated as a short-barrel shotgun, the weapon must have (1) a buttstock (indicating it is designed and intended to be fired from the shoulder); (2) a smooth bore; and (3) a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length.

The process for removing a short-barrel rifle or short-barrel shotgun from the NFA does not require destruction of the receiver, as long as the firearm does not also shoot automatically. Unlike machineguns, which we will discuss in detail below, all that is required to remove a short-barrel rifle or short-barrel shotgun from the NFA is to remove and discard the barrel.

For an NFA-qualified manufacturer (a Type 07 or 10 FFL and Special (Occupational) Taxpayer), the barrel must be stored separately from the rest of the rifle parts. For any person other than an NFA-qualified manufacturer, however, it is not sufficient to only remove the barrel. As long as the barrel and the rest of the parts remain under the custody and control of the same person, that person will be in possession of a short-barrel rifle or a short-barrel shotgun1. Consequently, the barrel should either be destroyed or transferred to another person. A barrel of 16 inches or more may then be attached to the rifle, or, in the case of a shotgun, a barrel of 18 inches or more may be attached. This will result in both types of long guns being subject only to the GCA and not the NFA.

Another method of removing a short-barrel rifle or short-barrel shotgun from the NFA is to permanently attach a barrel extension to the short barrel. The barrel extension could be a muzzle brake, choke or an additional piece of barrel. In any case, ATF requires that the barrel extension be permanently affixed by gas or electric steel seam welding or the use of high temperature silver solder having a flow point of 1100 degrees Fahrenheit. If the barrel of a rifle or shotgun is permanently extended to at least 16 or 18 inches, respectively, the modified weapons are no longer subject to the NFA.

B. ANY OTHER WEAPON

The NFA defines “any other weapon” (AOW) to include a pistol or revolver having a barrel with a smooth bore designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell. This language regulates a number of popular “shot pistols” designed to fire shotgun shells. Because the statutory definition requires this category of AOW to have a smooth bore, removal can be accomplished by removing and disposing of the smooth bore barrel. Again, disassembly is not sufficient for removal—the barrel must be destroyed or transferred to another person. Alternatively, ATF also recognizes removal through permanently installing a rifled sleeve chambered to accept a standard pistol cartridge into the smooth bore barrel. This results in the weapon having a rifled bore so that it no longer fits within the statutory definition.

C. DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES

The term “destructive device” is defined to include explosive, incendiary or poison gas bombs, grenades, rockets having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missiles having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce or mines. The term also includes weapons that expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which are more than one-half inch in diameter.

The clearest method of removing explosive and incendiary bombs, mines and grenades from the statute is to detonate them. This results in complete destruction of the device so it is no longer subject to NFA requirements. However, removal of a component of a destructive device may also result in the item no longer having the characteristics of a bomb, mine, grenade, etc. For example, ATF has advised industry members that removing the fuse or fuze from a grenade results in removal of the grenade from the destructive device classification. Industry members who wish to obtain more information about the removal of components so that destructive devices are no longer subject to the NFA should contact ATF for guidance.

Large caliber destructive devices that are not also machineguns may be removed from the NFA by removing and disposing of the barrel. The barrel must either be destroyed or transferred to a person who is not the registrant to effectively remove the device from the statute.

ATF has also recognized an alternative process to equal destruction of the barrel. This involves the following required actions:

Cut a hole in the barrel equal to the diameter of the bore on a 90-degree angle to the axis of the bore. The hole must be cut in the side of the barrel in the high pressure (chamber) area.

Weld the barrel, as altered in step (1) above to the weapon’s receiver.

Weld an obstruction into the barrel to prevent the introduction of a round of ammunition.

If all the above steps are taken, ATF considers the destructive device barrel to be destroyed so that the device is no longer subject to the NFA.

D. SILENCERS

The NFA’s definition of “firearm” includes any silencer, as defined in the GCA, 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(24). The GCA defines “firearm silencer” and “firearm muffler” to include “any combination of parts, designed or redesigned, and intended for use in assembling or fabricating a firearm silencer or silencer muffler, and any part intended only for use in such assembly or fabrication.” Accordingly, to remove a silencer from the NFA, every baffle, wipe, and other component must be melted, crushed or otherwise destroyed. ATF advises in the National Firearms Act Handbook, ATF e-Publication 5320.8. section 2.5.1 (available on ATF’s website at www.atf.gov) that a silencer may be destroyed by completely severing each component by means of a cutting torch that has a tip of sufficient size to displace at least one-quarter inch of material at each cut location. Outer tubes of a silencer may be destroyed by crushing them flat in lieu of cutting with a torch.

E. MACHINEGUNS

The term “machinegun” is defined in the NFA as “any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger.” 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). The term includes the frame or receiver of a machinegun, as well as any part designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun, as well as any combination of parts from which a machinegun can be assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person.

Accordingly, to remove the machinegun from the NFA and the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 922(o), the frame or receiver must be completely destroyed. Crushing or melting the frame or receiver in a manner that renders the component totally unusable is acceptable. ATF’s Firearms and Ammunition Technology Division (FATD) advises the preferred method for destroying a machinegun receiver is to completely sever the receiver in specified locations by means of a cutting torch that displaces at least one-quarter inch of material at each cut location. See National Firearms Act Handbook at 2.5.1. ATF also has published rulings with diagrams specifying the locations for torch cuts for specific machineguns, such as FN FAL-type, Heckler & Koch G3-type and Sten-type machineguns. ATF Rul. 2003-2, ATF Rul. 2003-3 and ATF Rul. 2003-4 are available on ATF’s website. FATD will provide FFLs with cutting diagrams for other models of machineguns on request.

If saw cutting, ATF advises a machinegun receiver may be properly destroyed if certain portions of the saw-cut receiver are removed and properly discarded. FATD requests industry members wishing to destroy machineguns by saw cutting contact FATD for guidance on proper methods of destruction.

It is important to emphasize that machinegun receivers not destroyed in accordance with ATF-approved methods and standards may remain subject to the NFA and the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 922(o).

III. DOCUMENTING REMOVAL OF A FIREARM FROM THE NFA

Alteration or destruction is only the first step in the process of removing a firearm from the NFA. Creating a record of the removal is essential to protect the registrant from charges of an unreported loss or unlawful transfer, as well as record keeping violations. One way to document the alteration or destruction is with photographs showing the configuration prior to destruction, the destruction process and the post-destruction scraps. The photographs should include the markings of the make, model, serial number and caliber or gauge. The photographs should be printed, and the person who took the photographs should legibly mark on the back of the photographs the date they were taken and the place where they were taken. The photographer should also sign the back of the photographs and indicate his or her job title within the organization.

The registrant should also create a certificate of destruction. The certificate should state that the person signing certifies that the following firearm(s) was destroyed on a specified date in accordance with guidelines issued by ATF. The certificate should include the make, model, serial number and caliber or gauge of the firearm, and it should be signed and dated by the person certifying destruction and the person’s title. The certificate should include a witness signature as well. The photographs taken during the destruction process should be attached to the certificate and all should be retained as part of the FFL’s permanent records. If the registrant is not a FFL, the record of destruction should be retained in the event of questions from ATF investigators.

The last step in documenting the removal of a firearm from the NFA is to make a disposition entry in the FFL’s acquisition and disposition records, required under the GCA. The entry would state “destruction” or “removal from the NFA,” depending on whether the firearm was completely destroyed or was altered, as in the case of a short-barrel rifle that has had a barrel extension added.

If the firearm was altered and continues to be subject to the requirements of the GCA, then the requirements of ATF Rul. 2016-3 apply. This ruling addresses the record keeping requirements when a licensed manufacturer makes changes to the model, type, caliber, size and/or gauge of a frame, receiver or assembly of a firearm. The ruling requires that the firearm remain logged into the acquisition record until the alterations to the firearm are complete. At the point the alterations are complete, the licensed manufacturer must then log the firearm out of the acquisition and disposition record as a disposition to itself using its own licensed name and license number. The date of the disposition is the date of the alteration of the firearm. Then the licensed manufacturer must make a new entry in the acquisition record to show the new firearm information on a separate line of the record. The manufacturer would record the acquisition as an acquisition from itself on the same date as the date of the alteration of the firearm.

The procedures of ATF Rul. 2016-3 would similarly apply to alterations to short-barrel shotguns and destructive devices that are removed from the NFA and then reassembled. Of course, remanufacture of a destructive device or other “firearm” as defined in the NFA must be reported on a Form 2, in the case of a qualified FFL, or authorized in advance through submission of Form 1, in the case of a non-licensee.

The final step is to notify ATF that a registered NFA firearm has been removed from the controls of the statute. This can be accomplished by sending a letter to the Chief of the National Firearms Act Branch, 244 Needy Road, Martinsburg, WV, 25405. The letter may also be sent via e-mail to NFA@atf.gov. The letter should include a copy of the registration form for the firearm or firearms in question and should advise ATF that the firearm has been removed from the NFA. The letter should describe the steps taken to remove the firearms from the NFA and the date of destruction or alteration. The letter should request that the Chief of the NFA Branch annotate the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record to indicate the firearm has been removed from the statute.

IV. CONCLUSION

There are a number of reasons for which FFLs and other persons may wish to remove firearms from the controls of the NFA. If firearms are outside the United States, for example, removal may make it possible to lawfully import the firearms into the United States as part of a personal collection or for commercial sale. Licensed manufacturers may wish to remove registered firearms from the NFA if the firearms do not meet manufacturing standards for commercial sale. Whatever the reason, there are recognized procedures for removal and documenting the removal that should be followed to avoid inadvertent violations of the law and problems during ATF compliance inspections.

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The information contained in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not intended to be construed or used as legal advice or as legal opinion. You should not rely or act on any information contained in this article without first seeking the advice of an attorney. Receipt of this article does not establish an attorney-client relationship.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Johanna Reeves is the founding partner of the law firm Reeves & Dola, LLP in Washington, D.C. (www.reevesdola.com). For more than 10 years she has dedicated her practice to advising and representing U.S. companies on compliance matters arising under the federal firearms laws and U.S. export controls. Since 2011, Johanna also has served as Executive Director for the FireArms Import/Export Roundtable (F.A.I.R.) Trade Group (http://fairtradegroup.org). In 2016, Johanna was appointed by the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs to serve on the 2016-18 Defense Trade Advisory Group (DTAG).

Teresa Ficaretta is an expert on ATF regulations under the Gun Control Act, the National Firearms Act, the Arms Export Control Act and Federal explosives laws. Before joining Reeves & Dola in 2013, Teresa served as legal counsel to ATF for 26 years, followed by two years as Deputy Assistant Director in Enforcement Programs and Services. Teresa was elected partner to Reeves & Dola in January 2016.

Johanna and Teresa can be reached at 202-683-4200.

1) Jodhpur Lancers (India) Machine Gun Company officer’s bronze pith helmet badge. 

Indian elephant with “MG” badge to center.

2) World War I trench art hat made from a 4.5-inch Howitzer shell. 

Affixed to the front is a New Zealand Machine Gun Corps brass collar badge. Above the visor is a section of copper driving band that is used on artillery shells. The top of the hat has full ordnance markings, including a date of 1915.

3) African Cape Police Maxim Battery. Cut-out silver officer’s slouch hat badge for the Cape Colony. 

Its rear is marked “silver” and has two mounting lugs. Circa 1898–1910. The Cape Colony was one of four British colonies (Natal, Transvaal, Cape and Orange Free State) that amalgamated in 1910 to become South Africa.

4) World War II lapel button to remember the Polish soldiers who fought in exile with the British against Nazi Germany. 

The central image is of a Polish soldier manning a Bren light machine gun. The Polish language around the top translates to “Remember the Polish Soldier.” Pin back. Measures approximately 1 inch in diameter. The Poles fought valiantly in North Africa (Siege of Tobruk), Italy (including the Battle of Monte Cassino), the D-Day invasion, Operation Market Garden (“A Bridge Too Far”) and many other engagements, and they fought throughout the war on land, sea and air.

5) Swiss officer’s Model 1910 Shako helmet for a first lieutenant,

as denoted by the two small, gold braided bands around the body, for the 29th Machine Gun Company. The front visor, neck and top are leather, and the helmet body is covered with beaver fur cloth. The brass helmet plate consists of two crossed Swiss Maxim MG11 water-cooled machine guns.

6) World War I German death remembrance card. 

Four-sided, the front has a photo image of the fallen soldier with the Machine Gun Marksmanship badge on his left sleeve. The rear has the soldier’s name and details of his death. The inside has pictures of Christ and prayers. The translation of the German text reads: “As a pious remembrance in prayer of the virtuous young man Matthias Bruckmofer, sergeant in the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, Machine Gun Company No. 1, holder of the Iron Cross 2nd Class, nominated for the Military Service Cross 3rd class, who died the hero’s death for the Fatherland on July 5, 1918 at the age of 22 years as a result of a shot to his head after 32 months of most faithful performance of his duty. R.I.P.”

Be Prepared …

There have been many quite prescient individuals that have offered the opinion that a failure to plan is a plan for failure. It seems simple enough. The thought is that exerting a little bit of effort up front will result in less than catastrophe in the future. So why is it that so many of us fail to heed the sober warnings of those who have quite obviously been through “it” before? Why are so many folks, particularly those involved in firearms, caught up in calamity that could have been avoided with some simple, diligent planning on the front end?

I do not pretend to offer commentary on the human condition. I will suggest to you that I am speaking from personal experience. Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance. Like many of you, I hold a Federal Firearms License (FFL); in my case an 07/SOT as a manufacturer. It is all too easy to put off checking in deliveries. It can wait. It is much less fuss to copy down the information from the invoice into the Acquisition and Disposition book when I get a few spare moments. It is all too easy to just punch holes in the 4473s and shove them in the giant binder.

But that is a recipe for disaster. Boxes that aren’t handled could easily be forgotten or dealt with far past ATF’s entry timeline requirements. Working from an invoice for critical record information? What are the chances that the shipper made a mistake? Not proofreading the 4473s? Nobody ever makes a mistake on those. We all know that reality is somewhat different than our ideal state of bliss. So, I deal with the shipping boxes as soon as they arrive. I open the boxes. I lay eyes on each and every serial number and reconcile it with the invoice right away. The right serial number goes in the A&D book right then. Every line on every 4473 is checked. How about that? I forgot to sign at least one of them. Pretty sure that the Industry Operations Investigator would have cheerfully pointed that out to me. Doing it right, the first time, reduces the unpleasant prospect of having to do it again under scolding eyes—or worse.

There is also another aspect to good planning that many of us tend to miss or purposefully ignore: our own demise. Sadly, I am currently dealing with the loss of a parent and am very familiar with the ocean of detail that must be dealt with as the result of someone’s passing. I combine this direct knowledge with the all-too-frequent inquiries that the NFATCA receives from folks who are dealing with the passing of an FFL holder. “What do I do with all these guns?” Unfortunately, many FFL holders do not have any type of succession plan or even a basic list of instructions as to what to do or how to dispose of things. The survivors are confronted with a pile of guns, a mountain of paperwork, an ocean of confusing regulation and the icy paralysis of indecision. Of course, adding NFA items to the mix only heightens the anxiety. “Exactly what am I supposed to do with this machine gun?”

Each of us should have a will. Or, at the very least, a set of instructions as to what comes next. Diligent planners will have worked with an estate planning professional (well worth the relatively minor expense) to make sure that their desires are carried out with a minimal amount of difficulty for the survivors. Every single person or entity that holds an FFL should have a similar set of plans laid out for their firearms enterprise. How will (or must) weapons be disposed of? Will the FFL continue or dissolve? What paperwork will be needed? What about those posties? Can the spouse just keep it all? This need not be difficult, confusing or overwhelming. A little planning up front will save a lot of anguish for those who watched you build over the years.

Need some direction? The NFATCA offers help for this and a host of other things that directly support the NFA community. Over a dozen years into its existence, the NFATCA still helps to bring more NFA opportunities to more people, more often. And we will continue to do so.